Tuberculosis Is Caused By A Bacterium

Tuberculosis Is Caused By A Bacterium
1– A) Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium which mainly attacks the lungs. The surveillance report
by the CDC concerning the updated counts starting 1993 and ending in 2013 showed that there was
a decrease in the incident total count of Tuberculosis. However, a significant increase was seen
among foreigners who have immigrated to the United States between 1993 and 2013 (CDC, 2013).
Asians and Latin Americans are among the group that has seen an increase in cases of TB in the
United States (CDC, 2013). This may be due to the process of immigration. From 1993 to 2013, the
united States have seen an increase in people emigrating from these regions whether legally or
illegally. Moreover, these people come from regions with high prevalence ... Show more content on
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In the United States, local and state health departments are usually in charge of TB prevention and
control as they are in charge of protecting the community health. However, health care department
needs to collaborate with hospitals, policy makers, HIV clinics, and correctional facilities in order to
report and treat new cases and treat them promptly (Rubin, 2014). Moreover, the health department
needs to work in collaboration with these agencies in order to enforce treatment for those with active
tuberculosis. The first step to an effective TB prevention program is identifying and treating people
with active TB. This means tracking people with active TB and ensuring that they complete
treatment. The second step is to screen people who may have come in contact with a person with
active TB. The third step is to screen high risk population. To achieve all these goals, local and state
health departments should collaborate with health care providers from several communities and
organizations (Nardell & Churchyard, 2011).
2) Learning Objectives are the building block for an effective teaching curriculum. Group learning
objectives should be well worded. To construct effective group learning objectives, the wording
should be carefully selected (Lin, Volk, Penderis, Tipold, & Ehlers, 2015). Group learning objectives
should use wording that
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Media Test
In category IV, agar plates were used containing differential and selective aspects to determine the
unknown bacterium. The first media test was the EMB. EMB separates fecal coliforms that are
produced through carbohydrates that are fermentable, such as sucrose and lactose. The different
fecal coliforms represent the differential factor of this test, while the selective factor selects against
gram positive organisms. Lactose fermenters appear purple, pink, blue, and black colonies, while
non–lactose fermenters appear clear to light orange. This occurs because Eosin Y and methylene
indicators react at low pH forming the purple precipitate. On the other hand, vigorous fermenters
appear metallic green indicate either coliform production or lactose ... Show more content on
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The selectivity for halophiles refers to a bacterium's ability to grow in a salt environment. The media
differentiated between mannitol fermenters and non–fermenters. The yellow agar meant that the
bacterium was a fermenter, whereas no color change meant that the bacterium was not a fermenter.
In Table 1, the test observed growth of colonies and a pink agar. The growth indicated that the
bacterium represented a halophilic nature, while the pink agar indicated no fermentation of
mannitol. Research discovered that E. coli had no growth of colonies and no change in media.
Therefore, E. coli was ruled out. Also, B. megaterium and E. faecalis were discovered to have
yellow medias from being able to ferment mannitol. However, in this lab, the unknown bacterium
did not ferment mannitol. As a result, all the potential bacteria did not fit the expected results, so this
test did not work. In the end, category IV tests did not represent helpful information that would help
identify the unknown bacterium, since the bacterium indicated different observations compared to
expected observations for eosin methylene blue agar and mannitol salts agar. A possible source of
error of these two tests could have been that the bacterium was contaminated due to improper
inoculation techniques, such as not using a loop that was completely

How Tularemia Is A Disease Caused By The Bacterium...
Francisella tularensis Imagine waking up one morning with inflamed eyes, a sore throat and severe
headaches. Within a few days time you start having trouble breathing and develop pneumonia. With
no idea of what's wrong and no treatment in sight, you may die anywhere within a 5–14 day range
(10). At the dawn of the 20th century, this type of scenario was not uncommon. By the early 1950's
the condition plagued thousands of people each year. It wasn 't until 1959 when the condition
actually had a name...tularemia (16).
Tularemia is a disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. F. tularensis is a
microorganism belonging to the Domain Bacteria, Phylum Proteobacteria, Class
Gammaproteobacteria, Order Thiotrichales, Family Francisellaceae, Genus Francisella and species
tularensis. This microorganism is considered to be in the Domain Bacteria rather than in the Domain
Archaea for a few reasons. Not only does F. tularensis not have a nucleus, but it is also unicellular
and contains a single circular dsDNA. The plasma membrane is also composed of a series of
unbranched fatty acids that are connected to glycerol molecules via ester linkages, all characteristic
of Domain Bacteria (5).
Characteristics of F. tularensis' next taxonomic rank, as part of the Phylum Proteobacteria,
characterize it as a Gram–negative bacterium. When gram–stained, this microorganism appears as a
reddish color under the microscope. This is mainly because Gram–negative bacteria have an inner

Bacillus Thuringiensis Bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore forming bacterium that produces crystals protein which are toxic to
many species of insects. Therefore it is used a natural pesticide. It is naturally occurring throughout
the world and its usage is very common. There are thousands of different Bt strains. The kurstaki
strain being the most common kills only leaf– and needle–feeding caterpillars. In the last ten years,
Bt strains have been mostly used to control the abundance of flies, mosquitoes, black flies, amongst
others. When it comes to Bt strains, the target is very specific. The strains for mosquitoes will only
target them and not affect other insects. Even though Bt is used in aerial spraying programs and
transgenic crops its main usage in organic farming. In 1901 while performing research on Sudden
Collapse Disease on silk worms, Japanese biologist Shigetane Ishiwatari discovered Bacillus
thuringiensis or Bt originally called Bacillus sotto. It was then rediscovered in 1911 by Ernst
Berliner who was researching the cause of death of the moths in Thuringia, Germany, where the
name thuringiensis comes from. Berliner's research overruled Ishiwatari's research and Bacillus
thuringiensis became the bacteria's name. It was not until 1920 where Bt was reportedly used by
farmers who began to spray it in their fields. Later on in 1938, France brought it into the market as a
flour moth killer called "Sporine." Bt products started off struggling because a vast amount of
insects were immune

There are numerous types of bacteria that can be found in...
There are numerous types of bacteria that can be found in every environment. Each bacterium has
different morphology which includes shape, texture and pigment production. These bacteria also
have different food requirements which are important in being able to identify a microorganism.
Microorganisms are a diverse group containing all bacteria a single cell prokaryotic organism that is
found in every type of environment, archea single cell microorganism that lacks nuclei and almost
all microorganisms are protozoa a unicellular eukaryotic organism. By identifying the causative
agent of a bacterium within an individual, an antibiotic can be developed to prevent health issues.
Microorganisms are also used to make certain food products for ... Show more content on
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Under the microscope a rod shape pink cell was shown representing gram negative. This gram stain
helps to determine the next test that would take place for further identification of the unknown
organisms. The grain stain technique determined that unknown four was gram negative so the
catalase test was further used where a small sample of the bacterium was added to a slide and a
small drop of hydrogen peroxide was added directly to the unknown bacterium where no bubble
formed. Further testing was also administered to unknown four such as citrate, urease, gelatinase
and motility. With the citrate test a small sample taken from the agar plate is added to the medium.
The urease test a sample was taken from the agar plate and added to the urea slant, and finally the
gelatinase use the sterilize loop to take up a sample of the bacterium which was added immediately
to the gelatinase medium. In unknown four motility test a sterile needle is stab 2/3 of the way to the
bottom of the motility medium.
Since unknown four was gram negative and thirteen was also tested upon and was determined to be
gram positive, other test were also administered to unknown thirteen such as the motility, catalase,
oxidase, citrate, urease and gelatinase to better identify the name of the organism. In addition,

