Running Head: Research Proposal
1
Research Proposal
2
Research Proposal
December 3, 2017
ITS4099
Student
Research Proposal
Problem Statement
Organizational functions should be changed in line with changes
in the business environment. The invention of new technologies
is being a factor hindering organizational growth. On the other
hand, organizations which accurately forecast these new
innovations are better placed. Business intelligence analytics
are majorly being used to enhance the efficiency of firm’s
functions. However, there is substantial variation in the
utilization. The application of new technologies into an
institutions functions increases the returns, and consequently
higher profitability is achieved. This research study aims at
identifying BIA factors which enhance sophistication of
enterprise functions. Furthermore, it will study factors which

constrain the adoption of new technologies. This research will
assess the factors which affect usage of business intelligence
systems. It will therefore bridge the gap between innovation and
usage of the new applications.
Purpose of Research
The aim of the research is to evaluate factors affecting optimal
utilization of business information systems. The research will
address, first, how intensity of competition influences business
intelligence systems usage, secondly, the extent of
sophistication of data infrastructure in affecting the extent of
BIA usage, and lastly, the research will investigate how
integration of organizational functions affect extensive use of
business information systems. The research outcome will help
organization to identify areas of improvement for them to
maximize use of business intelligence systems.
Innovation Diffusion/Adoption
Companies navigate technology innovation through adoption.
They take time to experience new inventions. Learning through
assimilation is an enabler that aids in formation of concrete
usage background (Marjanovic Olivera et al. 2017). Therefore,
several studies have discovered that extensive utilization relies
on adoption. An institution will hence take time to get used to
Business intelligence technology. Adoption is embraced by the
agencies to legitimize and ration resources. This experience
helps an entity to plan for resources to be used by the
innovations.
Business Intelligence and analytics
Business intelligence entails collection, collating, analysis and
interpretation of data from diverse source to form essential
insights. The focus of this activity is to create value addition
strategies. The main use of Business intelligence analytics is to
create dynamic capabilities (Sharda, Ramesh, et al 2017). For
instance, IT strategies used by supply chain departments have
been discovered to contribute positively to performance and
profitability. Business intelligence infrastructure s flexible. It
enables entities to replicate strategies to match system dynamics

(Chen, 2012).
Key Results Review
1. Business Information System Adoption
Businesses have been adopting innovation on information
technology of different kinds to enhance their performance
which is aimed at increasing productivity. However, these
business information technologies have not been widely
accepted as expected (Olivera 2017). A research done on Indian
banks internet banking shows that many customers are not
willing to adopt the technology. The research recommended that
the bank managers needed to evaluate the major factors which
determines the client’s adoption of internet banking and these
factors included perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness,
conspicuousness and the perceived risk. The study shows that
business information technology is dependent on various factors
which could be due to perceptual and cultural differences.
2. Deep Structure Usage
The sophistication of data infrastructure determines how a
business information system usage. The system features, the
tasks and sub-tasks which the system supports are important
factors to consider. Bronz (2013) suggest that systems should
have capabilities, rules, and resources which are designed into
the IS that conceptualizes the requirements of the user tasks.
Hence, when examining the relationship between performance
and exploitive use, a task-centered measure of deep structure
should be created through the examination of IS deep structure
sub-set which is important to the task as well as measure the
extent to which the intended users will put the features into use.
(Sharda 2017) states that deep structure usage increases the
performance of a task through: first, by decreasing the amount
of time that is spent on irrelevant tasks, and secondly, the deep
structures through the engagement of the users’ cognition in the
task increases the quality of work in gaining insight into the
task.
3. Dynamic organizational relationship and capabilities
infrastructure

