Running head Patient Safety and Risk Management in Dental Pra.docx

Running head: Patient Safety and Risk Management in Dental
Practice: Are There Enough
Guidelines? An Evaluative Study on The Existing System in a
Dental College of Riyadh 1
Patient Safety and Risk Management in Dental Practice: Are
There Enough Guidelines? An
Evaluative Study on The Existing System in a Dental College of
Riyadh
Introduction
While it is essential to the practice of healthcare professionals
to concern about patient
safety, it is relatively current that it has been transformed into a
specific body of knowledge and
therefore patient safety may be considered as a relatively
‘innovative’ discipline. Its core ideas
are to prevent the occurrence of avoidable adverse events
(errors, complications and accidents)
accompanying the practice of healthcare and to reduce the
impact of unavoidable adverse events.
This is a simple definition for the multifaceted, complexed
nature and many key elements in the

practice of patient safety. There are economic, financial, social,
cultural and organizational
matters of a patient safety environment that makes it unpractical
to simply define it as the
practicing safe health care or protecting patients from harm by
health care professionals. It is
essential for all health care professionals and health care
organizations to become more
acquainted with the overall framework of patient safety, to
dynamically contribute in hard work
to apply patient safety procedures in everyday practice and to
create a culture of patient safety
culture (Yamalik & Perea Pérez, 2012).
There is a constant concern and interest in dentistry for matters
related to patients and
practicing safe and quality care in the everyday dental practice.
Yet, like other health
professions, more attention is given to patient related matters
and safety-related matters
(Yamalik & Dijk, 2013).
Furthermore, there is an emerging professional consideration of
risk management, patient
safety and handling errors. Rather than hiding them, errors are

now understood as learning
material and by that, the number of publications on dental errors
are increasing. As an example,
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prescribing errors in dental practice is a potential ground for
development in the medication
management process and patient safety (Yamalik & Dijk, 2013).
An empirical data on the attitudes of dental professionals and
dental auxiliaries about the
reporting of medical errors was collected in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia by Al-Nomay et al., (2017),
most respondents (94.4% of them) expressed that medical errors
should be reported. Yet, insights
of the norm, personal preferences and existing practices
regarding which type of error should be
reported were inconsistent. Only 17.9% of respondents
perceived that reporting errors that results
in major harm is the present practice. More than 68% of the
participants disclosed a personal

belief, a perception of the norm and a present practice that
errors must be reported by the erring
dentist. Respondents at government establishments were more
likely to report errors than those at
private establishments (Al-Nomay et al., 2017).
The Problem
Dentists are now practicing more surgical procedures in their
dental setting, the
possibility of experiencing litigation from malpractice has
significantly increased. Having good
skills and techniques are not sufficient enough; dental
professionals must dynamically and
thoroughly adhere to strategies of reducing risk to support the
minimizing or eliminating harm
and lawsuits. The dentist can avoid possible harm and lawsuits
by devoting better attention to
detail, by adhering to good practice, and managing patients’
expectations and outcomes in an
improved matter (Dym, 2012).
Dental professionals are at risk of being exposed to severe
implications on health from
occupational exposure to infections. It has been previously
acknowledged in several areas and

researches the matters of compliance with risk management
procedures, the effects of which can
be reduced by technical developments, employment of
guidelines in best practice and by
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regularly emphasizing policies of infection control locally with
training and awareness
campaigns (Westall & Dickinson, 2017).
A study done by Alhamad et al., (2015) in the Eastern Province
of Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia reporting the prevalence of medical emergencies in
dental clinics and self‑perceived
competence of dentists. Over 60% of the participants have
encountered medical emergencies at
least once. The most common medical emergency experienced
by the dentists is vasovagal
syncope by 53.1%, hypoglycemia 44.8% and foreign body
aspiration was reported by only 5.5%.
Over 74.3% of the respondents stated that they are supplied
with emergency kits in their clinics.