Bad Bacteria Research Paper
Human Microbe Bacteria surround us, they cover our bodies from our phalanges on our feet to the
follicles of hair on our craniums. Therefore, it is important to realize that while, the majority of these
astounding microorganisms are beneficial, certain bacteria are devastating to our health. When
referring to bacterium there are two major categories that you may organize them by, are the
beneficial bacterium or harmful bacterium. Beneficial bacterium are those engaging in a symbiotic
relationship when in human contact. An example of these would be the bacterium that line your
intestines that assist in the extraction of nutrients from food items. Harmful bacterium on the other
hand are pathogens and viruses, all varying in severity but all still harmful to our bodies. Examples
of these types of bacterium would be Influenza, Listeria, and E. coli. In this experiment we are using
a variety of common cleaning agents to test the overall efficiency of eradicating bacterium and then
continuing to keep their growth rate at bay. These cleaning agents are all incredibly common;
available at any super market and they are listed as the following: ... Show more content on
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But, it is now being strenuously tested by the FDA to see if the advantages of its outstanding
cleaning power outweigh the harmful antibacterial ingredient Triclosan coming into contact with
people. Antibacterial soap is in simply terms normal soap with one extra ingredient making it
antibacterial, in most cases this ingredient is Triclosan but it can also be Benzalkonium Chloride,
Benzethonium Chloride, or Chloroxylenol. These chemicals are especially efficient at exterminating
bacterium but, they end up killing both beneficial and harmful bacterium alike making you cleaner
as well as more vulnerable to other bacterium or pathogens you may come in contact

Causes And Effect Of A Bacterium
The ratio of TUNEL–labeled surface over the entire surface area of the egg was then measured
(Pannebakker et al., 2007). The research article results shows that A. tabida, has become dependent
on W. pipientis to reproduce. W. pipientis affects the wasps oogenesis, but the specific mechanism
responsible is yet unknown. Pannebakker et al. (2007) research shows the W. pipientis influences
programmed cell death processes in A. tabida by making its presence essential for the wasps eggs to
fully mature. In conclusion, this study suggests the bacterium's strategy causes the host to be
dependent through evolution, thus creating a quick transitioning phase from commensalism
(parasitism) to mutualism, where both organisms benefit. The study ... Show more content on
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infantisis. A breeding scheme was set up with polymeric Ig receptor–sufficient and deficient mice to
understand the effects of breast milk–derived SIgA on development of the host's immunity and gut
microbiota, thus evaluating the relationship. The mice that had a Pigr gene mutation were used.
Tissue histology and immunofluorescence microscopy were performed on the mouse's tissue.
Quantification of Fecal IgA and for Bacteria in MLNs was performed. After quantification, the
mouse's fecal microbiota was analyzed by PhyloChip hybridization at the early days of the mouse's
life. Once the mice reached the age of 8–10 weeks, each mouse was induced with colitis. Epithelial
cells were dissected from the mouse's colon and isolated. After the cells were isolated the gene
expression was analyzed. After the analysis, genes regulated by SIgA were identified. Lastly, a
statistical analysis was performed to see the differences in IgA concentrations, colony forming unit,
and gene expression (Rogier et al., 2014). When a baby is first born, its immune system is naked; it
will receive its first source of antigen–specific immune protection by receiving its first serving of
breast milk. The breast milk appears in a form of secretory IgA also known as SIgA. Mice that were
breast feed compared to those who were not contain a significantly different gut microbiota when
they approach adulthood. When exposed to SIgA at an early age, a pattern of intestinal epithelial cell
gene expression.

Vibrio Fischeri Is A Bacterium That Served As The Model...
Vibrio fischeri is a Gram–negative bacterium that served as the model organism in this experiment.
We isolated only the luxAB portion of the entire lux operon and inserted it into the pGEM vector
plasmid to transcribe the luciferase enzyme required for bioluminescence. Within the lux operon,
luxAB is responsible for producing subunits that form luciferase, which oxidizes the aldehyde made
by luxCDE into the reduced flavin–mononucleotide FMNH2 and results in the production of light
known as bioluminescence[6]. The luxI gene that is also present on the operon produces the
"autoinducer which interacts with a regulator, LuxR, [and] activates transcription of the lux operon
at high–cell density" to induce bioluminescence[4]. This interaction between the products of luxI
and luxR is known as quorum sensing and serves as an evolutionary purpose in the symbiotic
relationship with Euprymna scolopes, a type of squid that contains the light organ where the bacteria
resides[6].
In the first portion of the experiment, Vibrio fischeri chromosomal DNA was isolated by lysing the
bacterial membranes and removing the proteins and lipids. Addition of a lysozyme solution breaks
down the peptidoglycan layer in Gram–negative bacteria and proteinase K/SDS degrades the
proteins and disrupt the membranes. Liquid–liquid extraction using Tris–buffered phenol permits
separation of proteins and lipids from the DNA into the organic layer. It is also essential that the
isolated DNA is pure and free of

An Unknown Bacterium By Conducting Five Tests And Removing...
Section I – Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to identify an unknown bacterium by
conducting five tests and removing possibilities from the list of unknown genera. After explaining
what the tests are for, and why they're conducted. I then interpreted, analyzed, and explained the
outcomes of each test. I was then given a 16S rRNA sequence that I'm able to input into the Basic
Local Alignment Search Tool and find out what genus my bacterium is. Finally, comparing whether
my results correlate with the bacterium shown after the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. While
conducting each research test, it has to be done using an aseptic technique. Aseptic technique is a
way to prevent contamination of a sample. Contamination can be ... Show more content on
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The ways we can examine organism is by using a microscope. We've used a bright–Field
microscopy that shines light through a specimen (1). The organism is then magnified as light
refracts through the four objective lens 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X found on the revolving nosepiece.
It is then further magnified as we look through the ocular lens at 10X. By multiplying the objective
lenses and the ocular lens gives a total magnification of 40X, 100X, 400X and 1000X. Once
reaching objective lens 100X oil needs to be put on the slide. By using oil, it increases the lens
magnification because oil refracts light just like the lens in the microscope and it has the same
refractive index (1). While completing the 5 tests I used medium that have a purpose selective and
differential. Selective mediums "inhibit the growth of some organisms and encourage the growth of
others" (1). Differential mediums differentiate between microorganisms using indicators such as
color as the pH of the medium changes (1). I performed a gram stain on my unknown 7. It appeared
to be purple and round shaped. I came to the conclusion that my bacterium is gram–positive, cocci.
A gram stain is a differential test. It allows recognizing the difference between two cell walls
structures. In a gram–positive cell wall contains a thick peptidoglycan layer covering the plasma
membrane (2). The purple staining is retained around the cell

