Running head PREECLAMPSIA2PREECLAMPSIA2.docx

Running head: PREECLAMPSIA 2
PREECLAMPSIA 2
KINE 3350
Morolake Badom
Dr. Green
University of Texas, Arlington
Women’s Health: Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women.
Introduction
Preeclampsia, it is a difficulty that progresses without any signs
being present. High blood pressure may develop At a slow pace
or an inception (Koster, et al. 2015). Monitoring blood pressure
its an essential part of parental care. This is because the first
sign of Preeclampsia is mainly a rise in blood pressure. There
are other symptoms like having excess protein in the urine.
There also may be additional signs like the problems that are
conservative agents of kidney problems. Nausea and vomiting
are also other symptoms that may be present. In women who
Preeclampsia, the blood vessels do not seem to develop or
function in the proper man.
Risk and health issues.
There are some more risks of health that women are prone to
whenever they are pregnant. There are some health risk factors.
One of these is the history of Preeclampsia. If the family that

one is from has had an issue of Preeclampsia, the chances of a
person contracting the disease is very high. Some diseases look
like they are found in the genetic makeup of people. Whenever
one had such a; problem, many more people, might receive the
same in the same family. Sometimes it has been a family
weakness, and this poses dangers to those who get pregnant.
The higher risk of developing Preeclampsia is high in the first
pregnancy (Chavarro, et al. 2019). Many women who have
contracted the disease are said to be those who are said to be the
first-timers in getting pregnancy. The information was found
through the many research that was done. Many women who had
this problem were the first-timers to get pregnant. Although it
occurred to the women who had given birth more than one time,
it was mainly experienced with people who got their
pregnancies for the first time.
Another risk is multiple pregnancy. Preeclampsia mainly
happens to those women who are carrying more than one child.
The women who are carrying more than one child have a higher
risk, according to the professionals. They can contract these
diseases faster than anybody else. It has been confirmed in most
of the cases that the people who have mainly had the disease
they had a pregnancy that was of more than just a child. The
interval at which one gets children is another issue of concern.
Many women get the first child and stay for several years before
getting another child.
Such women are at a risk of contracting Preeclampsia. Also, the
women who get babies less than two years apart are said to be at
risk. It has been confirmed that those women that give birth to
one child and then stay for a long time without getting another
are really at risk of the disease. These were through a
confirmation from the doctors in charge. There is another
reason that is the history of certain conditions. Some women
have had the histories of having other conditions such as kidney
diseases. Such women are said to be at a high risk.
If a woman is highly obese, then she has a risk of contracting
the dieses. Those women with massive bodies and do not go out

for an exercise have high chances of contracting the disease.
The other risk factor comes according to the race that one is
from. People mainly who are from the dark race the doctors say
that they have high chances of contracting the disease more than
anybody else. When a woman has chronic hypertension is also
at the risk of contracting Preeclampsia. Those women who have
been having the problem of hypertension also are more
endangered to contacting the disease.
There are some of the health issues that develop as a result of
Preeclampsia. One of these issues is the fetal growth constraint.
Preeclampsia distresses the arteries that are used to carry blood
to the placenta. If the arteries are affected, some complications
develop on the way. Whenever the placenta receives less blood
and oxygen, then it means that fewer nutrients will be received
in the body. Low nutrients content will lead to the baby growing
at a slower rate. It can lead to fetal growth restriction and low
birth weight. This can affect the child in the whole life.
Another health issue is preterm birth. If a woman contracts
Preeclampsia, which has severe features, then she might get
delivered early. This kind of prematurity can lead to problems
like breathing and some other problems for the baby. The
healthcare providers are the only ones who can help such
women about when is the critical time of delivery. Prematurity
sometimes, it has also led to the death of some children. It has
also led to some children live with the problem for the rest of
their lives.
Placental abruption is the other health issue. Preeclampsia
increases the risks that are there of placental abruption. This is
a condition where the placenta separates from the inner wall of
the uterus, and this is time before delivery. Severe abruption
causes severe breeding that could be endangering once life.
Much breeding is a danger to a person’s health since this can
easily lead to death. This is because blood aids in all activities
of the body, and this is why the body functions. If such a
condition is not looked at well, then it will cause death.
Another organ damage is another health issue that is caused by