Around 33% of the dentists in the study were either lacking
confidence or lack the knowledge to
use emergency drugs (Alhamad et al., 2015).
Reducing the risk for medication error by improving dental
prescriptions quality and to
encourage the rational use of prescriptions, and patient safety.
One study reported that dental
extractions are shown to be related with a low but substantial
postoperative risk of sepsis,
particularly in senior patients and those with chronic systemic
diseases. In an investigation
regarding errors of radiographs with undergraduate students, it
was observed that 64.06% of the
images were acceptable, and 35.94% of the images were
unacceptable. Accordingly, it was
proposed that good training and knowledge of the distribution
of anatomical region and the types
of error can help prevent these errors and retaking of the
radiographic images. Reporting and
examining errors could significantly benefit in identifying the
core contributing factors (Yamalik
& Dijk, 2013).
Purpose of the Study

According to the mentioned literature, knowing and analyzing
the factors that cause
errors is critical in order to initiate changes which will prevent
the errors. It also critical to
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understand that single errors or events are usually the outcome
of the convergence of several
contributing factors. For that, preventing errors necessitates a
systemic approach to change the
conditions that lead to these errors (Yamalik & Dijk, 2013).
Like all healthcare professionals, it is also expected from dental
professionals to have an
improved knowledge, awareness and concern when it comes to
patient safety and risk
management, and that it is practiced in the daily dental care
delivery. Though, patient safety is
more widely recognized in healthcare organizations all over the
world, numerous health
professionals still do not effectively practice it. Moreover,

healthcare students are not widely
taught regarding the practice of patient safety and risk
management (Yamalik & Dijk, 2013).
Significance of The Study
The aims of this study are:
1. To improve awareness of the significant risk of errors during
the delivery of dental care
among dental professionals.
2. To provide data on the working practices and clinical
environment of dental clinics and how
they prevent errors from happening in the first place,
3. To focus on the problems with compliance to risk
management procedures in dental clinics,
4. To recognize and recommend possible methods and practices
to prevent occupational errors,
5. To recommend future studies to investigate the compliance
with risk management system
between dental professionals by studying their perspective.
Research Question
To analyze the perspectives of dental professionals on the
current practices of risk
management and patient safety guidelines in order to prevent

dental practice errors from
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happening. Evaluate the current guidelines applied in dental
facilities and assess its efficacy and
effectiveness in patient safety and risk management.
Methodology
The included population number in the government dental
college in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia from faculty, clinicians, interns and fourth and fifth year
students are a total of 152. A
self‑administered questionnaire to110 randomly selected from
the included population to achieve
a confidence rate of 95% and a margin error of 5%. The
questionnaire is prepared and modified
under the supervision of an experienced faculty member.
The questionnaire has been pilot tested on a sample of 15
licensed dental professionals
practicing in government and private clinics in Riyadh to test
participants’ understanding of the

questions and prevent errors in its administration. The pilot
study was tested for validity using
Cronbach’s alpha validity test with a .9376 reliability score.
The study objectives will be
described prior to the questionnaire for the respondents to
comprehend and give an informed
consent. Licensed dental physicians, dental hygienist and dental
students in the fourth year and
above are included in this study. Dental students who have less
than a year of dental care
experience and dental assistants will be excluded from this
study.
The questionnaire will consist of six sections, first section will
cover questions on
demographics: The number of years in dental practice, dental
qualification and the field of
experience in dental practice (private, government or both), and
the academic qualifications of
the dental professional. The second sections will cover
questions on the participants general
knowledge in risk management and patient safety (Yamalik &
Dijk, 2013). Section three will list
errors associated with clinical documents, information and
referral of patients in the dental clinic,

questions will ask if there are risk management and patient
safety guidelines to prevent those
Riyadh 6
errors from happening. Section four will list pharmacological
prescribing errors, questions will
ask if there are risk management and patient safety guidelines to
prevent those errors from
happening and the source of the guidelines. Section five will
list errors from surgical events,
errors from happening and the source of the guidelines. Section
six will list probable accidents
(random events, unpredicted and unanticipated injury or harm to
the patient) in dental practice,
errors from happening and the source of the guidelines
(Yamalik & Perea Pérez, 2012).

Statistical Software Package SPSS will be used to perform
statistical analyses. Frequencies and
proportions of diverse responses will be measured for
categorical variables.
Results
Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used for
analysis of the results.
Discussion
The results obtained will be discussed considering the available
local and international
studies and review.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The conclusion and recommendations will be derived from the
results and discussion.