Microbiology Unknown
Autumn White Biology 258–05 November 26, 2012 Unknown #19 Enterbacteriaceae Enterobacter
aerogenes ABSTRACT The objective of this report was to identify an unknown microorganism
through several differential media tests. Over the course of a couple weeks, ten tests were
performed. First, a gram stain was performed, indicating the bacterium was gram negative. An
aerotolerance test determined that the bacterium was a facultative anaerobe. Next, a negative result
in the methyl red test indicated that no mixed acid fermentation occurred. The DNase test was
performed and yielded a positive result. The SIM test provided two outcomes, that the bacterium did
not reduce sulfur nor produce indole from tryptophan. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After incubation, approximately 6–8 drops of methyl red were added Possible observations: If
mixed acid fermentation occurs, the broth will turn red. If mixed acid fermentation does not occur,
the broth will not change its color. DNase Test 1. The bacterium was inoculated with a flamed loop
onto agar containing peptides for soybeans, casein, NaCl and DNA 2. The plate was incubated at
37C for 24 hours Possible observations: If there is a clearing in the agar around the growth, then
DNase is present. If there is not a clearing in the agar, DNase is not present. SIM Test: Tests for
sulfur reduction, indole production from tryptophan, and motility 1. The SIM slant was stabbed with
a flamed needle inoculated with the bacterium 2. The slant was incubated at 37C for 24 hours 3.
After incubation, Kovacs' reagent was added. The Kovacs' reagent will react with any indole present
Possible observations: If sulfur was reduced, there will be black in the medium. If sulfur was not
reduced, there will not be black in the medium. If tryptophan is broken down into indole and
pyruvate, there will be red in the alcohol layer of Kovacs' reagent. If tryptophan does not break
down, then the reagent color will be unchanged. If there is growth radiating from the stab line, there
is motility. If there is no radiating growth, there is no motility. Lysine Decarboxylase: Tests for the
presence of lysine decarboxylase, which breaks down an amino acid, and glucose

Helicobacter Pylori Research Papers
Helicobacter Pylori Can Lead to Stomach Bloating People rarely know that they have Helicobacter
pylori even though this bacterium can cause serious complications and health problems. Its presence
in the intestines can be diagnosed only with a suitable medical test because the bacterium is
asymptomatic. However, certain small signs can show you that you have the bacterium and you
should visit a doctor when you notice them. The signs of helicobacter pylori Esophageal reflux,
irritable bowel syndrome, heartburn, constipation and flatulence can be signs of helicobacter pylori.
Unfortunately, most people associate these symptoms to digestive problems and bad eating habits.
This is why it is difficult to diagnose the presence of this bacterium. ... Show more content on
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The treatment of helicobacter pylori is long and difficult, no matter whether it affects humans or
animals. What should you do about helicobacter pylori? Half of the entire population in the world
has been infected by this bacterium at some point. The treatment involves anti–inflammatory drugs
and antibiotics. However, you should always be treated by a doctor, because the antibiotics may not
be required through the entire

Gram Staining
Title
Elizabeth Huynh
November 16, 2014
Jason Atkins
Unknown #7
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the
There are a group of tests used specifically to differentiate bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
These
Results
Table 1 Microscopic Data of Differential Gram Stain
Gram Stain (A) Gram–negative Cell Results (B) Gram–positive Cell Results
Before Staining Transparent Color Transparent Color
After Crystal Violet Stain Purple Color Purple Color
After Iodine Stain Purple Color Purple Color
After Decolorization with Alcohol Transparent Color Purple Color
After Safranin Stain Pink/Red Color Purple Color
Table 2 Physiological Tests Conducted to Identify Shigella flexneri
Biochemical Tests Results Symbol
Phenol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Bacteria A cells that were pink/red in color after the addition of the Safranin stain were the
Gram–negative cells. Gram–negative cells have higher lipid content in their walls; therefore they
lose the primary stain color after the decolorization step. After the Gram–negative cells were
counterstained with Safranin, they turned pink or red, whereas Gram–positive cells remained purple.
After the isolation of the Gram–negative bacteria, a variety of tests were performed to identify the
unknown bacterium as Shigella flexneri. Of the three Phenol Red broth tests, the PR Glucose broth
test was the only one whose results were positive as indicated by the change in broth color from red
to yellow and by the presence of bubbles in the tube. These results indicate that the bacterium was
able to ferment glucose with acid and gas end products. The bacterium was unable to ferment
sucrose or lactose as the broth in both tubes remained red and no bubbles were present. Just from the
Phenol Red broth results, the unknown bacterium could either be Salmonella typhimurium or

Shigella flexneri. The results from the Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer tests show that the
bacterium was able to perform mixed acid fermentation but could not ferment glucose where its acid
products would quickly convert into 2,3–butanediol and

Ioccal Meningitis
In a world of vaccinations and public healthcare, it is easy to forget that we are constantly
surrounded by disease causing microbes. Throughout this unit we have studied the human bodies
constant fight with microbes and what happens once they accumulate. In this paper I will discuss
meningococcal meningitis, its disease causing microbe, how the bacterium enters and exits the body
and, the symptoms caused by the bacterium. I will also discuss the impact this microbe has on
human health and any treatments available. Meningococcal meningitis is a disease caused by the
bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, a gram negative bacterium. Neisseria meningitidis is an
interesting bacterium in that it has several mechanisms to counter the body's defenses. One feature
of this bacterium is the polysaccharide capsule that acts as a sort of guard protector to the bacterium
by preventing it from being phagocytized. Another interesting counter defensive feature of this
bacterium is its production of IgA protease. Throughout previous chapters in our text, we have ...
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After contact, symptoms take around 3 –7 days to present depending on the age of the victims.
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the symptoms of this disease include fever,
rash, vomiting, nausea, altered mental status and photophobia. In meningococcal meningitis, one of
the major symptoms is a rash does not fade when pressed. The prevalence of meningococcal
meningitis increases in childhood to adolescence and decreases with adulthood. This specific
meningitis usually occurs significantly in children under two where mental status and headache may
be hard to discern so the CDC recommends looking at the child's reflexes, signs of inactive or
unusual irritability as symptoms of this

Synthetic Biology: Transplanting an Artificial DNA to a...
Technical procedure of synthia creation[3]:
In 1995, a team led by Venter sequenced the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, a bacteria with
smallest complement of genes capable of growth in laboratory.
Initially the team decided to use genitalium as the donor bacteria but later they decided to switch to
M. mycoides as M. genitalium has very slow growth rate. Initially the attempt to extract genome
from mycoides and transplant it to capricolum failed because they found that the genome from the
donor was methylated while the genomes in recipient yeast are unmethylated. So they methylated
the donor with methylases for the process.
The first step is to decode the DNA from the Mycoplasma mycoides. This is followed by
synthetically creating the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Technical procedure:
There are two classifications of a cell namely, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryote are a type of
organisms which lack a nucleus bound by a membrane. Eukaryote are a type of organisms which
have a nucleus enclosed inside membrane. A species of yeast called Saccharomyces cerevisiae has
around 6000 genes. And most of which are found to be non–essential [1]. The task is to remove all
those non–essential genes or insert new sequences without affecting the organism.
A synlll chromosome was designed in accordance to the stability of the gene as per Synthetic Yeast
2.0 specifications [2]. By inserting new sequences and deletion of non–essential sequences a new
sequence i.e, the sequence that is going to be induced is first formed in computer. The next step is to
synthesize the building blocks from oligonucleotides. Once these building blocks are synthesized
they are then assembled in chunks of 2–4 KB sizes. A number of these small chunks are then used to
replace in the native chromosome. By iteratively replacing the original with the new chunks a full
replacement of the original chromosome with syn3 is produced.
The DNA sequencing of syn3 strain genome has 10 differences with the newly sequence. These
were either simple insertions or deletions. There are nearly 100 loxPsym[2] markers (The markers
that are added at the end of unessential

The Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterium
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium mainly found on the skin and the human respiratory tracts.1
This bacterium is the cause of skin infections like boils and pimples, infections of respiratory tracts
(sinusitis) and food poisoning.2 First identified in 1880 as pus from a surgical abscess,
Staphylococcus aureus was treated with penicillin which was a "magic drug" when first introduced
during the Second World War. Some of these bacteria then evolved, to be resistant to penicillin. Due
to this, doctors treated these bacteria with more powerful antibiotics, against which also it grew
resistant.1 Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality.
Methicillin, initially used for treatment, is a marker of antibiotic resistance.4 Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus which, through the process
of natural selection, has developed resistance to antibiotics.1
Staphylococcus aureus causes a range of diseases from minor skin infections to fatal diseases like
sepsis.2 This bacterium is small and transparent, so invisible to the naked eye. To visualise, a
microscope and a dye called Gram stain are required.2 With this stain, the organisms that appear
purple are termed Gram positive and if pink, Gram negative.2 Based on their shape, bacteria are
called bacilli (rod–shaped)or cocci (ball–like). Staphylococcus aureus is a ball–shaped bacterium
found in clumps and in small groups. Another common coccus,

The Identification Of An Unknown Bacterium Was Done By
The identification of an unknown bacterium was done by streaking for isolation on a Trypticase Soy
Agar (TSA) plate then by following the Gram stain protocol described in "Stain Protocols" by Smith
(1). both unknown bacteria were labeled as letter A but then given nickname to describe their
morphology on the TSA plate. The specific steps of the gram stain and other test that were used and
further information was drawn from the documents "lab 1 microscope, inoculation, isolation" that
were provided by the instructor (2) "A photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory" (3) are
referenced below. The first step done was to streak the mixed unknown for isolation on a TSA plate,
using proper sterilization and inoculation techniques to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c. Rinse the slide gently with water.
d. Saturate the smear with iodine for 1 minute.
e. Rinse the slide gently with water.
f. Decolorize acetone or alcohol for 3–5 seconds; if you leave the decolorizer on for too long, it will
bleach the crystal violet out of a Gram–positive cell.
g. Rinse the slide gently with water.
h. Counter stain with safranin for 1 minute.
i. Rinse the slide gently with water.
j. Carefully blot the slide dry with bibulous paper.
k. Observe the slide under the microscope, using proper microscope technique. (1)
2. Endospore stain (done on A–DB.)
a. Perform a bacterial smear of the organism you want to stain,
b. Place a small piece of bibulous paper over the smear. Saturate the paper with malachite green.
c. Heat the slide gently over the Bunsen burner for 5 minutes. Be sure to keep the bibulous paper
saturated with malachite green during heating. If the slide is steaming, you're okay; if it stops
steaming, add more malachite green!
d. Remove the bibulous paper from the slide, and rinse the slide gently with water. Dispose of the
used bibulous paper in the trash.
e. Counterstain with safranin for 2 minutes.
f. Rinse the slide gently with water.
g. Carefully blot the slide dry with bibulous paper.
h. Observe the slide under the microscope, using proper microscope technique. Endospores will
stain green. Parent cells will stain red. (1)
3. SIM's test (done on both the A–DB and A–WB.)
a. Use

How Can Bacterium Deliberate Acid Tissue Resistant?
For a bacterium to become resistant a change in its DNA must occur. This can happen in more than
one way. Bacterium may gain resistance through spontaneous mutation within the bacterium's DNA.
This occurs when a single amino acid that makes up a protein changes arrangement, the order of the
peptide chain (made up of amino acids, joined together to make up proteins) then the purpose of the
protein in the DNA changes. This causes the genetic makeup of the cell to alter. If the mutation is of
benefit and gives the bacteria resistance, once all the other none resistant strains of bacteria are
killed, the resistant bacteria multiplies and reproduces, creating a new strain of bacteria which is
resistant to the antibiotic in hand. Once a resistance gene is obtained and inserted into the DNA, the
bacterium can dominate other bacteria and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using this pump and energy derived from ATP – released in respiration – to work the pump, the
bacterium cell can eject the antibiotic out of its cell and therefore preventing the antibiotic from
reaching its target and killing the bacterium cell. Many antibiotics work by attaching themselves to
their target and preventing it from interacting with other molecules inside the cell. In this case
resistance comes from when the protein mutates and therefore changes arrangement of the protein.
This means that the protein the antibiotic is attempting to counteract is either no longer there or has
changed in structure. Therefore, the antibiotic can no longer bind to the protein as it can no longer
recognise it. This means the antibiotic cannot carry out its function and so is ineffective.
Rather than simply pushing the drug aside or setting up molecular blockades, some bacteria survive
by neutralizing their enemy directly – this involves destroying the antibiotic altogether. For
example, some kinds of bacteria produce enzymes called beta–lactamases that destroy and digest the

The E Coli Is A Gram Negative, Rod Shaped Bacterium
The E–coli is a gram–negative, rod–shaped bacterium. It can grow under aerobic (extra–intestinal)
or anaerobic conditions (intestine) and is the predominant facultive organism in human's GI tract. It
belongs to the bacterial family of Enterobacteriaceae. It is an important member of the intestinal
human's micro–flora. It usually adheres to the mucus overlying the large intestine. Nowadays,
pathogenic E–coli are classified based on their unique virulence factors. Pathogenic strains of the
bacterium cause three different diseases: (8)
Urinary tract infections
Neonatal meningitis
Intestinal diseases
Each of the diseases depends on different expression of virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins,
chemotaxis, toxins and the ability of the E–coli to defend its host. (8)
Uropathogenic E–coli colonize from perineal region and ascend to the bladder. The virulence factor
expressed is P fimbria. The strains also express other virulence factors such as siderophores that play
a role in obtainment of iron for the bacteria. They also express haemolysins. A–haemolysin lyse the
lymphocytes and β–haemolysin inhibits the phagocytosis of neutrophils. Another virulence factor is
the resistance to the complement–dependent bactericidal effect. The presence of K antigens
promotes bacterial virulence by decreasing the ability of antibodies or complement to bind to the
bacterial cell surface and cause the loss of phagocyte's ability to recognize and destroy them. (8)
Neonatal meningitis

Tuberculosis ( Tb ) Is Caused By The Bacterium...
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis also called tubercle
bacilli which is an aerobic non–motile bacillus which are approximately 2–4 micrometers in length
and 0.2–0.5 um in width.
M. tuberculosis cell is made of peptidoglycan which is attached to galactofuran which in turn is
attached to arabinofuran which is finally attached to mycolic acids. Hydrophobic molecules making
up Mycolic acids form a lipid layer surrounding the organism therefore influencing permeability of
the cell surface. This layer has been found to be the cause of many pathogenesis inducing traits of
M. tuberculosis. They inhibit attack from lysosomes, reactive oxygen species and cationic proteins
in phagocytic granule as well as protecting extracellular layer from damage. Further pathogenesis of
the bacterium is achieved by the presence of other lipids which include phthiocerol dimycocerosate,
cord factor/dimycolyltrehalose, the sulfolipids and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. (Brennan.,
2003)
TB is spread via inhalation of droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli. Transmission occurs when
an infected individual sneezes, coughs or even talk to an uninfected individual.
Once the tubercle bacilli are inhaled they travel to the alveoli of the lungs where they are ingested
by the alveolar macrophages. Most bacilli are destroyed or inhibited. Alveolar macrophages are also
able to form a barrier shell called a granuloma around the bacilli. This keeps the