Preeclampsia. Whenever Preeclampsia is not controlled, then it
becomes difficult to know which patient will have severe
damages to the body. Preeclampsia may result in the damage of
the kidneys, liver lung heart, or even the eyes. Sometimes it
also causes stroke of the brain or brain injury. Whenever one
contracts these diseases, there might be many problems. Stroke
is one of these issues, and it leads to the body being paralyzed.
If the brain is affected, it will also mean that the person might
lose all the ordinary senses.
Cardiovascular disease is another health issue that can be
brought about contracting Preeclampsia. Contracting
preeclampsia may increase once risk of future heart and blood
vessels disease. This risk gets to be even more significant if one
has had the case of Preeclampsia more than once. To make sure
that the risk is minimized any time after delivery, it is good to
try to maintain an ideal weight. It is good to eat a variety of
fruits and vegetables; exercising regularly is essential as well as
avoiding smoking.
There are some different kinds of social factors that have been
used to assess health and to determine healthcare (Clifford,
2019). One of the social factors that can be used to determine
health is the education level. The education level of an
individual tells the type of healthcare system that one might go
through. People who have undergone the education system have
been introduced to ways of making sure that they have protected
themselves against some things. The education systems have
ensured that they have instilled in their curricular some
essential health tips and the ways to make sure that one has
lived a healthy life.
The level of education that one is in is also another significant
determining factor. People who have been to schools, and they
have been more educated are most likely to pay attention to the
doctor’s prescriptions. People with a higher education level will
make sure that they have understood all the health concerns.
Even though not working in the health department, people who
are higher in the levels of education make sure that they have

adhered to the health requirements. They will follow them
strictly since they know the importance of good health. Many
will have balanced diets in order to make sure that they remain
healthy.
Another factor that determines health is social, economic status.
Social, economic status includes how wealthy the person is. It
also includes factors like how much is the one earning or how
much can afford. Health is about money since some of the
services are expensive than others. In society, different people
are enabled differently financially. For these reasons, all the
people will look for different services. There are those people
who will look for the private sectors that might be charging
high, and others will look for the government hospitals. The
private sector is believed to be providing better services than
the public health centers.
For this reason, people who are well up will look for services in
the private sectors that they believe is better for them. Many
people in the society have distinct differences in their social
income as well, and this continues to cause even more
differences in the kind of healthcare one is going to get. People
with much wealth will look for the best health care systems,
whereas people who do not have much wealth will only go to
the affordable areas. People with wealth also make sure that
they have all that is required to ensure that their health is at
stake.
The physical environment is another social factor that
influences the type of healthcare that a person will have. From
the people that one is living around and the status of the
environment that one is in, it will highly determine the type of
health that one is going to have. If one lives in an environment
such a the streets, the high chances will be that the kind of
health such a person is going to get its not the best. This is
because they are exposed to many health dangers, and such
people do not have money to maintain all the health standards
that are required.
The people that live around will also be a higher explanation to