Riyadh 7
References
AlBaker, A. A., Al-Ruthia, Y. S. H., AlShehri, M., &
Alshuwairikh, S. (2017). The
characteristics and distribution of dentist workforce in Saudi
Arabia: A descriptive cross-
sectional study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 25(8), 1208-
1216.
Alhamad, M., Alnahwi, T., Alshayeb, H., Alzayer, A.,
Aldawood, O., Almarzouq, A., & Nazir,
M. A. (2015). Medical emergencies encountered in dental
clinics: A study from the
Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Journal of family &
community medicine, 22(3), 175.
Al-Nomay, N. S., Ashi, A., Al-Hargan, A., Alshalhoub, A., &
Masuadi, E. (2017). Attitudes of
dental professional staff and auxiliaries in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia, toward disclosure of
medical errors. The Saudi dental journal, 29(2), 59-65.
Dym, H. (2012). Risk management in the dental office. Dental
Clinics, 56(1), 113-120.
Westall, J. O., & Dickinson, C. (2017). Compliance with
occupational exposure risk

management procedures in a dental school setting. British
dental journal, 222(11), 859.
Yamalik, N., & Dijk, W. (2013). Analysis of the attitudes and
needs/demands of dental
practitioners in the field of patient safety and risk management.
International dental
journal, 63(6), 291-297.
Yamalik, N., & Perea Pérez, B. (2012). Patient safety and
dentistry: what do we need to know?
Fundamentals of patient safety, the safety culture and
implementation of patient safety
measures in dental practice. International dental journal, 62(4),
189-196.
SheetRespondent IDCollector IDCustom Data 1By answering
this questionnaire, you approve that your identity and the
identity of your organization will be kept anonymous and all
data collected from this study will be used for research and
developmental purposes only.NationalityDental
QualificationField of Dental ExperienceNumber of Years in
Clinical Dental PracticeWould you agree that more and more
emphasis is placed on the issue of ‘Patient Safety & Risk
Management’ within the health arena in recent years?Do you
agree that there is a need for dental practitioners to become
more familiar with and be more knowledgeable on the topic of
‘Patient Safety & Risk Management’?In your current practice,
do you have any documents or activities regarding patient safety

in dental practice?In your current practice, do you have any
documents or activities regarding risk management’ in dental
practice?Are you aware of any national laws/regulations in
Saudi Arabia regarding Risk Management’ in dental
practice?Are you aware of any national laws/regulations in
Saudi Arabia regarding ‘Patient Safety” in dental
practice?Would you agree that your current practice is able to
provide information and knowledge to dental practitioners
regarding ‘Patient Safety & Risk Management’?Would you
support a ‘Patient Safety Manual for Dental Practice’ developed
by your current practice?Is there a ‘Patient Safety Manual for
Dental Practice’ in your current practice?Which of the
following topics would you consider to be included in the
‘Patient Safety Manual for Dental Practice’? (select all that
apply)In your practice, have you encountered patient documents
with histories that lack essential data (clinical and allergic
background and updated information about medication)?In your
practice, have you encountered patient documents with
abbreviations (or bad handwriting) that lead to confusion on the
part of other professionals at the same center using the same
history?Have you ever failed to provide adequate information to
the patient about the procedure, its potential risks or
recommendations that must be followed to avoid
complications?Have you ever encountered inaccuracies in
patient referrals to other professionals that may lead them to
make mistakes?In your practice, have you encountered
difficulties in the indication of the drug (in relation to the type
of drug, dose or duration of treatment)?In your practice, have
you encountered allergic reactions that occur because of a lack
of adequate medical records?In your practice, have you
encountered drug interactions that occur because the prescribing
practitioner lacks the relevant pharmacological knowledge or
fails to update the list of drugs taken by the patient?In your
practice, have you treated patients who received duplication of
drugs? (as common with anti-inflammatories) because of a
lack of coordination among the various professionals