Tuberculosis ( Tb ) Is Caused By The Bacterium...
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an aerobic non–motile
bacillus measuring 3–5µm in length and 0.2–0.6µm in width (Velayati and Farnia., 2012)
M. tuberculosis cell wall is made of many lipids including peptidoglycan and mycolic acids.
Hydrophobic molecules making up Mycolic acids form a lipid layer surrounding the organism
affecting permeability of the cell surface. This layer is responsible for many pathogenic inducing
traits of M. tuberculosis by inhibiting attack from lysosomes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
cationic proteins in phagocytes. Further pathogenesis of the bacterium is achieved by the presence
of other lipids which include cord factor, sulfolipids and phosphatidylinositol ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Such factors include strategies used by M. tuberculosis in preventing itself getting destroyed in the
macrophage, vaccination, a weakened host immune system, Antimicrobial resistance as well as
economic and environmental factors.
The many tactics used by M. tuberculosis to prevent from being destroyed by the alveolar
macrophages is its ability to inhibit the fusion of phagosome with lysosome (Meena and Rajini.,
2010)
Using sulfatides as well as inactivating the Ca2+ dependent effector proteins Calmodulin and
Calmodulin dependent protein Kinase 2, M. tuberculosis is able to inhibit the acidification of
phagosome by obstructing the Proton ATPase pump on the surface of lysosomes. M. tuberculosis
can also produce high amounts of ammonia resulting in the alkalisation of the lysosomal
compartment therefore reducing the effectiveness of lysosomal enzymes.
M. tuberculosis is able to inhibit phagosome maturation by affecting the Rab protein

Unknown Bacteria
As the flowchart shows, a series of tests were conducted to identify the unknown bacterium #65.
Microscopic observation of the gram stain indicated a gram–positive coccus bacterium. S.
epidermidis was used as the gram–positive control while E. coli was used as the gram–negative
control. This observation led to the elimination of all gram negative and rod–shaped genera:
Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Alcaligenes, Neisseria,
Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Erwinia, Veillonella, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Arthrobacter,
Lactobacillus, Listeria and Kurthia (2). By performing the catalase test, it was determined that the
bacterium was catalase negative and it did not produce bubbles. M. luteus and E. faecalis were used
as positive and negative controls, respectively. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unknown bacterium did not produce any spores as was evident by the endospore stain. B.
subtilis (positive controls) was capable of producing spores in the NSM agar plate while no spores
were formed by E. coli (negative control). The spore–former Sporosarcina was eliminated from the
list of the possible genera. In the blood agar test, it was determined that the bacterium was gamma–
hemolytic when it was compared to the gamma–hemolytic control S. epidermidis and beta–
hemolytic control S. aureus. Since most species of Streptococcus are either alpha or beta–hemolytic,
the negative result of the blood agar hemolysins led to the elimination of Streptococcus (8). These
tests narrowed the possible genus to

Tuberculosis Is The Disease Of The Lung Caused By A...
Tuberculosis is the disease of the lung caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TB is transmitted through airborne route when a person with TB coughs or sneeze into the air which
is then inhaled by non–infected person and cause TB infection. In people who are co–infected with
HIV and TB, about 50% may develop TB disease. There is a difference between TB infection and
TB disease. In South Africa about 88% of the adult population is infected with TB be but not sick of
a TB disease. Under normal circumstances 10% of people infected with TB will develop TB in their
life time. Factors like age, immunological status, malnutrition and stress determine the susceptibility
of the host to TB disease. TB is curable even if a person is HIV positive. 2.2 The Global Picture of
TB Epidemic There were 8.6million people suffering from TB in the world, where 1.1million were
people living with HIV. In 2012 TB accounted for 1.3million deaths where 50% of patients who
died were HIV positive women. TB is the top killer of women of reproductive age (Organisation,
2014). Global statistics showed 45% decrease in TB mortality since 1990. The world is likely to
reach the MDG target of 50% by 2015 (Ravinglione M, 2006). The report paints a good picture
about TB management in the world whereas the reality is that more people are reported to have died
of TB when the disease is curable. The number of people diagnosed with MDR in the world doubled
between 2011& 2012 with the introduction

The Bacterium Staphylococcus Essay
The Bacterium Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus can be a severely harmful bacterium. It eventually leads to complete removal of
sections of flesh. It can be as small as blister and be as sever as gigantic loss of skin. Staphylococcus
is a bacterium that causes a more commonly known disease called a staph infection. Staph infections
can invade and attack any part of your body, from your skin, eyes and nails to the inner lining of
your heart. Symptoms differ, depending on where the infection develops and they usually enter the
body through an open cut or wound. Through that it can spread through tissue close to the infection.
If this is gone untreated it can become life treating. People with a chronic illness, such as diabetes,
cancer, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes a staph infection spreads to the deepest part of the hair, resulting in a large, extremely
painful, pus–filled swelling known as a boil. Although boils can form anywhere on the body, they
are found most frequently on the face, neck, buttocks and armpits. If one appears on the eyelid, it is
known as a sty. When several separate boils occur simultaneously on the body, the condition is
called furunculosis. A carbuncle is a cluster of connected boils deep under the skin. Carbuncles are
usually found on the upper back or nape of the neck and are more common in men than in women.
Less common, but potentially more serious, is cellulitis, which occurs in the deeper layers of the
skin. Cellulitis is usually caused by the streptococci bacteria and is only occasionally caused by
staph. It usually begins with a tender swelling and redness around a cut or sore, then gradually
spreads into nearby tissue. Red lines may radiate from the infected area to nearby lymph nodes,
which may also become infected and swell to two or three times their normal size, which is a serious
condition called lymphadenitis.
Infants and young children sometimes develop scalded skin syndrome, a staph infection
characterized by a blistering, peeling rash. Another staph infection that afflicts mostly children is
conjunctivitis; this causes the eyes to redden and to weep a yellow, watery pus that forms a crust
overnight during sleep. Blepharitis, a staph