Employees in a company ought to internalize the organizational
culture which focuses on knowledge sharing, collaboration,
deliberate learning well as a trusting and positive relationship
between them and the information systems. Deliberate learning
entails internalizing the organizational culture as well as
creating organizational infrastructure changes, practices and
processes. Dynamic organizational capabilities help in the
creation of mutual responsibilities, trust, and mutual
accountabilities between the business personnel and IS
personnel. Traditionally, the relationship between business
people and IS groups was unhealthy since the business people
accused the IS personnel of developing systems that are either
cumbersome to use or which don’t meet the business
requirements (Burton-Jon). Thus, a good working relationship
or high level of trust between the business people and the
information system personnel ensures that the Business
information systems developed are used.
REFERENCES
Bronzo, M., Vliela de Resende, P. T., Valadares de Oliviera, M.
P., McCormack, K. P., de Sousa, P. R. & Lopes Ferreira, R.
(2013). Improving performance aligning business analytics with
process orientation. International Journal of Information
Management, 33(2), 300-307.
Burton-Jones, A. & Grange, C. (2013). From use to effective
use: A representation theory perspective. Information Systems
Research, 24(3), 632-658.
Marjanovic Olivera, Barbara Dinter, and Thilini Ariyachandra.
"Introduction to Organizational Issues of Business Intelligence,
Business Analytics and Big Data Minitrack." Proceedings of the
50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
2017.
Sharda, Ramesh, et al. Business intelligence: A managerial
approach. Pearson Higher Ed, 2017.

Running Head: Annotated
1
Annotated
10
Annotated Bibliography
November 29, 2017
ITS4099
Student
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agarwal, R. & Karahanna, E. (2000). Time flies when you’re
having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information
technology usage. MIS Quarterly, 24(4), 665– 694.
The use of technology involves behavior. Behaviors also are
varied depending on culture and many other factors. This study
will, therefore, consider the aspect of behavior about the use of
information technology system. I will use this study to give
extant explanations on the reason to why there is a behavior of
users towards information technologies. These include
behaviors that are focused on instrumental beliefs
predominantly as the drive of individual usage. It reveals works
done in individual psychology suggesting that experiences that

are holistic with technology are important variables that explain
technology acceptance theoretically.
Agarwal, R. & Prasad, J. (1997). The role of innovation
characteristics and perceived voluntariness in the acceptance of
information technologies. Decision Sciences, 28(3), 557–582.
This study will help me in identifying paradoxical relationship
that exists between productivity gains and investment in
information technology. It will be helpful as it will outline how
the relationship is attributed to a lack of acceptance by the user
of innovations of information technology. There have been
researches that have tried to predict and explain the user
acceptance. This study will also be based on these researches to
evaluate the user acceptance of information technology
innovations.
Agarwal, R. & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational
definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of
information technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2),
204–215.
The issue of acceptance of new information technologies by the
people intended to use them is an important issue for those who
study and practice information technology. This is important
because if it is not accepted, it will not be used and innovation
will not be appreciated. Businesses have been adopting
innovation on information technology of different kinds to
enhance their performance which is aimed at increasing
productivity. Business intelligence system is also technology
oriented, therefore, this study will be helpful in evaluating the
acceptance of innovative technologies by businesses.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2),
179–211.
This study will be on utilization of intelligence system.
Utilization involves the behavior of the users either in accepting
or using. This study will help in giving a background of the
theories of planned behaviors. I will be able to use this study to
identify some of the unresolved issues of planned behavior. It

will help me in evaluating if the intentions to perform a
behavior of many kinds is predictable using accuracy from
attitudes, control, and norms.
Alvesson, M. & Karreman, D. (2007). Constructing mystery:
Empirical matters in theory development. Academy of
Management Review, 32(4), 1265-1281.
This study will need the use of a well-developed research
methodology. From this study, it will be possible to identify the
elements through which it will make it possible to develop the
methodology. The methodology discussed in this study is the
active creation of mysteries and subsequent solving of those
mysteries. I will, therefore, use this study to develop my
methodology and define my data for this case and find out
systematics in deviations if exist.
Amoako-Gyampah, K. & Salam, A. F. (2004). An extension of
the technology acceptance model in an ERP implementation
environment. Information & Management, 41(6), 731– 745.
Implementation of the technology acceptance is the model I will
adopt in this study, and therefore I will be required to present
where the model has been successfully applied in the same
environment. I will use this study to present an extension of
technology acceptance model and do the empirical examination
in an enterprise resource planning environment of
implementation. This will help me in evaluating the impacts of
one belief construct and two widely technology implementation
success factors that are recognized.
Avison, D. & Malaurent, J. (2007). Impact of cultural
differences: A case study of ERP introduction in China.
International Journal of Information Management, 27(5), 368–
374.
Because different cultures attribute different behaviors, this
study will help me to find out how culture impacts the
utilization of this technology. It will also be of importance as it
provides solutions for implementing these applications at the
global level. This is because the global economy that businesses
operate in are implementing such applications. With the