the kind of life that an is living. If the individual has people
who are really considerate about health, then it means that the
individual will also own the characteristics as such. If the
people around are not much into maintaining better health, the
individual will also be drowning in such characteristics. If the
people surrounding are people who maintain health, most
probably, such people will all look for better healthcare
systems.
The other factor that determines the type of health is access to
the healthcare systems. Some healthcare systems are not
accessible (Hälg, Potrafke, & Sturm,2020). Some are far away,
and they require a lot in order to be accessed. Some of the
healthcare facilities are at a far distance, and it might require
much money in order to get to such healthcare systems. If the
individual that is looking for health does not have such amounts
will not then get to the facility. If healthcare requires much
money to provide healthcare services, it will not be accessible.
For these reasons, many people might fail to get the healthcare
facility. This will mean that the individual will not access the
facility for lack of enough money. Some of the healthcare
facilities are found even at overseas. In such matters, it will not
be easy to access such a facility if one is not well enabled
financially. If the service was found in overseas only, then such
an individual has no cash, he will not be able to access the
service. For this reason, it will be the conservative agent here
for such an individual not to access a service.
Employment is another social issue. People who are employed
most likely they will be able to access better healthcare. This is
due to the availability of money. People who are working have
an assurance that at the end of the month, they will be paid, and
hence such an amount can be used to cater for health. Jobless
people will only look at some matters like how to get food and
some other basic needs. They will not afford high-level services
but the low-level ones. The money that they have is the factor
here. Since they do not have much cash, then they will not
access high-level services.

Social network is another vulnerable factor. Social networks
mainly involve friends, peers, and also family members. When
an individual is under stress, he can use such individuals to
make that he is okay. This provides the comfort that there are
people who are providing support, and it is essential to ensure
that the health of such an individual is at stake. Such people
may be of providing medical guidelines and the best advice to
an individual. Such people will determine the healthcare
services of an individual.
In healthcare, there are many challenges. One of the challenges
that are there is that management systems have had errors. The
management in many countries have failed to ensure that they
have provided better services to the population of that nation.
Many people are suffering the issues on health since the
government has not put n place better measures to make sure
that health program is affordable to all the people. For these
reasons, many deaths have occurred as a result since many
people do not have enough money to cater for the more
expensive health care systems.
There are not researches and practices that have addressed well
the issue of the healthcare system. Mostly many of the countries
do not do researches to find out what are the health challenges
that have undertaken place. Most of the countries have really
not done enough research to ensure that they know the problems
that are affecting their citizens. This has been a problem for a
long time. For this reason, the state cannot be in a position to
know the problems that its citizens are going through.
Many countries are facing financial challenges to cater to the
health sector. Many countries do not have enough resources to
fund their hospitals. They also do not have the required amounts
to purchase all the requirements that are needed. Many of the
countries have not provided enough employment opportunities
to all its citizens. For these reasons, not all the people have
ensured that they follow all the required procedures required to
maintain a better living. This being the reason why people are
failing to maintain better health, the government should come

up with ways to create employment opportunities. These will
ensure that they have improved the health standards, and these
will reduce the number of deaths.
People ignore the other challenging thing. Their doctors advise
some people about the importance of healthy eating, but some
people are ignorant. Some also advised that exercise is good,
but some go ahead, ignoring. The best thing that the government
can do is to ensure that all the people who are found to have any
disease, most especially Preeclampsia should make sure that
they have followed such a person until they are sure that the
patient is well. The government should also improve measures
on how to come up with a healthcare system that is cheap and
affordable.
The government should make improvements in the field of
science. This will ensure that many people join it to research for
the possible solutions in order to come up with the best methods
of making sure that such diseases are treated. This is important
since the science field will provide answers to whatever the
questions are. The research that is to be carried out will ensure
that there will be enough information and procedures to be
followed in order to close the gaps that are there. Patients will
be treated in a better way since there will be more and adequate
measures to be followed in giving treatments.
The government should come up with methodologies to ensure
that all the citizens can manage better healthcare services
(Bevan, Evans, & Nuti, 2019). This will be through ensuring
that all the citizens are registered through government
insurances. These will help citizens to look for medications in
any hospital since any amounts will be payable from the
government. The government should also make sure that all the
citizens most, especially those who are found with diseases such
as Preeclampsia, are treated with no charges. The government
should also come up with ways of funding the research centers
to improve understanding of such matters.
From the researches that are done, most of the people who
attract this disease are mainly women who are at the age of