The Effects and Diseases of the Bacterium Streptococcus...
Effects and Diseases of the Bacterium Streptococcus Pyogenes
The bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes has been infecting people for more than a century. Once a
deadly bacterium, now only an antibiotic from curing the diseases it causes. Streptococcus pyogenes
has been responsible for excruciating throat pains and even in some cases a horrendous rash
included. This paper will talk about the history of this organism, how it acts as a pathogen, how
people attract it, the symptoms that come with the disease, tests that can be implemented to identify
if one has this bacteria, the treatments for the diseases, how people can prevent from getting the
diseases, and what research is being conducted to cure the bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has not been shown that Streptococcus pyogenes is more common in one part of the world than
another. However, the rates of reports in the more central and southern countries, such as the Czech
Republic, Romania, Cyprus, and Italy, were substantially lower (0.3–1.5 per 100,000 population)
(Khan, 2009). If a person believes that they have come down with strep throat, here are some ways
one might know if they have the disease. The symptoms of strep throat usually show within 2 to 5
days. You first will develop a red throat with white patches; this is when the tonsils are red and
enlarged. There may be specks of pus on the tonsils. The symptoms of strep throat are headache,
abdominal pains, fever of 101°F or over, joint stiffness, trouble swallowing, and swollen lymph
glands on the side of your neck (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010). The symptoms for scarlet fever are
exactly the same with that addition of a skin rash and a Strawberry–like red and bumpy appearance
of the tongue, often covered with a white coating early in the disease (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2009). If a
person is uncertain about having strep throat they should go to a doctor to get a physical exam.
Doctors are able to run 2 different tests to identify strep throat. The first test would be a rapid
antigen test, which is when a swab is used to take a sample of the fluid from the

Lab Report
phenylethyl alcohol to change the membrane permeability of Gram–negative bacteria (13). Growth
on the plate indicated a positive result. Lack of growth on the EMB plate also suggested a Gram–
positive bacterium. This was because the medium contained a methylene blue dye that hindered the
growth of such bacteria (14). The high sodium content of the MSA plate created a high osmotic
pressure that inhibited the growth of species that cannot withstand the pressure (15). Thus, observed
growth indicated a positive result. Additionally, the change in agar color from pink to yellow due to
the phenol red indicator suggested that the bacterium could also ferment mannitol (15).
Furthermore, through the use of an endospore stain, where malachite green dye was heat fixed onto
endospores present in the sample (8), the unknown was shown to be spore forming. The ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Christensen's urea agar slant utilized a phenol red indicator that changed colors to pink when
pH conditions became basic. If urease were present, it would hydrolyze urea to ammonia and CO2
(17). Because no color change was observed, the organism was negative for urease. However, the
organism was positive for catalase, which was indicated by the formation of bubbles following the
addition of H2O2 to the TSA slant. This showed the breakdown of H2O2 into O2 by catalase (10).
The bacterium was also shown to be positive for gelatinase, since the gelatin was degraded by the
unknown and failed to solidify at lower temperatures (18). For the TSI slant, which tests for lactose,
sucrose, and glucose fermentation, phenol red indicator changed the agar from red to yellow. This
indicated fermentation of lactose and/or sucrose (19). The TSI slant also tested for H2S production,
with the use of a thiosulfate indicator, which would turn black when sulfur was reduced (19). The
result of this test was negative with the lack of blackening in the

The Plague Of Athens By The Bacterium Yersina Pestis
Introduction Plague is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Yersina pestis.
Depending on lung infection, or sanitary conditions, plague can be spread in the air, by direct
contact, or very rarely by contaminated undercooked food. The symptoms of plague depend on the
concentrated areas of infection in each person: bubonic plague in lymph nodes, septicemic plague in
blood vessels, pneumonic plague in lungs. It is treatable if detected early. Plague is still relatively
common in some remote parts of the world. Key Idea 1 The first plague talked about in this book is
"The Plague of Athens". The Plague of Athens was a devastating epidemic which hit the city–state
of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian
victory still seemed within reach. It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus, the city 's
port and sole source of food and supplies. Much of the eastern Mediterranean also saw outbreak of
the disease, albeit with less impact. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of
427/426 BC. Some 30 pathogens have been suggested as causing the plague. Key Idea 2 The Black
Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along
the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas
living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the
Mediterranean and

MicroOrganism
Unknown Experiment
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to distinguish and indentify an unknown bacterium.
There are several tests that can help one eliminate and narrow down the options. The most useful
test, and the very first one done, is a gram stain. This test will tell whether the bacterium is gram–
positive or gram–negative. After the type of gram stain is identified, the tester has a wide array of
differentiating tests at their disposal. Based on the results from these tests, and the numerous others
that are available, one can accurately establish the identity of an unknown bacterium.
Materials: 1–Tube containing unknown bacteria, crystal violet, iodine, decolorizing agent, Safranin,
Bunsen burner, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.) To further differentiate the bacteria from other options, obtain 1 TSA plate and perform a
bacitracin susceptibility test. 5.) Inoculate the plate with a lawn coverage streak and place 1
bacitracin antibiotic disk in the center of the plate. 6.) Incubate the plate, right side up, at 37 C for
24–48 hours. 7.) Record the results from the bacitracin test. 8.) Combine the results and information
from the previous tests and establish the identity of the unknown bacteria.
Results: Test Result
Gram Stain
Purple, gram–positive cocci in chains
Morphology
Cocci (in chains), lancelet–shaped and slightly curved
Hemolytic Test
Alpha (Partial Clearing, Green)
Bacitracin Susceptibility
+ (Susceptible)
Conclusion and Background Information: The gram stain test was able to identify the bacterium as a
gram–positive organism, and the morphology distinguished it as a strain of streptococcus, and these
finds helped direct the other tests. Hemolytic tests are very useful in differentiating specific species
of a certain family of bacteria. The hemolytic test showed the bacterium to be of alpha clearing,
which meant it only partially lysed the red blood cells and left a greenish tint. This identified the
bacterium as either strep pneumoniae or faecalis. The bacitracin test, which tests whether the
bacterium is susceptible to the antibiotics in the disk, posted a positive

Tannase 's Protein Purification : The Cloning, Expression,...
Tannase's protein purification
The cloning, expression, and purification of tannase enzyme obtained from bacterium L. plantarum
were conducted as described (Wu et al., 2013).
Tannase's protein crystallization, heavy–metal derived crystals preparation and diffraction pattern
collection
By using sitting drop vapor diffusion method, the initial apo form of tannase enzyme was
crystallized. Then, the initial tannase crystal formed was purified and enlarged by using micro–
seeding method (Wu et al., 2013). Both sitting drop and micro–seeding method were performed at
281K (Wu et al., 2013). By either soaking or co–crystalizing the native tannase crystals with heavy
metals to generate heavy–metal derived crystals, in order to solve the structure of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diffraction data obtained was processed using XDS program to provide information about the
crystal lattice and the symmetry of the protein crystal (Kabsch, 2010). The heavy–atom derived
crystals were considered to be insomorphous to the native tannase crystal by showing P1 space
group with an average unit cell dimesion of a=24.74, b=62.44, c=59.56, α =90.0o, β=90.45o, γ
=90.0o, which indicate triclinic space symmetry.
The obtained hkl intensities were input into CCP4 program for intensity reduction, scaling and
merging process (Winn et al., 2011).
Tannase structure determination and refinement
The tannase structure was solved by MIRAS (multiple isomorphous replacement anomalous
scattering) using PHENIX software suite (Adams et al., 2010). The initial phases were calculated
using five heavy–atom derivative crystals data sets and obtained the figure of merit (FOM) of 0.37
at resolution of 3.5, which acted as the quality control for the phase estimated. Then, the initial
phases with weak FOM were refined by electron density and phase modification. Then, an initial
model of tannase structure was generated using the automated model building protocol. The initial
model consist 89% of the residue in the misaligned unit built in the tannase structure. The initial
model produced was first inspected and adjusted manually using COOT