implementation of this innovation, a company will be to control
and manage all its processes at all sites.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A
social cognitive theory. NJ: Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs.
Because this study will be based on the behavior of users of this
technology, theories of behavior are vital to this study. I will
use social cognitive theory as discussed by Bandura in
evaluating the behaviors of the users in my study. I will be able
to use this study to find out the essence of humanness that is
characterized by features operating through functional and
phenomenal consciousness.
Baxter, R. J. & Berente, N. (2010). The process of embedding
new information technology artifacts into innovative design
practices. Information and Organization, 20(3- 4), 133-155.
I will need to review the design and creation of innovative
technologies. This requires the creation of knowledge which in
turn depend on introducing the innovative information
technology. I will be able to migrate practice-based knowledge
to information technology artifacts that are unfamiliar. I will
use this study to help me explore the challenges associated with
this migration as provided by Baxter and Berente.
Benbasat, I. & Barki, H. (2007). Quo Vadis, TAM? Journal of
the Association for Information Systems, 8(4), 211–218.
Because I will be using the Technology Acceptance Model for
this study, the study of Benbasat and Barki will be of great
importance as it will give the background information of the
application of Technology Acceptance Model. I will be able to
use this study to identify the significant contribution of this
model and its focus. I will try to expand the Technology
Acceptance Model to adopt it to my study and apply it
appropriately.
Bilandzic, M., Knebel, U. & Weckenmann, D. (2008).
Technology acceptance research – current development and
concerns. 2nd Workshop on Information Systems and Services
Sciences 2008 (2nd WISSS 08), Germany, Munich.
My study will require presentation of some researchers that has

been done on the acceptance of the technology. It will also be
required to identify from the researches the current development
and concerns that have been discussed in these researches. This
will provide a basis for discussing the results that I will get
from this study and will help me to make appropriate
conclusions based on the research questions.
Bradley, R. V., Pridemore, J. L. & Byrd, T. A. (2006).
Information systems success in the context of different
corporate culture types: An empirical investigation. Journal of
Management Information Systems, 23(2), 267–294.
The success of information system in different cultural types
needs literature for more information. I will use this study to
draw my literature on the success of information systems in the
context of artistic types. I will be able to identify high-quality
information technology plans that lead to the success of
information technology system. Using this study, I will be able
to draw empirical studies that I will use as a comparison to my
study. This will help me in making conclusions of the study.
Bronzo, M., Vliela de Resende, P. T., Valadares de Oliviera, M.
P., McCormack, K. P., de Sousa, P. R. & Lopes Ferreira, R.
(2013). Improving performance aligning business analytics with
process orientation. International Journal of Information
Management, 33(2), 300-307.
This study will provide a background information on how to
align business analytics together with the process orientation
initiatives and how management is influencing synergistic
accomplishment of the two elements. This is because the
performance of the organization is supposed to be streamlined
by the organization. I will use quantitative research effort which
was used in this study to design and investigate the
relationships between these constructs.
Burton-Jones, A. & Straub, D. W. (2006). Reconceptualizing
system usage: An approach and empirical test. Information
Systems Research, 17(3), 228-246.
System usage is a key variable in this research. In other
researches, it has received little theoretical scrutiny, and it does

