Life Cycle Analysis

1. Material Phase LCA -
Phipps Center for Sustainable Landscapes, Pittsburgh
Presented by -
Agnisha & Tharangini

2. Introduction
• As the number of low-energy buildings increases, the need to
consider embodied energy from building materials increases,
especially if an overall goal is to reduce the building’s life cycle
energy use.
• The Center for Sustainable Landscapes (CSL) is a three-story,
24,350 square foot educational, research, and administrative
office in Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
• This is a net-zero energy/water building, which aims to achieve
significant benchmarks in the United States—the Living Building
Challenge and LEED Platinum, and SITES certification for
landscapes.
• Focus on materials was because of other studies, which
suggested that the materials used to construct green buildings
have higher environmental impacts than those of traditional
buildings

3. About the Building
• Using an integrated project delivery system, the project owner,
architects, engineers, and contractors designed the CSL to be
a facility that combines passive solar design, geothermal wells,
photovoltaics, solar hot water collectors, a constructed lagoon
and wetland system, permeable paving, and a green roof.
• The CSL is 3 stories with cast-in-place concrete and steel
framing for the structure and aluminum/glass curtain wall and
wood cladding for the envelope while the roof is a
combination of a green roof, paver patio, and thermoplastic
polyolefin white roof.

4. The site plan
locates the CSL
building,
landscape, paths
and nearby roads
within the larger-
campus context of
Phipps
Conservatoryand
Botanical
Gardens. - Photo
Credit:The Design
Alliance Architects

5. NET ZERO ENERGY
The CSL is a net positive
energy building. Through
original research and
careful monitoring
conducted with
Carnegie Mellon
University, the building’s
energy performance has
increased from +5082
kWh to +11,185 kWh in
2014 and +18,724 kWh in
2015. - Photo Credit: The
Design Alliance
Architects

6. NET ZERO WATER
The net-zero water
diagrams illustrate the
components used to
capture and treat all
wateron the project site;
the upper diagram
illustrates stormwater
treatment, while the
lower illustratessanitary
watertreatment. - Photo
Credit:The Design
Alliance Architects

7. DAY LIGHTING &
NATURAL VENTILATION
The building sections
rendered here illustrate
some of the CSL’s
daylighting and natural
ventilation strategies. -
Photo Credit: The Design
Alliance Architects

8. 4 phases of LCA According to ISO 14040 standards
Phase 1
•goal and scope definition, establishes the boundary conditions of the system, defines a
functional unit for the system, and enables equivalent comparisons with other products or
processes.
Phase 3
•Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), data is aggregated to determine the aggregate inputs and
outputs. In the case of a building materials study, this is often the quantity of materials used as
well as the emissions associated with the production of those materials.
•Task 2
Phase 2
Phase 4
•Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), the LCI is translated using characterization factors, into
impact categories, such as global warming potential and ecotoxicity.
• interpretation, where data and results are analyzed to determine areas of relatively high
environmental impacts and recommendations are made for improvements to the system.

9. LCA Boundary Definitions
• This LCA focuses on the environmental impacts of CSL’s
building materials. The boundaries for this study include
material extraction and product processing and
manufacturing (defined herein as “materials phase”) of the
CSL.
• The building material phase is becoming increasingly important
as the impacts associated with the use phase of low-energy
buildings decreases. The functional unit of this study is defined
as the entire CSL building.
• The major components of the analysis range from structural
elements to interior flooring as well as ductwork for the
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system and
piping for plumbing. This LCA also includes the production
phase of the photovoltaic (PV) panels as well as the
geothermal heat wells.

10. SYSTEM BOUNDARY – MATERIAL PHASE

11. LCI Data Sources
• Material inventory data was obtained through CSL’s project
documents, including estimates, plans, and specifications
provided by the architects and the pre-construction
management company.
• Materials were allocated to a representative LCI unit process
within an environmental impacts database, with preference
first given to the US based material process database Franklin
USA 98 [34].
• When Franklin USA 98 was insufficient to represent the material,
ecoinvent was used [35].
• If a unit process was not available in either Franklin USA 98 or
ecoinvent, another database was selected based on the best
possible information of the unit process description, boundary
considerations, and installed productuse.

12. LCI Database for Building
Material
CH = Switzerland
geographical code;
RER = Europe
geographical code;
U = unit process;
FAL = Franklin Associates
code;
ecoinvent Unit Process;
ETH-ESU 96 U;
Franklin USA 98;
Industry Data 2.0;
IDEMAT 2001 [37];

13. Table Cont...
LCI Database for Building
Material
CH = Switzerland
geographical code;
RER = Europe
geographical code;
U = unit process;
FAL = Franklin Associates
code;
ecoinvent Unit Process;
ETH-ESU 96 U;
Franklin USA 98;
Industry Data 2.0;
IDEMAT 2001 [37];

14. Impact Assessment Methods
• The LCIA phase was conducted using two impact assessment methods.
• First, embodied energy of the materials was calculated using a
Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) method developed by ecoinvent
• The remaining environmental impacts were calculated using TRACI ( Tool
for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental
Impacts), was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
as a US-based impact assessment method.
• The impact assessment categories reported from TRACI include -
1. global warming,
2. acidification,
3. human health cancer,
4. human health noncancer,
5. human health criteria air pollutants,
6. eutrophication,.
7. ecotoxicity,
8. smog,
9. natural resource depletion,
10. waterintake, and
11. ozone depletion

15. Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Building Materials
•In general, eitherthe
foundations and excavation or
structure categoriesof the CSL
represented the highest
environmental impact in nearly
every impact category
analyzed.
• Concrete contributes an
average of 73% of the
environmental impacts for the
excavation and foundations of
the building, and steel
contributes an average of 59%
of the environmental impacts
for the structural system of the
CSL.
•The electrical system (PV
panels, inverters)& plumbing
system, also represents high
environmental impacts.
Life cycle impact of building materials by building system for
net-zero energy building (HH = human health).