The Bacterium Affected Enterprise Food
The bacterium is largely spread in nature and be present in soil, water and contaminated foods.
Animals and fresh produce are prone to contamination in foul environment. How this affected
Enterprise Food, is the factory workers were in the presence of the bacterium while they were
producing the perishable, and from the above research listeriosis shows that it has the ability to
affect the working environment through oxygen 'inhaling', and through quality checks when the
quality in spectator test the product as for quality protocol by tasting the perishable meat. Infection
of the bacterium can cause in mild to severe febrile gastroenteritis and in pregnant women, the
bacterium can cause pregnancy loss. (National institute for communicable

Essay about The Proteus Vulgaris Bacterium
Proteus vulgaris was discovered to be the unknown organism after several tests were concluded.
First, a gram stain was done to determine if the unknown was gram negative or gram positive. It
turned out to be a gram negative organism, so further tests were ordered based on this fact. The tests
included were a OF glucose test, a Citrate test, a SIM test, and also a Urease test. The OF glucose
test came out positive for a strict fermenter because both tubes turned yellow. The Citrate test came
out negative because there was no color change identified. The SIM test showed positive for Sulfur,
Indole, and motility. The black precipitate that formed shows the production of H2S and the red
color after the Kovács reagent was added indicates Indole ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Proteus vulgaris also produces urease which can increase the chances of pyelonephritis. It does this
by hydrolyzing urea to ammonia, which in turn, makes urine more basic. The basic environment
allows the bacteria to survive and flourish (NCBI, 2008). Another important virulence factor
includes the microbe's motility. It moves by a mechanism called swarming, which is defined as a
rapid surface movement by use of rotating flagella. The swarming effect allows the bacteria to move
about the host in great numbers (NCBI, 2010). The combination of fimbriae, urease production and
swarming favors the production of urinary tract infections.
A Proteus infection may begin exogenously or endogenously. The mode of transmission for Proteus
infections may be through direct or indirect contact. The pathogen is popular among hospitals;
therefore, sources include hospital equipment, invasive procedures, hospital food and the hands of
employees. It can be an endogenous infection when the normal intestinal flora is disrupted by
antibiotics. This allows Proteus vulgaris to colonize and grow uncontrollably (NCBI, 1996).
Vaccines are not available to prevent Proteus infections so the best way to prevent the infection is
through sanitation. This includes, but is certainly not limited to, washing hands and disinfecting
objects (NCBI, 1996). The Proteus species is very resistant to antibiotics because they are known for
spreading antibiotic resistant genes to other microbial populations

Identifying An Unknown Bacterium Broth Culture
In class, we were given the task of identifying an unknown bacterium broth culture. After receiving
number 69, I went through several tests to figure out what bacterium I received. First, I created a
slide from my broth by putting a small amount of the unknown broth on to a clean slide and letting it
dry for ten minutes. After this, I stained the slide by applying four reagents in order; crystal violet,
grams iodine, decolorizer and safranin. From the stained slide, I discovered that this bacterium was
gram–negative, which would determine the next couple of tests I would do to identify my unknown
bacterium. I began by streaking for confluent growth from my broth culture onto a TSA plate. From
the TSA plate, I aseptically transferred a loop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E. coli are usually harmless, but can cause urinary tract infections, respiratory illnesses and other
illnesses. This bacterium is also beneficial to humans and are part of our natural intestinal
microflora, but E. coli can also lead to mild to serious illnesses in the human body. Disease causing
E. coli are grouped according to the ways they cause illnesses. Escherichia coli is spread when
people consume at–risk foods, these include foods such as undercooked ground beef, produce that
have come into contact with fecal matter, contaminated water and unpasteurized dairy and juice
products. This bacterium can also spread from person to person by unwashed hands, contaminated
surfaces (fomites) and pond water. Furthermore, dangerous strains of E. coli, such as E. coli
O157:H7, produces toxins such as Shiga toxins. These toxins have the capabilities to damage the
lining of the small intestine, which can result in stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and
bloody stool. If a person can come into contact with a contaminated source, symptoms can appear
about three to four days after exposure and can usually last between one to nine days. The infected
host is considered contagious until their symptoms stop and even a couple days after that. The way
E. coli O157:H7 is diagnosed is by a special stool culture that is sent to a stool laboratory, where
tests are run to

Introduction Of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Is A Gram Negative...
Adopt–a–Microbe: Klebsiella pneumoniae
Shannon Miller, Alison Shottek, and Marisa Areostatico
Wednesdays@11 and Fridays@11; Section E and I
Professor Masi
2 December 2013
I. Introduction
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram–negative bacillus enterobacterium coliform. Klebsiella
pneumoniae is a bacterium which is normally found in the human body, but several pathogenic
strains cause infections in the human body. It is a nosocomial bacterium which is resistant to many
common antibiotics. The antibiotic resistant strains are most common and cause the most concern.
These strains are easily spread throughout extended stay hospital patients and to those in community
settings with underlying diseases. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the fourth most common cause of
pneumonia in ICU patients. Research is currently focused on creating new antibiotics to which
Klebsiella pneumoniae is susceptible. Klebsiella pneumoniae is found in several different countries
around the world.
II. Structure and Physiology
The morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacillus shaped bacterium, which means it looks like
a rod. This bacterium is also a non–motile and Gram–negative. This means that wherever the
bacterium was inoculated into an agar, it only grew in that spot and did not grow outwards. Being
gram–negative means that the bacterium has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stains red during the
Gram–staining process. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an encapsulated bacterium, where the capsule

Essay about Transmission of the Plague to Humans
Transmission of the Plague to Humans
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a bacterium that has been well known to mankind for centuries. Its mechanisms of
survival in wide variety of species are extraordinary. The power of this bacterium is dependent on its
manipulation of the immune system of its host's. Its means of survival in the flea and its use of the
flea as a vector to other desirable hosts portray this bacterium's true capability. This flea is the main
cause of the bacterium to other animals, especially humans. However, the bacterium does not just
stop here; it uses its coded proteins to inhibit the host's immune system and the host's cellular
functions to aid in its survival in the organism.
One of the most deadly diseases to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bacterium is mainly found in wild rodents such as ground hogs, squirrels, prairie dogs and mice
(Phillips, 2004). The bacterium is provided a comfortable residence in these rodents where it also
has the ability to increase its population or at
Transmission of the plague 2 least its survival. These hosts then transmit the bacterium to their
blood sucking visitors, the flea (ticks and human lice can also be a host (Velendzas, 2005).
The flea also known as Xenopsylla cheopis is a common carrier of this bacterium (Velendzas, 2005).
Since the flea continuously feeds and excretes, the continuous flow of the fluid down its body will
cause the bacterium to be excreted out of the flea as well. Since the bacterium wants to maintain its
stay in its host, it needs to block this flow of fluid. Otherwise, it would be in risk of being eliminated
from the body in the feces. The bacterium (being immobile) will also have trouble transmitting itself
to another host. Its only possible way of transmission is through the path of the blood flow, which
unfortunately for the bacterium is in the opposite direction of its desired destination. In order to
solve these problems once Y. pestis enters the flea, it will grow in increased numbers and block the
fleas' digestive tract, causing the flea to feel hungry. It grows in the proventriculus, which is used to
transport the blood from the esophagus to the mid–gut in the flea