not have a widely-accepted definition. This study will help me
to reconceptualize the system usage construct in various
contexts. The main context being the different corporate
cultures. By using this study, it will be possible to bridge the
research gap that exists from these empirical studies on system
usage.
Burton-Jones, A. & Grange, C. (2013). From use to effective
use: A representation theory perspective. Information Systems
Research, 24(3), 632-658.
To obtain maximum benefits of the information technology, it
must be used effectively. There have been very little researches
examining the what effective system use involves and what
drives it. Many types of research have been focusing on when
and why information systems are used. There must be a
transition from the use of a system to effective use. This
requires an understanding of the nature of the system and its
purpose which calls for theory of information system. This
study will borrow the presentation theory as used by Burton and
Grange to develop the transition from use to effective use of
information system.
References:
Agarwal, R. & Karahanna, E. (2000). Time flies when you’re
having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information
technology usage. MIS Quarterly, 24(4), 665– 694.
Agarwal, R. & Prasad, J. (1997). The role of innovation
characteristics and perceived voluntariness in the acceptance of
information technologies. Decision Sciences, 28(3), 557–582.
Agarwal, R. & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational
definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of
information technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2),
204–215.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2),
179–211.
Alvesson, M. & Karreman, D. (2007). Constructing mystery:

Empirical matters in theory development. Academy of
Management Review, 32(4), 1265-1281.
Amoako-Gyampah, K. & Salam, A. F. (2004). An extension of
the technology acceptance model in an ERP implementation
environment. Information & Management, 41(6), 731– 745.
Avison, D. & Malaurent, J. (2007). Impact of cultural
differences: A case study of ERP introduction in China.
International Journal of Information Management, 27(5), 368–
374.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A
social cognitive theory. NJ: Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs.
Baxter, R. J. & Berente, N. (2010). The process of embedding
new information technology artifacts into innovative design
practices. Information and Organization, 20(3- 4), 133-155.
Bilandzic, M., Knebel, U. & Weckenmann, D. (2008).
Technology acceptance research – current development and
concerns. 2nd Workshop on Information Systems and Services
Sciences 2008 (2nd WISSS 08), Germany, Munich.
Benbasat, I. & Barki, H. (2007). Quo Vadis, TAM? Journal of
the Association for Information Systems, 8(4), 211–218.
Bilandzic, M., Knebel, U. & Weckenmann, D. (2008).
Technology acceptance research – current development and
concerns. 2nd Workshop on Information Systems and Services
Sciences 2008 (2nd WISSS 08), Germany, Munich.
Bradley, R. V., Pridemore, J. L. & Byrd, T. A. (2006).
Information systems success in the context of different
corporate culture types: An empirical investigation. Journal of
Management Information Systems, 23(2), 267–294.
Bronzo, M., Vliela de Resende, P. T., Valadares de Oliviera, M.
P., McCormack, K. P., de Sousa, P. R. & Lopes Ferreira, R.
(2013). Improving performance aligning business analytics with
process orientation. International Journal of Information
Management, 33(2), 300-307.
Burton-Jones, A. & Straub, D. W. (2006). Reconceptualizing
system usage: An approach and empirical test. Information
Systems Research, 17(3), 228-246.

Burton-Jones, A. & Grange, C. (2013). From use to effective
use: A representation theory perspective. Information Systems
Research, 24(3), 632-658.
Running Head: UTILIZATION OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
SYSTEMS1
Utilization of Business Intelligence Systems
3
DETERMINTION OF OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF BUSINESS
INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
November 22, 2017
ITS4099
Student

References
Agarwal, R. & Karahanna, E. (2000). Time flies when you’re
having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information
technology usage. MIS Quarterly, 24(4), 665– 694.
Agarwal, R. & Prasad, J. (1997). The role of innovation
characteristics and perceived voluntariness in the acceptance of
information technologies. Decision Sciences, 28(3), 557–582.
Agarwal, R. & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational
definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of
information technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2),
204–215.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2),
179–211.
Alvesson, M. & Karreman, D. (2007). Constructing mystery:
Empirical matters in theory development. Academy of
Management Review, 32(4), 1265-1281.
Amoako-Gyampah, K. & Salam, A. F. (2004). An extension of
the technology acceptance model in an ERP implementation
environment. Information & Management, 41(6), 731– 745.
Avison, D. & Malaurent, J. (2007). Impact of cultural
differences: A case study of ERP introduction in China.
International Journal of Information Management, 27(5), 368–
374.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A
social cognitive theory. NJ: Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs.
Baxter, R. J. & Berente, N. (2010). The process of embedding
new information technology artifacts into innovative design
practices. Information and Organization, 20(3- 4), 133-155.
Benbasat, I. & Barki, H. (2007). Quo Vadis, TAM? Journal of
the Association for Information Systems, 8(4), 211–218.
Bilandzic, M., Knebel, U. & Weckenmann, D. (2008).

