11. §«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß∑ƒ…Æ’«‘«—≤π“°“√π‘¬¡
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ §«“¡πà“ π„®¢Õß∑ƒ…Æ’π’È ´÷Ë߇√‘Ë¡ª√“°Ø¢÷Èπ„π§√‘ µå
»µ«√√…∑’Ë 18 ‡ªì𧫓¡æ¬“¬“¡¢Õß§πµ–«—πµ°„π°“√À“§”µÕ∫«à“ ‚≈°·≈–
‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µµà“ß Ê ¡’æ—≤π“°“√¡“Õ¬à“߉√ ‡™àπ º≈ß“π¢Õß James Hutton (1722-
1797) ™◊ËÕ çTheory of the Earthé ´÷Ëß°≈à“«∂÷ß°√–∫«π°“√∏√√¡™“µ‘ (natural
processes) ∑’∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√°—¥‡´“–·≈–∑—∫∂¡¢Õß™—π¥‘π ®“°°√–∫«π°“√¥—ß°≈à“«
Ë È
∑”„Àâ‡√“ “¡“√∂§”π«≥Õ“¬ÿ¢Õß‚≈°‰¥â«à“µâÕß¡’Õ“¬ÿÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬π—∫≈â“π Ê ªï
À√◊Õ®“°º≈ß“π¢Õß William Smith (1769-1839) °Á®–‡ÀÁπ«à“‡ªìπ°“√∫√√¬“¬
‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß‚≈°¡“°°«à“¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑—Ë«‰ª Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡
„πΩ√—Ë߇» Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) ·≈– Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
(1744-1892) ‰¥â欓¬“¡ √â“ߪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬´“°æ◊™À√◊Õ
—µ«å∑’Ë°≈“¬‡ªìπÀ‘π (fossils) ∑’˧âπæ∫ª√–°Õ∫°“√»÷°…“ ´÷Ëß¿“¬À≈—ß àߺ≈„Àâ
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) “¡“√∂ √â “ ß∑ƒ…Æ’ «‘ «— ≤ π“°“√π‘ ¬ ¡¢÷È π „™â
Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ ¥—ß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°ß“π™‘Èπ
”§—≠¢Õ߇¢“™◊ËÕ çThe Origin of Speciesé ´÷Ëßµ’æ‘¡æå„π §.». 1859 ‰¥â°≈à“««à“
‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πµ“¡°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√
¥—ß°≈à“«®–§—¥‡≈◊Õ°‡Õ“ ‘ß¡’™«µ∑’ “¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«‡æ◊Õ°“√Õ¬Ÿ√Õ¥‰¥â¥∑ ¥‡∑à“π—π
Ë ’‘ Ë Ë à ’ Ë’ ÿ È
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‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«‰¥â°Á®– Ÿ≠À“¬µ“¬®“°‰ª
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¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„π Annemarie De Waal Malefijt, Image of Man: A History of Anthropological
Thought (New York, Alfred A. Kroft, 1974), Chapter 7, pp. 116-130.
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12. «‘«—≤π“°“√´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬à“ß¡’∑‘»∑“ß ¡’
√–‡∫’¬∫·∫∫·ºπ·≈–‰¡à„™à°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬à“ß°–∑—πÀ—π ‰¡à‡æ’¬ß·µà‡ªìπ∑’Ë
∂°‡∂’¬ß°—π„πÀ¡ŸàºŸâ∑’Ë»÷°…“¥â“π™’««‘∑¬“‡∑à“π—Èπ À“°¬—ߪ√“°Ø„π°≈ÿà¡∑’˺Ÿâ π„®
»÷°…“ —ߧ¡¡πÿ…¬å¥â«¬ §«“¡æ¬“¬“¡„π°“√„™â∑ƒ…Æ’«‘«—≤π“°“√π‘¬¡Õ∏‘∫“¬
·ßà¡ÿ¡µà“ß Ê ¢Õß —ߧ¡ Õ“∑‘ º≈ß“π¢Õß Sir Henry James Summer Maine,
John Ferguson McLennan ·≈– Johann Jacob Bachofen ·¡â«à“®–‡ªìπ∑’Ë∂°‡∂’¬ß
°—π¡“° ·µà°Á‡ªìπº≈ß“π∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡ÀÁ𧫓¡µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„® —ߧ¡
¡πÿ…¬å‚¥¬„™â∑ƒ…Æ’«‘«—≤π“°“√π‘¬¡ ®π°√–∑—Ëß∂÷ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 19 ‡¡◊ËÕ Sir
Edward Brunett Tylor (1832-1917) ‰¥â‡¢’¬πÀπ—ß ◊Õ™◊ËÕ çPrimitive Cultureé (1817)
´÷Ëß°≈à“«∂÷ߢ—ÈπµÕπ°“√«‘«—≤π“°“√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å«à“¡’ 3 ¢—ÈπµÕπ À√◊Õ∫∑§«“¡‡√◊ËÕß
çA Conjectural Solution to the Origin of the Classificatory System of Relationshipsé
¢Õß Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) ∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ߢ—ÈπµÕπ«‘«—≤π“°“√¢Õß
§√Õ∫§√—« ®“°§√Õ∫§√—«∫√√æ°“≈∑’¡‰¥âÀ≈“¬§Ÿ§√Õß (primitive sexual promiscuity)
Ë ’ à
¡“®π∂÷ߧ√Õ∫§√—« ¡—¬„À¡à·∫∫º—«‡¥’¬«‡¡’¬‡¥’¬« (modern monogamy) √«¡
∑—Èß ‘Èπ 15 ¢—ÈπµÕπ ·≈–Àπ—ß ◊Õ™◊ËÕ çAncient Societyé (1877) °Á‰¥â‡ πÕ
¢—ÈπµÕπ«‘«—≤π“°“√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬åÕ¬à“ß·∑â®√‘ß ‚¥¬·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 7 √–¥—∫ ¥â«¬
‡Àµÿº≈∑’Ë«à“ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß·µà≈–¢—ÈπµÕπ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫¢Õß
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√®—¥√–‡∫’¬∫∑“ß —ߧ¡·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß ´÷ËßµâÕß¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å
¿“¬„π°—∫°“√®—¥√–‡∫’¬∫ª√–‡¿∑Õ◊Ëπ Ê ·≈–¡’§«“¡ºŸ°æ—π°—∫æ—≤π“°“√¥â“π
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·≈–°“√· «ßÀ“∑“߇»√…∞°‘®3
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De Waal Malefijt, Image of Man, Chapter 8, pp. 138-153.
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