forty. When discovered, they are given ways to prevent the
diseases from keeping on being more dangerous on them. They
undergo various testing and going for clinics for check-ups.
Mainly they are referred to a particular unit care desk. The
search for additional tests continues, and this is what prevents
the disease from posing even more dangers to the patient.
Conclusion
To prevent the spread of diseases especially on women when
they are pregnant it is important to make sure that they are
undertaken all the processes to make sure their health is at
stake. The pregnant women should make that they go in the
hospital offenly to ensure that they do not get the kind of
diseases.
References
Arvizu, M., Stuart, J., Rich-Edwards, J., Gaskins, A., Rosner,
B., & Chavarro, J. (2019). Adherence to Pre-pregnancy DASH
Dietary Pattern and Diet Recommendations from the American
Heart Association and the Risk of Preeclampsia (OR35-06-
19). Current developments in nutrition, 3(Supplement_1),
nzz048-OR35.
Bevan, G., Evans, A., & Nuti, S. (2019). Reputations count:
why benchmarking performance is improving health care across
the world. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 14(2), 141-161.
Clifford, D. (2019). Social Assessment Theory and Practice: A
multi-disciplinary framework. Routledge.
Hälg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J. E. (2020). Determinants of
social expenditure in OECD countries. KOF Working
Papers, 475.
Veerbeek, J. H., Hermes, W., Breimer, A. Y., Van Rijn, B. B.,
Koenen, S. V., Mol, B. W., ... & Koster, M. P. (2015).
Cardiovascular disease risk factors after early-onset
preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia, and pregnancy-induced
hypertension. Hypertension, 65(3), 600-606.

Running head: CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES 1
CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES 10
Cloud Computing Services
Name
Institution
Cloud Computing ServicesIntroduction
Cloud computing enables the use of the computer system
without an active user managing it. They are a wide range of
data centers readily available over the internet. The usage of
cloud services is predominant in the modern world, and many
functions can be distributed to various locations from a central
server. The cloud could be owned by one organization that we
term as enterprise clouds or be availed to many firms known as
public clouds. The aim of using clouds is to enhance resource
sharing, which enables the achievement of the economics of
scale. Cloud computing also saves the costs that firms incur by
acquiring IT infrastructure.
Applications in an organization can be easily installed. Cloud
computing enhances the manageability and requires less

maintenance (Sultan, 2010). It also provides higher computing
power and can be compatible with the systems that are used in
an organization. Some of the factors that have aided the growth
of cloud computing include low costs of storage devices and
computers, utility computing, high-capacity networks, hardware
virtualization, and autonomic. Linux was the dominant
operating system last year, together with its Microsoft
offerings. On their part, cloud service providers (CSP) gather
data, screen and keep up information on intrusion identification,
firewalls, information stream, and action frameworks inside the
system. Cloud Computing
The cloud computing user can benefit from the technology
despite not having expertise or in-depth knowledge about it.
Clouds reduce costs and help users to focus on their businesses
without the interruption of IT obstacles. Cloud computation
relies on virtualization technology. This virtualization
technology separates the computing device and sets up several
virtual machines that can easily control computing tasks. The
connection of multiple computing devices enables easy
management of available computing resources. It offers the
necessary agility to reduce costs and improve the speed of IT
operations through increased infrastructure utilization.
Autonomic computing is used to automate processes enabling
resource provision based on their demand (Sultan, 2010).
Cloud computing reduces user involvement, thus reducing the
cost of labor, speed the process, and reduce errors. It uses
utility concepts of computing to give metrics of the services
that are used. That way, cloud computing addresses the issue of
quality of service (QoS) and problems on reliability associated
with grid computing models.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing enables organizations to enhance the
flexibility of the users through addition, re-provision, and
expansion of infrastructure in technological resources. Cloud
service providers also assure organizations of cost reduction.