Technology acceptance research – current development and
concerns. 2nd Workshop on Information Systems and Services
Sciences 2008 (2nd WISSS 08), Germany, Munich.
Bradley, R. V., Pridemore, J. L. & Byrd, T. A. (2006).
Information systems success in the context of different
corporate culture types: An empirical investigation. Journal of
Management Information Systems, 23(2), 267–294.
Bronzo, M., Vliela de Resende, P. T., Valadares de Oliviera, M.
P., McCormack, K. P., de Sousa, P. R. & Lopes Ferreira, R.
(2013). Improving performance aligning business analytics with
process orientation. International Journal of Information
Management, 33(2), 300-307.
Burton-Jones, A. & Straub, D. W. (2006). Reconceptualizing
system usage: An approach and empirical test. Information
Systems Research, 17(3), 228-246.
Burton-Jones, A. & Grange, C. (2013). From use to effective
use: A representation theory perspective. Information Systems
Research, 24(3), 632-658.
Running Head: Proposal
1
Proposal
8
Research Proposal
November 14, 2017
Student

Research Proposal
1.0 DETERMINANTS OF OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF
BUSSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
2.1 Background of the study
The field of business intelligence is rapidly growing. Several
changes have been seen in the way businesses conduct their
activities. Information Technology has enhanced customer
experience. Majorly, the trends are coming from increasing
digitization. Organizations are increasingly embracing IT to
execute their functions. Business intelligence has been used to
enhance efficiency by many firms. Business intelligence
analytics are used in design and development of customer
experiences (Prahalad and Krishnan, 2008). Globalization has
impacted the way firms respond to customer needs. Many
customers are changing their preferences. Therefore, businesses
are working hard to transform their functions at the same pace
(Davenport 2006). By doing a cross-examination on the
strategies employed by firms in coping up with the competitive
environment, Information and communications technology is the
main basis of the rivalry. There are a lot of competitors, not
only in the domestic market, but also in the foreign markets.
Many engage in producing similar products. Others also have
embarked in the production of substitutes. However, the main
challenge facing the enterprises is the choice of the strategies to
pursue to be ahead of the rivals. The plans embraced by most of
these entities embark on Information and technology
innovations. Strategic planning is employing IT in its
formulation. This is for the purpose of tailor making customer
experience. This has enabled some organizations to thrive in the

competitive environment. The wave of globalization is
inevitable. It has not only presented many challenges to the
economies and their institutions, but also given them new
opportunities. It is now up to managers to enact new ways of
doing business. The structuring of new plans should be done at
the same pace at which technologies are changing. Failure to
manage organizational operations properly will automatically
lead to collapsing of many organizations. In order for
businesses to stay on the safe side, the must take advantage of
the available information systems technologies to develop a
proper competitive edge. The new plans that are formulated by
the managers should be well supported by necessary
information. The companies should conduct thorough research
to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of their plans.
Precondition for success of new innovated strategies postulate
that the formulation should be based on a well collected and
analysed data. It is a fact that companies are being faced by
many caveats which range from domestic to global environment.
Therefore, for planners to come up with the most efficient and
effective plans, they must first analyse a wide range of
information. A large volume of data should be analysed. The
capacity of the organizations to handle this data will determine
the outcomes of their strategic planning. Real time information
should be analysed from time to time. The analysis is for the
benefit of decision makers, whole will have an advantage of
spotting new trends and taking proactive strategies to survive in
the changing environment. These scenarios are attracting the
attention of decision makers to utilize Business information
system analytics in order to maintain their progress (Davenport,
2006). The main challenge for utilization of business
information in decision making is the conflict of interests
between uses of intuition or information technology solutions.
The relationship between technology, organization and
technology has been expounded by several managers, though
quite a god number have not conceptualized the associated
ideology. An evaluation of the critical success factors for firms

