Indian Historians Dr.C.Thanavathi

1. Tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrphpia
t.c.rp. fy;tpapay; fy;Y}up
J}j;Jf;Fb
Dr.C.Thanavathi

2. ,e;jpa
tuyhw;whsHfs;
,e;jpa
tuyhw;whsHfs;
Dr.C.Thanavathi

3. gz;ilaf;fhy ,e;jpaHfs; mwpthw;wy; kpf;ftHfs;.
cliytpl Md;khit nghpjhf fUjpdH.
mtHfs; Md;kPf tho;f;ifapy; mjpf MHtk;
fhl;bdH.
,e;jpa tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; tuyhw;whswHfspd;
gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikahj ,lj;ij ngw;W cs;sd.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

4. 1. gpugQ;rj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
2. kWgpwg;Gfs;
3. flTs; kw;Wk; flTs; njhz;lHfs; gw;wpa tk;rhtsp
4. kDE}y;fs;
5. murFytuyhW.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

5. Fg;jHfhyk; tiuapyhd tk;rq;fspd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s “murFy tuyhW”
kl;Lk; cs;sJ vd;gij MrphpaH “tpd;nrd;l;
];kpj;” Guhzj;ij Mjhukhf fhl;LfpwhH.
• Gj;j gPlfq;fs;
• Gj;jH fhy rkak;
• r%f> fyhr;rhuk;
• murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiyfis mwpe;J
nfhs;sTk; murFy tuyhW Mjhukhf
cs;sJ. Dr.C.Thanavathi

6.  gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhW miuFiw tuyhW MFk;.
 gz;ilafhy r%f mikg;G> mwpT> rkak;>
tho;f;ifj;jj;Jtk;> kf;fspd; kdg;ghd;ik Mfpait
MNuhf;fpakhd tuyhw;W Nehf;fj;jpw;F jilahf
,Ue;jpUf;ff; $Lk;.
 ,e;jpaHfs; cz;ikf;F gjpy; njsptw;w kdg;ghd;ikAk;>
tho;f;ifia tpl;L tpyfpf; fhyj;ij gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhky;
,Ue;jdH vd;W $WfpwhH [t`Hyhy; NeU.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

7. fy;`zH :
• gz;ila ,e;jpa E}w;fspy; tuyhW vd;w jiyg;Gf;F
chpa xNu E}y; uh[juq;fpdp.
• uh[juq;fpdp vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fy;`zH MthH.
• “,uh[juq;fpdp” vd;why; “murHfspd; MW” vd;W
nghUs;.
• uh[juq;fpdp vd;w E}y; %yk; fh;kPH tuyhw;iw mwpe;J
nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

8. • Kjy; gFjpapy; Guhzfhy fh;kPuj;J kd;dHfspd;
tPujPur; nray;fs; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,uz;lhtJ gFjpapy; fhHNfhl;lk; Kjy; cj;ghyh
tiuapyhd mur Fyq;fisg; gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• %d;whtJ gFjpapy; ,uz;L nuhfhuh mur FLk;g
ngUikfs; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

9. (i) gpujp;l rhrdk;:
Nfhtpy;> muz;kidfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; fhy;Nfhs;
tpoh> jpwg;G tpoh gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfs;.
(ii) tj;f rhrdk;:
kd;dH mspf;Fk; khdpaq;fs; gw;wpa vOj;Jr;
Rtbfs;> gl;laq;fs;.
(iii) gpur];jp gl;lh:
Nfhtpy;fs; kw;Wk; nghJf;fl;blq;fspy; kd;dHfisg;
Gfo;e;J $Wk; thrfq;fs;.
(iv) rh];jpuq;fs;;
gy;NtW mwptpay;> rl;lk;> jHkk; rhHe;j E}y;fs;
,it midj;Jk; fy;`zhpd; rhd;Wfs; MFk;.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