16. •Other significant materials
include gravel, crystalline
silicone associated withthe
PV panels, and electronic
components associated
with the inverters.
•Due to the intense process
of mining gravel, including
machinery, electricity, and
hazardous waste disposal,
in conjunction with the
release of particulate
matter, gravel has high
human health impacts in
both cancer and non-
cancer categories
Life cycle environmental impacts of building materials by material type for
net-zero energy building (PV = photovoltaic).
Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Building Materials

17. • For PV panels, the high waterintake category is a result of heat
recovery units withinthe PV system and preventionof dust
accumulation, which inhibits solar efficiency.
• Inverters required to utilize the PV panels contain many electronic
components, which are associated witha high level of toxicity risk.
Componentssuch as the integrated circuit, wiring board, and
inductor contribute to global warming potential, whilethe copper
wiringcontributes to categories such as acidification, eutrophication,
and human health impacts.
• Standard structures do not generally include PV panels in the
material phase as they utilize the grid or natural gas as primary
energy sources for the use phase. However,PV panels as a
renewable, non-fossil based fuel source reduce the impacts during
the use phase of the building’s life cycle and reduce the total
environmental impacts of the CSL when allocated overthe building’s
lifespan.
Life Cycle Environmental Impacts

18. Building and Material
properties for case study
comparison
•The differences between
environmental impacts of this
net-zero energy building and
a standard structure largely
result from unique design
components such as passive
solar, natural ventilation, and
a
green roof.
•The LCA of the CSL identified
concrete and steel as
materials with the largest
relative impacts.
•An overview of the
traditional
structures compared to the
CSL is summarized in this
Table.

19. GLOBAL WARMING
POTENTIAL
•The CSL was compared
with and withoutthe
inclusion of the PV panels,
inverters, and the
geothermal wells, due to
the fact that they are not a
common material.
•The results show that PV
panels and inverters
account for approximately
16% of the total GWP, while
the geothermal wells
account for 5% of the total
GWP for the CSL.
•For all structures, concrete
and steel accounted for a
large range of results, 11%
to 65% and 17% to 38% of
the buildings’ total GWP.
Global warming potential of the CSL compared to the published results.
PV = Photovoltaic & Inverters; GW = Geothermal Wells; Note: The
Kofoworola ’07 study did not report glass separately from other materials; it
is therefore represented in the“other” category.

20. Embodied energy comparison between the Net-Zero Energy CSL building
and published LCA building studies;
PV = Photovoltaic & Inverters; GW = Geothermal Wells;
Note: Junnila ’03 and Kofoworola ’07 did not report on embodied energy.
EMBODIED ENERGY
COMPARISON
•The PV panels and
inverters represent 49% of
the total embodied energy
and the geothermalwells
account for approximately
4% of the total embodied
energy of the CSL. High
levels of energy are
required for the production
of the PV panels and
inverters, contributing to
the high levels of
embodied energy.
•For all structures, concrete
contributed 7% to 28% and
steel, 12% to 42% of the
total embodied energy,
respectively.

21. • Concrete and steel, the majority represented by the excavation and
foundations and structural building systems, represent the highest
environmental impacts in most categories.
• Gravelmakes up a noticeable impact in the human health
cancerous and non-cancerous categoriesof the CSL, whilethe
production of PV panels and inverters makes up over50% of water
intake and eutrophication impacts.
• It is important to identify those materialswithinthe building system
that have the greatest effect on a building’s environmental impacts
in order to target specific areas for minimizing environmental impacts
in future construction.
• Comparing LCA results of the building to standard commercial
structures reveals that the addition of the CSL’s energy reduction
systems, such as PV and geothermal wells, results in a 10% higher
global warming potential and nearly equal embodied energyper
square foot relative to standard commercial buildings.
Conclusion

22. • Compared to using 100% Portland cement, the use of 40% flyash for
cement replacementreduced concrete’s overallGWP contribution
by 39%.
• Incorporation of engineered cementitious composites instead of
conventional steel expansion joints can reduce life cycle energy
consumption by 40%, waste generation by 50%, and raw material
consumption by 38%.
• For steel, stainless steel production incorporates the use of 33% of
recycled steel, which accounts for 3.6 kg of carbon dioxideemissions
per 1 kg of stainless steel produced. Theoretically,the use of 100%
recycled content in the production of stainless steel would result in
1.6 kg of carbon dioxidereleased for every 1 kg produced, or a 44%
overall carbon dioxide reduction.
• Applied to the CSL, the 100% recycling process would reduce carbon
dioxideby 85,000 kg and the total global warmingpotential for the
CSL building by 8%.
Need for Improvements

23. Thank you