prescribing for the same patient.In your practice, have you
treated patients who received the wrong dose of drug? (as
common in children and in patients with alterations in the
metabolism or elimination of drugs).In your practice, have you
encountered errors in treatment planning due to lack of adequate
clinical records before treatment?In your practice, have you
encountered errors in the type of procedure performed
(motivated by incorrect patient identification or inadequate
clinical history)?In your practice, have you encountered errors
in the area of intervention (ex. wrong-site surgery) that occur as
a result of forgetfulness or the inappropriate interpretation of
records by the professional?In your practice, have you
encountered errors in preoperative prophylaxis in medically
compromised patients?In your practice, have you encountered
errors in the monitoring and control of operated patients (as no
postoperative instruction sheet or lack of post-surgical
control)?In your practice, have you encountered post-surgical
infections (detected late or inadequately treated)?In your
practice, have you ever had a patient fall (due to poorly
organized furniture, architectural barriers, slippery floors,
etc.)?In your practice, have you encountered heavy or sharp
instruments or apparatus fall on the patient?In your practice,
have you ever treated a patient that had accidental cuts and
burns during treatment?In your practice, have you ever treated a
patient that had ingested or inhaled small dental material?In
your practice, have you ever treated a patient that had suffered
eye damage during
treatment?ResponseResponseResponseResponseOpen-Ended
ResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseRespons
eResponseResponseResponseDefinition of patient safety &
general informationWhy patient safety is importantRisk
managementInfection controlTeam workLearning from
errorsEthical aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient
safetyDrugs and patient safetyQuality care and quality
assuranceEssential elements of patient safety for ambulatory
careOthersResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseRespo

nseResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseResp
onseResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseRes
ponse10390561123221177729ApproveSaudiPostgraduateGovern
mental practice4YesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoDefinition of
patient safety & general informationWhy patient safety is
importantRisk managementInfection controlTeam workEthical
aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient safetyDrugs
and patient safetyQuality care and quality assuranceEssential
elements of patient safety for ambulatory
careYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoYesNoYesY
esNo10390553772221177729ApproveNon-
SaudiPostgraduateBoth private and
governmental15YesYesYesYesNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of patient safety &
general informationRisk managementInfection controlEthical
and patient safetyQuality care and quality
assuranceYesYesNoYesYesNot sureNot
sureYesYesYesNoNoNoNot sureNot
sureYesNoNoNoNo10390484867221177729ApproveSaudiStude
nt (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice2NoYesNoYesNoNoYesYesNoDefinition of patient
safety & general informationWhy patient safety is
importantRisk managementTeam workLearning from
errorsEthical aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient
safetyQuality care and quality assuranceEssential elements of
patient safety for ambulatory
careYesYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNoYesNoNoNoN
oNo10390483953221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental practice3No KnowledgeYesYesYesNo
KnowledgeYesYesYesYesInfection controlTeam
workYesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesYesYesNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNoNo10390468284221177729ApproveSaudiS
tudent (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice2YesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesNo KnowledgeLegal
aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient safetyEssential

elements of patient safety for ambulatory careYesNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNot sureNot sureNot sureNoNot
sureNoNot sureNot
sureYesNo10385471518221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-
5th year)Governmental
practice2YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoRisk
managementInfection controlEthical aspects of patient
safetyLegal aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient
patient safety for ambulatory careNot sureNoNoNot
sureYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo1038542270
0221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice2YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesRisk
managementLegal aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient
safetyNoNoNoNoYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
No10385228520221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental practice1.5No KnowledgeYesYesNo
KnowledgeYesYesYesYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of patient
importantRisk managementInfection controlEthical aspects of
patient safetyLegal aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient
patient safety for ambulatory careYesYesNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNo10385136206221177729Appr
oveSaudiStudent (4th-5th year)Both private and
governmental1YesYesNo
KnowledgeYesNoNoYesYesYesDefinition of patient safety &
managementInfection controlLearning from errorsEthical
aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient
safetyYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
No10384935430221177729ApproveSaudiGraduateGovernmental
practice4YesYesNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of

importantRisk managementInfection controlLearning from
careYesYesNot sureYesNot sureNoYesNoNot
sureYesYesYesNot sureNoNot sureNot
sureNoNoNoNo10384672461221177729ApproveSaudiStudent
(4th-5th year)Governmental
practice5YesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesRisk managementLegal
aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient safetyQuality care
and quality assuranceEssential elements of patient safety for
ambulatory
careNoNoNoYesYesYesNoYesNoNoYesNoNoNoYesNoYesNoN
oYes10384643246221177729ApproveSaudiGraduateGovernmen
tal practice4YesYesNoYesNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesNo KnowledgeRisk managementLearning from
errorsDrugs and patient safetyQuality care and quality
careNot sureYesNot sureNoNot sureNoNot sureNot sureNot
sureNoYesNot sureNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNo10384607931221177729ApproveSaudiStud
ent (4th-5th year)Governmental practice4YesYesNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNoNoYesYesNoRisk
and patient safetyEssential elements of patient safety for
ambulatory careNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNot
sureNoYesNoNoNoNo10384568816221177729ApproveNon-
SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental
practice20YesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoDefinition of patient
importantRisk managementInfection controlTeam workLearning
from errorsEthical aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of
patient safetyDrugs and patient safetyQuality care and quality
careYesYesNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoYesNoNo

year)Governmental
practice2YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesInfection
controlLearning from errorsLegal aspects of patient
safetyQuality care and quality
assuranceYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoN
oNoYesNo10384459702221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-
5th year)Governmental practice2YesYesNo KnowledgeYesNo
KnowledgeNoYesYesNoDefinition of patient safety & general
informationWhy patient safety is importantRisk
managementLearning from errorsQuality care and quality
careYesYesYesNot sureNoNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureYesNot sureNoNot sureNot sureNot
sureNoNoNoNoNo10384445913221177729ApproveSaudiStuden
t (4th-5th year)Governmental practice1YesYesYesNoNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesYesNoDefinition of patient safety
& general informationRisk managementInfection controlTeam
workLearning from errorsLegal aspects of patient safetyDrugs
elements of patient safety for ambulatory careNot
sureNoYesNot sureYesNoNoNoNoYesNot sureNot sureNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNo10384431854221177729ApproveSaudiStud
ent (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice2YesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoDefinition of patient
importantRisk managementLearning from errorsLegal aspects of
patient safetyDrugs and patient safetyNot sureYesNot sureNot
sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureNoNoNoNo10384426656221177729ApproveSaudiStudent
(4th-5th year)Governmental
practice4NoYesYesNoNoNoYesYesNoDefinition of patient
safety & general informationRisk managementLearning from

careNoYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNot
sureNoNo10384387699221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-
5th year)Governmental practice2YesYesNoNoNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesYesNoWhy patient safety is importantRisk
errorsDrugs and patient safetyQuality care and quality
careNoNot sureNoNoYesNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureNoYesNot sureNot sureNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNo10383695137221177729ApproveSaudiGra
duateGovernmental practice4YesYesNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesNo KnowledgeNoYesNoDefinition of patient
safety & general informationRisk managementInfection
controlLearning from errorsEthical aspects of patient
safetyEssential elements of patient safety for ambulatory
careYesYesYesNot sureYesNoNot
sureNoNoYesYesNoNoNoYesNot sureYesYesNot
sureNo10383687272221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental
practice3YesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoWhy patient safety is
importantRisk managementLearning from errorsLegal aspects of
patient safetyDrugs and patient
safetyNoNoYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNo
NoNo10382241614221177729ApproveNon-
SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental practice10YesYesYesYesNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesYesYesDefinition of patient safety
& general informationRisk managementInfection controlEthical
careYesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoNo10382238101221177729ApproveSaudiStuden
t (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice5YesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesNoRisk

managementLearning from errorsEthical aspects of patient
careNoYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoN
o10381975402221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental practice3YesYesYesYesNoNoNoNo
KnowledgeYesDefinition of patient safety & general
careOthersYesYesYesNoNot sureYesNot sureNoNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesNoNo10381870408221177729Appr
oveSaudiStudent (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice5YesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesNoRisk
and patient safetyYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNot
sureNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo10381782511221177729
ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice2YesYesNoNoNoNoNo KnowledgeYesYesDefinition of
patient safety & general informationRisk managementInfection
controlEthical aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient
safetyDrugs and patient safetyEssential elements of patient
safety for ambulatory
careYesNoYesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoN
o10381773589221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental
practice3YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoInfection
assuranceYesYesNoNoYesYesYesNoNoYesYesNoNot
sureNoNoNoYesNoYesYes10381761297221177729ApproveSau
diStudent (4th-5th year)Governmental