10.  ,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fspd; tUifahy; tuyhw;W tiutpay; ngUk;
khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
 mtHfs; ,e;jpah tUk;NghJ mNugpa kw;Wk; ghurPf tuyhw;W
kuigAk; cld; nfhz;L te;jdH.
my;g&dp:
 my;g&dp kj;jpa Mrpa JHf;fp];jhdpy; fPth vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH.
 ,tH mwptpaiyAk;> ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; ed;F fw;whH.
 my;g&dp ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUe;j fhyj;jpy; cgepljq;fisAk;>
gftj;fPijiaAk; Guhzq;fisAk; gjQ;rypapd; kfhgh;aj;ijAk;
,yf;fz ,yf;fpaj;ij fw;wwpe;jhH.
 ,tuJ gilg;G jhhpf; - ,- ,e;J vd;w E}y; MFk;. ,e;j E}y;
,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis $Wfpd;wJ.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

11. [pahcjpd; guhdp:-
• by;yp Ry;jhdpa tuyhw;whsHfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfSs;
[pahTjPd; ghudpAk; xUtH MthH.
• ,tH mNugpa kw;Wk; ghurPf nkhopfspy; NjHr;rp ngw;whH.
• rl;lk;> jj;Jtk;> rkatpay; tuyhw;Wg; Gyik cilatH.
gilg;Gfs; :
• jhhpf; - ,- gpNuh]; h`p :
nly;yp Ry;jhd;fs; ghy;gd; Kjy; ngNuh];h tiuahd
fhyj;ij gw;wpaJ MFk;.
• gj;th- ,-[`He;jhp :
,e;E}y; jhhpf;Fj; JizE}yhFk;. ,e;E}ypy; ey;y
kd;dHfs; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba ew;Fzq;fis gw;wp
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

12. mGy;ghry;:-
• mGy;ghry; KfyhaH fhy tuyhw;whsH MthH.
• ,tH Mf;uhtpy; gpwe;jhH. rpWtajpNyNa
mwpthw;wy; mjpfk; ngw;W ,Ue;jhH.
• mf;ghpd; ez;guhf jpfo;e;jhH mGy;ghry;.
gilg;Gfs;:
• mf;gH ehkh
• mapdp mf;gH
• mf;gH ehkh vd;w E}ypy; %d;W njhFjpfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjy;njhFjp:
ckhA+d; tiuapyhd Kfyha kugpd; tuyhw;iw vOjpAs;shH.
,uz;lhtJ njhFjp:
mf;ghpd; Ml;rpfhyk; KOtJk; epfo;e;j epfo;r;rpfis vOjpAs;shH.
%d;whtJ njhFjp:
nghUshjhu epiy> r%f epiy gw;wp vOjpAs;shH.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

13.  INuhg;gpahpd; tUif ,e;jpa tuyhw;W tiutpaypy;
kw;nwhU jpUg;G Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 NghHr;rfPrpaH> lr;Rf;fhuH> gpnuQ;RfhuH> Mq;fpNyaH>
INuhg;gpa tuyhw;W tiuT kuig ,e;jpahtpy;
Nt&d;w nra;jdH.
 INuhg;gpa fhy kuigg; gpd;gw;wp ,e;jpa
tuyhw;iwAk; gz;ilaf;fhyk;> ,ilf;fhyk;>
jw;fhyk;> ,e;Jf;fs; fhyk;. ,];yhkpaH fhyk;>
INuhg;gpaH fhyk; vd;W ghFgLj;jpdH.
(tpd;nrd;;l;];kpj;> MH.[p. ge;jHfhH. [hLehj;rHf;fhH> R.C. k[Pk;jhH)
Dr.C.Thanavathi

14. tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; :
tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; lg;;sdpy; gpwe;jhH.
fy;tpr; rpwg;Gw;w ];kpj; gphpl;b;
,e;jpa muR gzpapd; NrHe;jhH.
tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; gy;NtW
fl;LiufisAk;> Gj;jfq;fisAk;
vOjpdhH.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

15. tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; gilg;Gfs;
• gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhW
• mNrhfH
• mf;gH
• ,e;jpa ,yq;if Ez;fiy tuyhW
• ,e;jpa ehzaq;fisg; gw;wpa gl;bay;
• Mf;];NghHL ,e;jpa tuyhW Mfpait ];kpj;jpd; ngUikf;Fhpa
gilg;GfshFk;.
gq;fspg;Gfs;:
• ,e;jpa tyhw;wpy; MHtKk;> mf;fiwAk; nrYj;jp gy;NtW
fl;LiufisAk;> tuyhWfisAk; vOjpdhH.
• rhd;Wfis nfhz;L tuyhW vOJk; tof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhH.
• fhytud;Kiwia xOq;Fg;gLj;jpdhH.
• tl ,e;jpa tuyhW gw;wp mjpfkhf vOjpAs;shH.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

16. MH.[p. ge;jHfhH
• ge;jHfhH kfhuh;buj;jpy;
uj;dfphp khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH.
• rk];fpUjk;> gpuhfpUjk; nkhopfspy;
Gyik ngw;whH.
• gk;gha; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; JizNte;juhf
gzpahw;wpdhH.
• gphpl;b; nly;yp jHghhpy; ge;jHf;F “iel;” gl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
MH. [p. ge;jHfhhpd; gilg;Gfs;
• gz;ila jf;fhz tuyhW.
• gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;F mwpKfk;.
• itztk;> rkak;
Fwpg;ghf ,tH epfo;r;rpfis epfo;e;jthNw $wpAs;shH.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

17. [hLehj; rHf;fhH
1. rHf;fhH fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; gpwe;jhH.
2. Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gyik cilatH.
3. fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; JizNte;juhdhH.
4. uhay; Vpahl;bf; rq;fk;> uhay; tuyhw;wr;rq;fk;> mnkhpf;f
tuyhw;Wr;rq;fk; ,tiu ghuhl;baJ.
[hLehj; rHf;fhH gilg;Gfs;:
• xsuq;frPg; tuyhW.
• Kfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp
• rpth[pAk; mtuJ fhyq;fSk;.
• fhyNthl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

18. R.C.k[Pk;jhH
1. ,e;jpa tuyhw;W mwpQHfspd; rpwg;ghdtuhf
R.C.k[Pk;jhH tpsq;FfpwhH.
2. fy;fj;jh khepy fy;Y}hpapy; tuyhw;wpy;
KJfiy gl;lk; ngw;whH.
3. 1913y; lhf;fh muR fy;Y}hpapy; tphpTiuahsuhf 1914k; Mz;L
fy;fj;jh gy;fiyfofj;jpy; tuyhw;W Jiwapy; Nguhrphpauhf
gzpGhpe;jhH.
4. 1928y; gpuhd;];> `hye;J> n[Hkdp> vfpg;J Nghd;w ehLfSf;F
tuyhw;W Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
5. jdJ tho;f;ifapd; miu E}w;whz;L fhyj;ij tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rpg; gzpf;fhf mHg;gzpj;jhH.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

19. R.C. k[Pk;jhH gilg;Gfs;
1. gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; tho;f;if.
2. kdpj Fyj;jpd; tuyhW
3. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tuyhW
4. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; tuyhWk;> fyhr;rhuKk;.
5. mfd;w ghujk;
6. fhk;gpah Njrj;jpd; fy;ntl;Lfs;.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

20. Nf.vk;.gzpf;fH
• Nf.vk;.gzpf;fH fhyk; 1895 Kjy; 1963 tiu
• Nfushtpy; Nfhtsk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; gpwe;jhH.
• 1922y; “Rtuh[;ah” vd;w ,jopd; MrphpauhdhH.
• 1924y; “,e;J];jhd; ilk;];” vd;w ,jopd; Mrphpauhfg; gzpGhpe;jhH.
Nf.vk;.gzpf;fH gilg;Gfs;:
• ,e;jpahtpd; RNjr muRfs;
• Mq;fpy muRk; ,e;jpa muRfSk;.
• ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; Ma;T
• ,e;jpahtpd; gpd;zdp
• MrpahTk; Nkw;fj;jpa MSikAk;
gpwgilg;Gfs;:-
• ,uz;L rPdhf;fs;
• Gtpapay; $Wfs;
• ,e;jpah gw;wpa nghJ mwpT
(Nf.vk;.gzpf;fH> ePyfz;l rh];jphp> Nf.Nf. gps;is>v];. fpU;zRthkp ma;aq;fhH)
Dr.C.Thanavathi