The Most Spectacular Discovery Of Deinococcus Radiodurans,...
The most spectacular discovery about Deinococcus radiodurans, the first poly–extremophile
bacterium, is that it has developed an incredible amount of unexplainable resistance to radiation. It
has remarkable DNA repair mechanisms which cannot be explained just by examining the genome
and research seemingly yields no concrete data regarding what infers the resistivity against ionizing
radiation. It can withstand at least a thousand times more radiation than a human can, in addition to
UV radiation, desiccation, cold and acid. It has no known particular natural habitat as it has been
found across a diverse range of environments, including in the Antarctic dry valleys, an environment
on Earth that's thought to closely resemble that of Mars. The microbe contains 4–10 copies of its
genome and although the radiation causes extensive breaks in the genome, the microbe is able to
utilize unique but poorly–understood DNA repair mechanisms that ensure reasonable fidelity. The
genome has been sequenced and a protein has been found within its sequence that confers radiation
resistance, RecA. Researchers are looking to take advantage of this protein by genetically
engineering D. radiodurans to function in environmental clean–up, to speed up the process as well
as reduce the costs. Future prospects of this bacteria include additional selective genetic engineering
to metabolize a range of toxic organic compounds and to assess if life is possible in space,
specifically on Mars. This bacterium

Identification Of An Unknown Bacterium
Identification of an Unknown Bacterium #C–4
Laura Bromley
Russell Sage College
BIO 208L– Microbiology Lab
Professor Anne Rea
Due: April 14, 2015
Introduction When we speak of the word "bacteria" some individuals may not recognize how large
of a role these tiny organisms play in our everyday lives. Some may jump to the conclusion that
bacteria are related to the spread of germs or sickness among the human population. Most microbes
are harmless or beneficial (Matthews, 2015) and a large majority of these tiny microbes are
extremely important in order to maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our
environment (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2013). The importance of understanding microbes is not only
important in a microbiology lab setting. There are a plethora of reasons for knowing and
understanding the identity and function of microorganisms. For example, in the medical and health
science fields it is important to have an over–all understanding of microbes and their functions, in
order to distinguish the causative agent of disease in a patient (Tortora et al., 2013). This allows
health professionals to treat their patients safely and efficiently. Microbes also play a critical role in
the food industry, recycling matter, and fighting disease and infection (Tortora et al., 2013). Most
microbes are harmless or beneficial (Matthews, 2015). By staying educated and continuing to
increase our knowledge about the significance and functions of microbes in our

Helicobacter Pylori Research Paper
Bloated Stomach Is Caused by Helicobacter Pylori
People rarely know that they are infected by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium can
lead to serious complications in your intestines and other dangerous health issues. This gut
bacterium is really difficult to recognize since it is asymptomatic. Only a suitable medical
examination can diagnose the presence of this bacterium in the intestines. In this article, you can
learn how to recognize the symptoms that indicate the presence of this bacterium. If you suspect that
you are infected by it, visit a medical professional immediately for a suitable diagnosis and
treatment.
Helicobacter pylori symptoms The symptoms of Helicobacter pylori are: irritable bowel syndrome,
flatulence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It acts in a insidious and sly way, taking away the peace and making you feel uneasy, stressed out,
full of anxiety and with an unbearable stomach irritation.
What to do about this bacterium? Fifty percent of the entire world population has at some point been
infected by Helicobacter pylori. Even though anti–inflammatory drugs are effective, you must first
consult a doctor as for instance, antibiotics may be required, but not through the entire treatment. So,
don't treat yourself. Ask a professional. One thing you can do by yourself is to improve your eating
habits. For example, you have to increase the intake of zinc and vitamins A, C and E. The initial
phases of this bacterium are usually not detected, so as a prevention it is best to take multivitamins,
which fight bacteria and boost the function of your immune system.
How to battle Helicobacter Pylori? To fight Helicobacter pylori, you can prepare this mixture and
consume it. It will make you feel energized, it will improve the function of your immune system and
reduce the stomach bloating that you are experiencing.
Needed ingredients:
1 Tbsp. Aloe Vera juice
1 Tbsp. fresh ginger powder
1 cucumber
Lemon juice from 1

Tuberculosis : An Antique, Deadly Infectious Disease...
Introduction
Tuberculosis is an antique, deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium baccilus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis1. In 2014, a DNA reconstruction study of tuberculosis genome
suggested that human tuberculosis is much younger than what was initially thought2. Rather than
tracing its origins back to more than 10,000 years ago3,4, this study speculated the origins of human
tuberculosis to be around 6,000 years ago2. The first archaeological records of tuberculosis can be
traced back to ancient Egyptian arts and mummies, in which signs of Pott's disease (a type of spinal
tuberculosis) have been observed5,6. Ever since, numerous incidents of tuberculosis have been
recorded and many attempts have been made to identify the cause of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This paper not only aims to provide a comprehensive review about tuberculosis, but also to apply
the knowledge that we have obtained to other diseases and to design future directions in
approaching our current difficulties against tuberculosis.
Epidemiology, transmission, diagnostic tools
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one–third of the world population is or has
been infected with M. tuberculosis8. While this rate appears to be exceptionally high, only a few of
the infected end up developing active tuberculosis in their lifetime. Most of the infected people have
the inactive form (latent tuberculosis infection LTBI) of tuberculosis that poses no immediate
problems.
Despite numerous encounters throughout human history, tuberculosis still remains one of the biggest
causes of death from infectious disease8. Recent estimates from the WHO report that there were 9.0
million new cases of tuberculosis in 2013, while 1.5 million people that carried tuberculosis
infection died in the same year8. Regardless of advances in vaccination, tuberculosis remains a
disease of poverty that is commonly observed in regions characterized by urban, overcrowdedness,
and malnutrition10. Accordingly, cases of tuberculosis are not spread uniformly across the globe.
Over 80 per cent of reported

Dr. Roberston Bacterium Summary
Dr. Roberston's research focused on how the bacteria can be transmitted and translocated by the
displacement of plant residue. The bacterium overwinters on plant residue which can be moved by
extreme weather and environmental conditions such as tornadoes, wind, and hail. Tornadoes can
possibly translocate debris hundreds of miles which can possibly bring bacterium from Iowa to
South Dakota and other neighboring states. She also conducted seed tests which proved that the
seeds don't transmit the disease as much as she thought. Seeds that were inoculated during planting
only showed a 0.0018 percent chance that the disease entered the plant. In easier words, she
explained only one plant in 4 acres were infected, so planting 21,000 seeds per acre would only have
one infected plant out of 84,000 plants. Considering these low numbers, managing plant residue and
switching to non–susceptible hybrids will hold back any issues in coming years. ... Show more
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This could speed up the spread because there won't be any way for the plants to resist the bacterium,
so instead of only infected a few damaged plant, now they can infect a whole field in the right
conditions. I found this interesting because I always thought the bacteria could only enter wounded
plants. My management recommendations would only be to use non–susceptible hybrids. Also, I
would recommend rotating out of corn for two or more years to allow infected resiue to degrade and
diminish. Furthermore, any tillage that buries plant residue should reduce bacteria populations.
Next, I would cut back on the plant population because the disease can spread by the touching of
neighboring leaves. With these management ideas, the disease of Goss's wilt will no longer be a

Tuberculosis Is Caused By A Bacterium

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Tuberculosis Is Caused By A Bacterium