shows that firms are differentiated by their ability to innovate
new ways of serving their customers. This is a success factor
which mainly relies on how extensive they use business
intelligence Analytics.
1.2 statement of the problem
Organizational functions should be changed in line with changes
in the business environment. The invention of new technologies
is being seen as a factor hindering organizational growth. On
the other hand, organizations which accurately forecast these
new innovations are better placed. Business intelligence
analytics are majorly being used to enhance the efficiency of
firm’s functions. However, there is substantial variation in the
utilization. The application of new technologies into an
institutions functions increases the returns, and consequently
higher profitability is achieved. This research study aims at
identifying BIA factors which enhance sophistication of
enterprise functions. Furthermore, it will study factors which
constrain the adoption of new technologies. This research will
assess the factors which affect usage of business intelligence
systems. It will therefore bridge the gap between innovation and
usage of the new applications.
1.3 Research Questions
1. How does intensity of competition affect business
intelligence systems?
2. How does sophistication of data related infrastructure affect
the adoption of BIA?
3. How does integration of organizational functions influence
the extend of use of business intelligence systems?
1.4 Research Objectives
Main objective
To evaluate factors affecting optimal utilization of business
information systems
Specific objectives
1. To examine how intensity of competition influences business

intelligence systems usage
2. To assess how extend of sophistication of data infrastructure
affects extent of use of BIA
3. To investigate how integration of organizational functions
affect extensive use of business information systems.
1.5 Importance of the study
The study will present an opportunity for organizations to invest
wisely. It will help organization to identify areas of
improvement for them to maximize use of business intelligence
systems.
1.6 Scope of the study
The study will evaluate BIA usage in Coca Cola limited
company.
1.7 Limitations
The study will be constrained by time frame and stipulated
budget.
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
1.1 Innovation Diffusion Literature
Companies navigate technology innovation through adoption.
They take time to experience new inventions. Learning through
assimilation is an enabler that aids in formation of concrete
usage background (Armstrong and Sambamurthey, 1999).
Therefore, several studies have discovered that extensive
utilization relies on adoption. An institution will hence take
time to get used to Business intelligence technology. Adoption
is embraced by the agencies in order to legitimize and ration
resources. This experience helps an entity to plan for resources
to be used by the innovations (DeLone, 1992).
1.2 Business Intelligence and analytics literature
Business intelligence entails collection, collating, analysis and
interpretation of data from diverse source in order to form
essential insights. The focus of this activity is to create value
addition strategies (Harris, 2007). The main use of Business
intelligence analytics is to create dynamic capabilities (Trkman,
2010). For instance, IT strategies used by supply chain

departments have been discovered to contribute positively to
performance and profitability. Business intelligence
infrastructure s flexible. It enables entities to replicate
strategies to match system dynamics (Chen, 2012).
1.3 Overview of Literature
Many studies have emphasized on how business intelligence
analytics promote value addition objectives. However, very few
known studies have explained the determinants of optimal usage
of business intelligence systems and infrastructure. This
motivated the study.
CHAPTER 3
2.0 Research Methodology
2.1 Data and Variable Definition
Data will be collected by use of primary as well as well as
secondary sources. Several publications will be reviewed, for
instance, (BIAIM) survey will be considered. It is a reliable IT
exploration which is a highly reliable secondary source. It
collects and analyses data on leading multinationals and
investors. Interviews will be conducted. They will involve the
managers of the company.
2.2 Variables
Dependent variable
Extend of usage of Business Intelligence systems:
Independent Variables
The study will answer questions on: to what extend has the
management integrated all its activities? How intensity of
completion has enabled IT innovations, and degree of
sophistication of the data infrastructure.
2.3 Target group Sample size
It will encompass coca cola Limited branches. This study will
involve a sample of 200 international branches.
2.4 Data Analysis
Data will have estimated using OLS. STATA package will be
employed.

References:
Iyer, Laksmi, Lina Zhou, and Souren Paul. "Introduction to Data
Science and Analytics for Collaboration Minitrack." (2017).
Marjanovic Olivera, Barbara Dinter, and Thilini Ariyachandra.
"Introduction to Organizational Issues of Business Intelligence,
Business Analytics and Big Data Minitrack." Proceedings of the
50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
2017.
Sharda, Ramesh, et al. Business intelligence: A managerial
approach. Pearson Higher Ed, 2017.