Usage of cloud computing reduces capital expenses invested in
IT operations. The barrier to entry is lowered since a third party
provides infrastructure compared to where they are purchased
by the organization for computational tasks. Usage-based
pricing reduces the cost and requires fewer projects of
implementation of projects. Cost reduction depends on the
activities supported and infrastructure available (Bradshaw,
Millard & Walden, 2011).
The system users can access the network through web browsers
using their computing device at any location. The infrastructure
is provided by service providers situated outside the site and
can be accessed over the internet. Thus, computer users can
access these services anywhere. The maintenance cost is also
low since the cloud is not installed on a particular computer and
is located at any location. Cloud service enable sharing of
resources among many users through the centralization of
infrastructure, which lowers the cost. Peak-load is increased,
and efficiency is improved. IT experts can also monitor the
performance based on the service provider. The web services
are used to provide consistent infrastructure in the system
interface.
Where many users work on the data simultaneously, the
productivity will be enhanced. Time is also saved through quick
delivery of information, and the users are not supposed to
install these applications on their computers. Having multiple
sites in cloud computing is appropriate for business continuity
and data recovery when disaster occurs. The security of stored
data is also improved through centralization as compared to
traditional servers. However, there is a risk over sensitive data
that is shared due to a lack of security over these stored kernels.
The advantage of cloud computing is that the providers can give
security resources that organizations may not afford. Public
clouds are mainly hazardous due to the large number of users
that are involved. In private clouds, organizations can retain
control over their infrastructure and secure information shared
or stored.Service Models

Cloud computing service providers use a service-oriented
architecture to offer them according to the model required.
There are three models as provided in the national institute of
standards and technology (NIST) which are infrastructure as a
service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a
service (SaaS). The abstraction associated with these models
increases from infrastructure, a platform to software, but they
are not necessarily related.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
The online service is used to dereference network infrastructure
by the cloud service provider through data partitioning,
computing devices, location, scaling, data security, and back up.
The virtual devices are operated by a hypervisor within the
cloud systems and can support a large number of machines. It
also enables scaling up and down, depending on the
requirements by the users of the cloud. The capacity of auto-
scales is also managed to ensure that the users can perform their
tasks efficiently form any location. IaaS clouds also provide
additional storage for files and data that they may require in
their operations. Computer users can also install and run the
software, such as applications and operating systems (Gonzales
et al. 2015).
Although the user has no control over the infrastructure, they
can control the storage, applications, and operating systems
from their computing devices. Control over networking
components like firewalls is the responsibility of the providers.
The cloud providers use equipment in their data centers to
manage the operations from a wide range of users. They also
have OS images and software on the cloud infrastructure to
deploy various applications. Users can use carrier clouds or the
internet to enhance connectivity from any location. Maintenance
of applications and patching is the responsibility of the users
(Gonzales et al. 2015). Billing in IaaS is utility based, meaning
the cost reflects the resource allocation and consumption.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)
The users can organize software on cloud infrastructure using
tools, libraries, and services and computing languages supported
by the providers. However, they have no control over the
storage, network servers, operating system, and other
underlying cloud infrastructure. The consumers can control
applications and configure the settings based on the
environment in which they are operating (Lin et al. 2013). The
providers guide application developers on the necessary
considerations to enable a full range of usage in different
situations. They set the standards for development and offer
means for payment and distribution. Once developed, the
software is run over a cloud platform as opposed to where the
users buy and manage them with their underlying layers. In
some cases, the resources are matched with the demand among
the cloud users rather than allocating them manually (Lin et al.
2013).
Some data management and integration providers may use
specialized applications for data delivery. These enable the
users to manage, govern, and execute integration flow for the
information they share. Consumers can oversee the deployment
and development of integration without having to install any
hardware on their computers. Platform as a service providers
manage the execution and evolution of programs by providing
the users with data applications.
Software as a Service
The users can use applications from providers that are run on
cloud infrastructure. Consumers can use the software over the
internet or using a program interface. As in the other models,
the user does not have control over underlying infrastructure,
although they can make some configuration settings. In software
as a service model, the users can access the databases and
application software from their computing devices. Cloud
service providers, on the other hand, manage platforms and
infrastructure that enable the running of these applications.