practice3YesYesYesYesNoYesNoYesNoDefinition of patient
safety & general informationInfection controlEthical aspects of
careYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNo
year)Governmental practice3No
KnowledgeYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesDefinition of patient
from errorsEthical aspects of patient safetyYesNoNoNot
sureNoYesYesNot sureNoNot
sureNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYesNoYes10381719307221177729A
pproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th year)Both private and
governmental3YesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesNoRisk
managementInfection controlLegal aspects of patient
safetyNoYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
YesNoNo10381718727221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental practice3YesYesNoNoNo KnowledgeNoNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeDefinition of patient
errorsEthical aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient
careYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNot sureYesYesYesNot
sureYesYesNot sureNot sureYesNoNot
sure10381713286221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental practice2No
KnowledgeYesYesNoYesYesNoNoYesDefinition of patient
assuranceYesYesYesNoYesNoYesYesNoYesYesNoNoYesNoNo

NoNoNot sureNo10381645408221177729ApproveSaudiStudent
(4th-5th year)Governmental practice3YesYesYesYesNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of
careNot sureNot sureNoNoYesYesNoNot sureNot sureNot
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oveSaudiStudent (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice3YesYesNo KnowledgeYesNoNoNo
KnowledgeYesNoRisk managementInfection controlLearning
patient safetyDrugs and patient safetyEssential elements of
careYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoNoYesYesNoYesYe
sNoNo10381592154221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental
practice2YesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesYesDefinition of patient
safetyDrugs and patient safetyYesYesYesYesYesNoNot sureNot
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practice2YesYesYesNoNoNoYesYesYesDefinition of patient
safety & general informationRisk managementInfection
assuranceYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYe
sNoNoNo10381559529221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Both private and
governmental3YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesDefinition of

careNoYesNoNoNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureNoNoNoNot sureNoNot
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aduateBoth private and governmental14YesYesYesYesNoNoNo
KnowledgeYesNoDefinition of patient safety & general
careYesYesNoNot sureYesNoNot
sureYesNoYesNoNoNoYesYesYesNot
sureNoNoNo10381454970221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-
5th year)Governmental practice2No
KnowledgeYesYesYesNoYesNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeInfection controlTeam workLearning from
errorsQuality care and quality assuranceNoNoNoNot sureNot
sureNot
sure10381446164221177729ApproveSaudiPostgraduateGovernm
ental practice14YesYesNoNoNoNoNoYesNoRisk
managementInfection controlDrugs and patient safetyQuality
care and quality
assuranceNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoN
year)Governmental
practice2YesYesNoNoYesNoYesYesYesDefinition of patient

careYesYesYesYesNot sureNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNot
sureNoYesYesNoNo10381411991221177729ApproveSaudiStude
practice2YesYesNoYesNoNoYesYesNoWhy patient safety is
importantRisk managementLearning from errorsEthical aspects
of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient
safetyYesNoNoNoYesNoNoYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNo
NoNo10381400626221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental practice2YesYesNoNo KnowledgeNoNoNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeDefinition of patient
safety & general informationEthical aspects of patient
safetyYesYesNoNoNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureNot sureNot
sureYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNo10381395260221177729Approv
eSaudiStudent (4th-5th year)Governmental
practice2YesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesNo KnowledgeDefinition
of patient safety & general informationWhy patient safety is
careOthersNoYesNoNot sureYesNoNoNoNot sureYesNoNoNot
sureNot sureYesNoYesNot sureNoNot
sure10381384031221177729ApproveNon-
SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental practice15YesYesNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNoYesYesNo
KnowledgeDefinition of patient safety & general
informationRisk managementEthical aspects of patient
safety for ambulatory careYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNot
sureYesNoNoNot sureNot
sureYesNoYesNoNoNo10381378895221177729ApproveNon-
SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental practice12YesYesNo

careYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNot sureNot sureNot sureNoNot
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iStudent (4th-5th year)Governmental practice3YesYesNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNoNoYesNoDefinition
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and quality assuranceEssential elements of patient safety for
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year)Governmental
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importantRisk managementLearning from errorsEthical aspects
of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient safetyDrugs and patient
careYesNoYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
No10381338492221177729ApproveSaudiPostgraduateBoth
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KnowledgeYesYesYesYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of patient
careOthersYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoN
oNoNo10381337819221177729ApproveSaudiPostgraduateBoth
private and
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assuranceNoYesNoYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesNoY
esYesNoNoNo10381239364221177729ApproveNon-
SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental practice11YesYesYesNo
KnowledgeNoNoYesYesNo KnowledgeWhy patient safety is
patient safety for ambulatory careYesYesNot
sureYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNot sureNoNot sureYesYesNoYesNot
5th year)Governmental practice2YesYesNoNoYesYesYesYesNo
informationRisk managementTeam workLearning from
errorsDrugs and patient
safetyNoNoYesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo
No10381193121221177729ApproveSaudiPostgraduateBoth
private and governmental2YesYesNo KnowledgeYesNoNoNo
KnowledgeYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of patient safety &
general informationRisk managementInfection controlEthical
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year)Governmental practice3YesYesYesYesNoNoYesNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeRisk managementInfection
controlEthical aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient

assuranceYesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNoYesYesNoN
oNoNoNo10381185642221177729ApproveNon-
practice17YesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesYesDefinition of patient
importantInfection controlTeam workLearning from errorsDrugs
ambulatory careYesNoNoNot sureYesNot
sureYesNoNoYesYesYesNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo103811424212
practice2YesYesYesNo KnowledgeNoNoYesYesNo
KnowledgeRisk managementInfection controlYesYesNot
sureNot sureYesNoNot sureNoNoNoNot sureNoNot
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sure10381142095221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
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& general informationWhy patient safety is importantRisk
careNot sureYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNot sureYesNoNoNoNot
sureNoNoNoYesNoNo10381132723221177729ApproveSaudiStu
dent (4th-5th year)Both private and
governmental3YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesNoDefinition of

patient safety & general informationRisk managementLearning
assuranceYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesN
oNoNo10381129426221177729ApproveSaudiStudent (4th-5th
year)Governmental
careYesYesNoNoYesNot sureNot sureNoNoNot sureNoNoNot
sureYesYesNoYesNot
sureNoNo10381127490221177729ApproveNon-
practice10YesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesDefinition of patient
careYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNo
No10381085431221177729ApproveSaudiPostgraduateGovernme
ntal practice25YesYesYesNoNoNoYesYesNo
aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of patient safetyEssential
elements of patient safety for ambulatory careYesYesYesNot
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54221177729ApproveSaudiPostgraduateGovernmental
practice7YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesDefinition of patient
patient safetyLegal aspects of patient safetyQuality care and

quality assuranceEssential elements of patient safety for
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sureYesYesYesYesYesNot sureNot
sureYesYesNoNoNoNoNo10381073049221177729ApproveSaud
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KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesYesYesDefinition of patient safety
careYesYesYesYesNot sureNot sureNot
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7729ApproveSaudiGraduateBoth private and
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controlTeam workLegal aspects of patient safetyQuality care
and quality
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sureYesYesYesYesYesYesNo10373560411221177729ApproveS
audiGraduateGovernmental practice5YesYesNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesYesNo
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careYesYesYesNot sureYesNot sureNoNoNoYesNoNot sureNot
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& general informationRisk managementInfection controlTeam
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careNot sureYesNoYesYesNoNoYesYesYesYesNoYesNot
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KnowledgeYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of patient safety &
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sureNoYesNoYesNoNot sureYesNot sureNoNot
sureYesYesYesYesYesNoNo103665911202.21E+08ApproveSau
diPostgraduateGovernmental practice8YesYesYesNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesNo
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sureNoNoNoYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNo103664617732.

21E+08ApproveSaudiPostgraduatePrivate
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ernmental practice20YesYesYesYesNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesYesYesInfection controlLegal aspects of patient
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sureNoNoNoNot
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and patient
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sYesYesNo103659402472.21E+08ApproveSaudiGraduateGover
nmental practice4YesYesYesYesNoNo KnowledgeNo
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assuranceYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNot sureNoYesYesNot
sureNoNot
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dent (4th-5th year)Both private and governmental3No
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esYesYesYesYesYes103648045012.21E+08ApproveNon-
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safetyQuality care and quality assuranceNot sureNot sureNot
sureNot sureNot sureYesNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureNot sureNot sure103647402052.21E+08ApproveNon-
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careYesNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNo
No103644633612.21E+08ApproveNon-SaudiGraduatePrivate
careYesYesNoNoYesNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoN
oNo103642894252.21E+08ApproveNon-SaudiGraduatePrivate
elements of patient safety for ambulatory careYesNoNoNot
sureYesNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNo103641131
382.21E+08ApproveNon-SaudiGraduatePrivate
practice8YesYesYesNoYesYesNoYesNoDefinition of patient

