content will be beneficial for b.sc nursing and m.sc nursing students and enhances their knowledge personality development

1. REVIEW OF PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
• “Personality refers to deeply ingrained patterns of
behavior, which include the way one relates to,
perceives and think about the environment and one-
self”.
- American Psychiatric Association- 1987
Factors Influencing Personality:
1. Biological Factors (heredity, endocrine glands, physique,
nervous system)
2. Environment Factors (family, school, teacher, peer group,
sibling relationships, mass media, culture)

2. PSYCHOANALYTICAL
THEORY
BY SIGMUND FREUD

3. INTRODUCTION
Sigmund Freud's
psychoanalytic theory
of personality argued
that human behavior
was the result of the
interaction of three
component parts of
the mind: the id, ego,
and superego.

4. DEFINITION
⚫Sigmund Freud-(6 May 1856 – 23 September
1939)considered the first 5 years of a child’s life to
be the most important ,because he believed that
an individual’s basic character had been formed
by theageof 5.
⚫Freud’s personality theorycan be
conceptualized according to structure of
personality, topography of mind & stages of
personalitydevelopment.

5. Freudian Components of
Personality
The Id
The Ego
The Superego

6. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
ID
⚫The id is the only component of
personality that is present from birth.
• The id demands immediate satisfaction and
when this happens we experience pleasure,
when it is denied we experience ‘unpleasure’or
pain. The id is not affected by reality, logic or
the everyday world.
ID

7. EGO
⚫The ego is the component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality.
⚫It develop between the ages of 4-6 months.
⚫Initially the ego is 'that part of the id which has been
modified by the direct influence of the external world'
(Freud 1923)..
⚫Theego has noconceptof right orwrong;
something is good simply if it achieves its end of
satisfying without causing harm to itself or to the
id. It engages in secondary process thinking, which
is rational, realistic, and orientated towards
problem solving.

8. SUPER EGO
⚫Works on perfection principle.
⚫The superego incorporates the values and morals of
society which are learned from one's parents and
others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the
phallic stage of psychosexual development.
⚫The superego provides guidelines for
making judgments.

9. TWO PARTS OF SUPEREGO
⚫The ego ideal: It includes the rules and
standards for good behaviors. These behaviors
include those which are approved of by parental
and other authority figures. Obeying these rules
leads to feelings of pride, & enhanced self
esteem.
⚫The conscience: The part of your mind that
tells you whether your actions are right or wrong
(guilt or done right/clear).

12. ICE BERG MODEL
Psychoanalytic theory of the
conscious and unconscious
mind is often explained using
an iceberg metaphor.
Conscious awareness is the
tip of the iceberg, while the
unconscious is represented by
the ice hidden below the surface
of the water.

13. TOPOGRAPHY OF MIND

14. CONSCIOUS

15. THE CONSCIOUS MIND
⚫ It includes everything that we
are aware of. This is the aspect
of our mental processing that we
can think and talk about
rationally.
⚫Events & experiences that are
easily remembered or retrieved
are considered to be within one’s
conscious awareness. Example-
Telephone numbers, birthday of
self & dates of special holidays.

16. PRECONSCIOUS

17. THE PRECONSCIOUS MIND
⚫It includes all memories
that may have been
forgotten or are not in
present awareness but with
attention can be readily
recalled into consciousness.
Example- telephone
numbers, addresses once
known but little used.
⚫It is thought to be
partially under the control
of the super-ego, which
helps to suppress
unacceptable thoughts
and behaviors.

18. UNCONSCIOUS

19. THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND
⚫It includes all memories that one is unable to
bring to conscious awareness. It is the largest
of the three topographical levels.
⚫ It consists of unpleasant & non essential
memories that have been repressed & can be
retrieved through therapy, hypnosis & with
other substances that alter awareness.
⚫ According to Freud, the unconscious continues
to influence our behavior and experience, even
though we are unaware of these underlying
influences.

21. STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT

22. FREUD STAGES OF
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
⚫Psychoanalytic theory suggested that
personality is mostly established by the age of
five. Early experiences play a large role in
personality development and continue to
influence behavior later in life.

23. ORAL STAGE: BIRTH TO 18
MONTHS

24. ORAL STAGE: BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS
⚫During the oral stage, the infant's primary source of interaction
occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is
especially important.
⚫The mouth is vital for eating and the infant derives pleasure from
oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and
sucking.
⚫The primary conflict at this age is weaning process.
⚫If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual
would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation
can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail
biting.

25. CONT…
⚫Oral stage fixation might have 2 effects:
I. Neglected
dependent
child might become psychologically
adult continually seeking the oral
stimulation denied in infancy, thereby becoming a
manipulative person in fulfilling his/her own needs,
rather than maturing to independence.

26. CONT….
⚫The over-protected child might resist maturation and
return to dependence upon others in fulfilling his or
her needs. Theoretically, oral-stage fixations are
manifested as garrulousness (talkativeness), smoking,
continual oral stimulus (eating, chewing objects), and
alcoholism

27. ANAL
STAGE:18
MONTHS TO
3 YEARS

28. ANAL STAGE:18 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS
⚫During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary
focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and
bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is
toilet training--the child has to learn to control his or
her bodily needs.
⚫According to Freud, inappropriate parental responses
can result in negative outcomes
⚫Not resolved? anal retentive (rigid and obsessive
personality) or anal expulsive (messy and
disorganized personality)

29. PHALLIC STAGE: 3-6 YEARS

30. PHALLIC STAGE: 3-6 YEARS
⚫During the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is
on the genitals.At this age, children also begin to discover
the differences between males and females & become
aware of sexuality.
⚫Oedipus Complex (boys)
⚫Unconscious sexual desires towards mother, father is
competition
⚫Simultaneously fears the dad- “castration anxiety”
⚫Electra Complex (girls)
⚫Unconscious sexual desires towards father and mother
is competition
⚫Eventually, the child begins to identify with the same-sex
parent as a means of vicariously possessing the other
parent.

31. CONT…
⚫If fixation occursat this stage, itwill lead tosexual
identityproblems, difficulty in accepting authority.

32. LATENCY STAGE:6-12 YEARS

33. LATENCY STAGE:6-12 YEARS
⚫During the elementary school years, the focus
changes from egocentrism to more interests in
group activities, learning and socialization with
peers .
⚫The latent period is a time of exploration in
which the sexual energy is still present, but it is
directed into other areas such as intellectual
pursuits and social interactions.

34. CONT…
⚫If fixation occursat this stage, itwill lead to inability to
conceptualize, lack of motivation in school or job.

35. GENITAL STAGE:13 YEARS-
ADULTHOOD

36. GENITAL STAGE:13-12 YEARS
⚫During the final stage of psychosexual
development, the individual develops a strong
sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage
begins during puberty but last throughout the
rest of a person's life.
⚫If the other stages have been completed
successfully, the individual should now be
well-balanced, and caring. The goal of this
stage is to establish a balance between the
various life areas.