Pricing in this model is based on the demand and usage where
the users are required to make a subscription (Kuo, 2011).
Cloud users can access the software without installing them on
their computers. They save support and maintenance costs in the
process. The scalability of these applications enables the
providers to meet the varying demand by the users at all times.
Work is distributed to the connected virtual machines in the
cloud by using load balancers. The process is very secure since
the user can only see their specified access point. Cloud
applications are multitenant, meaning many users can be served
from one machine that is managed by the service providers.
The pricing is adjustable and scalable since it depends on the
number of users who pay annual or monthly fees for connection.
Thus, the cloud provider can monitor the pricing when the users
increase or during the period. In some cases, the service may
also be offered free based on the relationship between the
providers and the organization (Kuo, 2011). Using the software
as service businesses reduce their expenses on IT operation.
Maintenance and support of software and hardware are
subcontracted to a cloud service provider. These funds could be
used in other projects that can be beneficial to the business.
Besides, the applications on the cloud are easily updated since
the users are not required to install any updates. However, there
is a security issue concerning data storage on cloud
applications. The information can be susceptible to
unauthorized access. Data security is paramount to any business
organization, and any platform chosen should enable them to
secure their data from other users.
Apart from these three models discussed above, there are other
forms of cloud computing which include:
Server-less Computing
It is a code for cloud computing where the providers manage
virtual machines to serve various requests by the users. The
application is charged based on the required resources but not
the number of connected users or the number of hours spent in

solving a particular problem. The name may suggest that the
codes are run without servers, which is never the case. It is
named so since people or businesses that own these systems are
not required to obtain servers or virtual machines for code run.
Function as a Service (FaaS)
FaaS enables deployment of features in the cloud that are
required to respond to different events. It is a remote procedure
that allows serverless computing. It is a form of cloud
computing that does not require the users to have servers since a
third-party service provider offers a platform of operation.
Cloud Deployment Models
There are two models of cloud deployment, which are public
and private clouds. The two models vary on the mode of
operation and the control by the users, as discussed below.
Public Cloud
The services are provided over a network that is accessible to
the public. The clouds may require the users to pay, or they can
access them free in some cases. The cloud architecture is
technically the same in both private and public clouds.
However, security provisions may vary for the storage,
applications, software, or other resources provided to the
general users. Non-trusted networks may affect communication
between service providers and consumers.
In most cases, the service providers of public clouds operate
and own the data center infrastructure. The users access the
cloud over the internet, which gives the providers control over
the operations they can perform on the platform. These
connections also require the consumer to lease or purchase a
private link to any access point as a provider by the provider
(Sultan, 2011).
Private Cloud
It is operated or managed by a particular firm with either an
internal or external host location. Before embarking on the

project, it is essential to virtualize the operations and re-
evaluate the resources available in the organization. It is a way
of improving the profitability of the business, but realizing
these benefits may require huge investments. Every step in the
execution of the plan is coupled with security concerns that
have to be adequately addressed before continuing. Failure to
secure the whole process could result in data vulnerability to an
unauthorized user. Private clouds also require environmental
control, hardware, and space, which may be a challenge to many
organizations. Besides, further investments may be necessary
for the future, leading to more operational expenses. These high
costs of operation have been criticized by many since they
overshadow the purported benefits. Any business venture is a
profit-seeking investment and, therefore, can only invest in
activities that can be beneficial to them (Bradshaw, Millard &
Walden, 2011).
The challenges associated with each cloud can be mitigated by
using them concurrently in what is called a hybrid cloud. It is
composed of both the private and public cloud computing
features. A hybrid cloud allows integration, aggregation, and
customization of more than one cloud service by the user.
Organizations may decide to store sensitive data on private
cloud and interconnect other software in a public network
cloud. Installation depends on the level of control required, data
security, compliance, and type of applications used in an
organization. A hybrid cloud eliminates the problems associated
with other cloud networks (Lin et al. 2011). Benefits realized
include improved runtime and effective network processing.
Conclusion
Cloud computing has overtaken the traditional methods that
were previously used. The driving factor for this widespread
change is the need to mitigate risks associated with internal
outages and hardware complexity. Besides, business
organizations have a wide range of users and data that should be
managed and controlled. Thus, since they can centrally perform
all these operations through cloud computing, it has become