ambulatory careNot sureNot sureNoNot
sureYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoNoYesNoYesNoNoNoNo1036363
76862.21E+08ApproveNon-SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental
practice12YesYesYesYesNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesYesYesDefinition of patient safety & general
careYesYesYesYesYesNoNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNot
sureNot
sureNoYesYesNoYesYesNoNo103634979302.21E+08ApproveS
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importantRisk managementTeam workEthical aspects of patient
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year)Governmental practice1YesYesYesYesNoNoYesNo
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assuranceYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoNoYesNoYesNoYes
NoNoYesNo103632225242.21E+08ApproveSaudiPostgraduateG
overnmental practice4YesYesNoNoNoNoNo
KnowledgeYesNoDefinition of patient safety & general
informationWhy patient safety is importantInfection
controlTeam workLearning from errorsEthical aspects of patient
patient safety for ambulatory careYesYesNoNoNot
sureNoNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNo10362745900
2.21E+08ApproveSaudiGraduateGovernmental
practice4YesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesWhy patient safety is
importantInfection controlLearning from errorsQuality care and
quality
assuranceYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesNoYesYesYesNoY
esYesNoYesYes103626774912.21E+08ApproveSaudiGraduateG
overnmental practice5YesYesNo
KnowledgeYesYesYesYesYesNo KnowledgeDefinition of
careOthersNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNo
YesNoNo103623879392.21E+08ApproveNon-
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managementInfection controlEthical aspects of patient
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sureNot
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careYesYesNot sureNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNot sureNoYesNot
sureNoNoYesNoNo103622777442.21E+08ApproveSaudiPostgra
duateGovernmental
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oYesNoNo103622615292.21E+08ApproveSaudiGraduateGovern
mental practice4YesYesNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesNo
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sureNoNoYesYesNoYesYesNoNo103621472162.21E+08Approv
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assuranceNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoYesNoN
oNoNoNo103621235812.21E+08ApproveSaudiPostgraduateGov
ernmental
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careNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo1
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al practice5YesYesNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeNo
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pproveSaudiGraduateGovernmental
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practice5YesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesNoWhy patient safety is
importantEthical aspects of patient safetyLegal aspects of
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sure10362888108220784427ApproveSaudiGraduateBoth private
and governmental5YesYesNoYesNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesYesYesRisk
managementYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesNot
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eNon-SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental
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careYesYesNot sureNot sureNot sureNot sureNoNot
sureNoYesNoYesNoNot sureNoNoNoNot
sureNoNo10363419235220784427ApproveNon-
practice18YesYesYesNoNoNoYesYesNo KnowledgeDefinition
importantRisk managementYesYesNoNoYesNot sureNoNoNot

sureNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNot
sureNoNo10363408393220784427ApproveSaudiGraduateGover
nmental practice6YesYesNo KnowledgeNoNoNoYesYesNo
informationOthersYesYesNoNoYesNot sureNoNot sureYesNot
sureNoYesYesNoNoYesYesNoNoNo10363294995220784427Ap
proveSaudiGraduateBoth private and governmental5YesYesNo
KnowledgeYesNo KnowledgeNo KnowledgeYesYesNo
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0784427ApproveSaudiPostgraduateBoth private and
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ApproveNon-SaudiPostgraduateGovernmental
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of patient safety & general informationRisk
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governmental12YesYesNoYesNo KnowledgeNo
KnowledgeYesYesYesDefinition of patient safety & general

careYesYesNot sureNot sureNot sureYesNoNoNot
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diGraduateGovernmental
careYesYesNot sureYesYesNot
sureNoYesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNo10362802036220
784427ApproveSaudiGraduateGovernmental
careYesNoNot sureYesNoNot sureNoYesNoNot
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oveSaudiGraduateBoth private and governmental5YesYesNo

KnowledgeYesNo KnowledgeNoYesYesNo
careYesYesNot sureNot sureNoNot
sureNoNoNoYesNoNoNoYesNoNoYesNoNoNo

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