21. K.A. ePyfz;l rh];jphp
• njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W mwpQHfspd; rpwe;jtuhf fUjgLgtH
K.A.ePyfz;lrh];jphp.
• jpUney;Ntyp ngdhu]; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tuyhw;W NguhrphpauhfTk;
,Ue;jhH.
• ik#H gy;fiyfofj;jpy; ,e;jpaapay; Jiwapy; NguhrpauhfTk;
gzpahw;wp cs;shH.
• gd;dhl;L epWtdj;jpy; ,af;Fduhf nghWg;Ngw;whH.
K.A. ePyfz;l rh];jphpapd; gilg;Gfs;:
• NrhoHfs;
• ghz;baH tuyhW.
• rh];jphpapd; gpwE}y;fs;.
njd;dpe;jpahit gw;wpa may;ehl;bdH Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpahtpy; caHtuyhW
tuyhw;W Kiwapay;
ee;jHfs; nkshpaHfhytuyhW
,tuJ Ma;T rhjid
• gy;ytHfspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; epHthfKk;> r%f tho;f;ifAk;.
• Me;jpuHfspd; njhlf;ffhytuyhW.
Dr.C.Thanavathi

22. Nf.Nf. gps;is
 Nf.Nf. gps;is mtHfs; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;
fhl;Lg;GJ}hpy; gpwe;jhH.
 nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tuyhw;wj;Jiwj; jiytuhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhH.
 ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofk; %yk; mtUf;F b.ypl; gl;lk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nf.Nf. gps;is gilg;Gfs;:
• jkpo;ehl;L r%f tuyhW.
• jkpof tuyhW kf;fSk; gz;ghLk;.
• RrPe;jpuk; Nfhapy;
Dr.C.Thanavathi

23.  ,tH jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; Fk;gNfhzk; rhf;Nfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jhH.
 ,aw;gpay;> fzpjk;> tuyhW Mfpa ghlq;fspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdH.
 njhy;nghUspay; Nguhrpauhf ,Ue;jhH.
 njhy;nghUspay; epGzH `Py;l];> uhgHl; rPnty; Nghd;wtHfSld; njhlHG
nfhz;lhH.
 fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; ,tUf;Ff; nfsut lhf;lH gl;lk; mspj;J
rpwg;gpj;jJ.
,tuJ gilg;Gfs;:
 cilahHfs; Ml;rpapy; ik#H
 njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW gz;ghLk;
 gz;ila ,e;jpah
 jpUg;gjpapd; tuyhW
 tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; kzpNkfiy
 gQ;ruj;dhtpd; gukrk;`pjh.
v];. fpU;zRthkp ma;aq;fhH
Dr.C.Thanavathi

24. • ,e;jpa tuyhw;whsHfs; tuyhW vOJtjpYk;> fhy epHzak;
nra;tjpYk; nghWg;NghL ele;J nfhz;ldH.
• ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> rkak;> jj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtk;> fiy>
tpz;zpay; Nghd;w midj;jpYk; mghu rhjid epfo;j;jpAs;sdH.
• ,e;jpa tuyhW mwptpay; hPjpapy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;why; mJ
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J njhlq;fg;gl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; $WfpwhH.
• ,e;jpa tuyhw;whsHfs; tuyhw;W tiutpaYf;F jq;fsJ
kfj;jhd gq;if Mw;wpAs;sdH.
Dr.C.Thanavathi