prevalent in many firms. The user can access the applications on
cloud platforms using their computing device from any location
using the internet. One of the challenges that should be
addressed is the issue of privacy and security associated with
cloud services. The service providers should have agreed on
terms with the users on how they will secure the data shared on
the cloud. That way, organizations can reap the benefits of this
technological advancement.
References
Bradshaw, S., Millard, C., & Walden, I. (2011). Contracts for
clouds: Comparison and analysis of the terms and conditions of
cloud computing services. International Journal of Law and
Information Technology, 19(3), 187-223.
Gonzales, D., Kaplan, J. M., Saltzman, E., Winkelman, Z., &
Woods, D. (2015). Cloud-trust—A security assessment model
for infrastructure as a service (IaaS) clouds. IEEE Transactions
on Cloud Computing, 5(3), 523-536.
Kuo, M. H. (2011). Opportunities and challenges of cloud
computing to improve health care services. Journal of medical
Internet research, 13(3), e67.
Lin, C., Su, W. B., Meng, K., Liu, Q., & Liu, W. D. (2013).
Cloud computing security: architecture, mechanism, and
modeling. Chinese journal of computers, 36(9), 1765-1784.
Sultan, N. (2010). Cloud computing for education: A new dawn?
International Journal of Information Management, 30(2), 109-
116.
Rubric For Evaluating Written Report Or Presentation
KINE 3350
Topic
(Weight)

Unacceptable
(0)
Marginal
(1)
Acceptable
(2)
Exceptional
(3)
Organization
&
Style
(2)
Sequence of information is difficult to follow. No apparent
structure or continuity.
Purpose of work is not clearly stated.
Work is hard to follow as there is very little continuity.
Purpose of work is stated, but does not assist in following work.
Information is presented in a logical manner, which is easily
followed.
Purpose of work is clearly stated assists the structure of work.
Information is presented in a logical, interesting way, which is
easy to follow.
Purpose is clearly stated and explains the structure of work.
Content
&
Knowledge
(3)
No grasp of information. Clearly no knowledge of subject
matter.

No questions are answered. No interpretation made.
Uncomfortable with content.
Only basic concepts are demonstrated and interpreted.
At ease with content and able to elaborate and explain to some
degree.
Demonstration of full knowledge of the subject with
explanations and elaboration.
Format
&
Aesthetics
(1)
Work is illegible, format changes throughout, e.g. font type,
size etc.
Figures and tables are sloppy and fail to provide intended
information.
Mostly consistent format.
Figures and tables are legible, but not convincing.
Format is generally consistent including heading styles and
captions.
Figures and tables are neatly done and provide intended
information.
Format is consistent throughout including heading styles and
captions.
Figures and tables are presented logically and reinforce the text.
Spelling
&

Grammar
(1)
Numerous spelling and grammatical errors.
Several spelling and grammatical errors.
Minor misspellings and/or grammatical errors.
Negligible misspellings and/or grammatical errors.
References
(2)
No referencing system used.
Inadequate list of references or references in text.
Inconsistent or illogical referencing system.
Minor inadequacies in references.
Consistent referencing system.
Reference section complete and comprehensive.
Consistent and logical referencing system.
OVERALL
Unacceptable
(F)
Marginal
(C)
Acceptable
(B)
Exceptional
(A)
POINTS REQUIRED
0–6
7–13
14–20
21–27

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