Holy Roman Empire Research Paper

Holy Roman Empire Research Paper
Joshua Curtis 6154815
The Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a large political unit loosely modelled on the roman empire. The first emperor was Charlemagne, and the last was
Francis II. the Empire was created in 800CE, when pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne in Rome, and was dissolved when Francis II abdicated,
following his defeat at the hands of Napoleon. It included all or parts of modern day Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France,
Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland, and was affiliated with multiple other countries as well .
The Empire lacked cohesion, as it was unable to develop a regional identity, due to its lack of a clear capital . The Holy Roman Empire had lost much of
its authority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These theses, also known as the "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences," were a direct attack against the selling of indulgences – a
practice that absolved sins in their entirety or in part, shortening a stay in purgatory. Luther thought this an abuse of church power, and doctrinally
unsound. In his theses, he argued that the pope did not have the power to remove guilt, and that the selling of indulgences endangered the souls of
Christians, providing them with a false belief that they had been forgiven for their sins. He taught that the Bible was the highest authority, and that
justification was through faith alone . The papacy did not take kindly to these attacks on their authority, excommunicating Luther in 1521. The theses
have a great impact on the early modern period, not because they were an attack on the catholic church's authority in all matters of faith, but because
they were written in the same period as the printing press, which allowed them to be distributed quickly through Europe – leading to widespread
discontent with the
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Powerful Enlightened Depots
Enlightened despotism is defined as "a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational
reforms inspired by the Enlightenment" (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). The magnitude of the philosophy movement known as the
Enlightenment sent ripples throughout Western society. The philosophers believed that in order to improve society they had to "enlighten" the
monarchs. The views of the Enlightenment did to find their way inside the palaces of Europe's leaders; however, the monarchs retained their great
power of absolute rule. Among these enlightened despots of the age were Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II
of Austria. These leaders all attempted to bring their respective countries into a new age. The basis of enlightened despotism was the idea of improving
the lives of a country's citizens. This concept of leadership during this time was ultimately a good idea, but it was not successfully exercised to its
fullest extent. From a young age, Frederick the Great took a great liking to culture and literature. He was especially infatuated with the language and
lifestyle of the French. The French philosopher Voltairewas a friend to Frederick and had a great influence on his Enlightenment ideals. He initially hid
his love of the Enlightenment during his reign, but later he began to realize how the philosophies of the movement could actually advance and fortify
his state. He

How Successful Was The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a significant piece of the European states framework and effectively assumed a part in their undertakings, due to a limited
extent to their coterminous times of development. Towards the finish of the fifteenth century, the Ottomans started to assume a bigger part in the
Italian Peninsula. In 1494, both the Papacy and the Kingdom of Naples appealed to the Sultan straightforwardly for his help against Charles VIII of
France in the First Italian War. The Ottomans policy towards Europe amid the sixteenth century was one of disturbance against the Habsburg dynasties.
The Ottomans teamed up with Francis I of France and his Protestant partners in the 1530s while battling the Habsburgs. Although the French had
looked for a union

Catherine I
Catherine was born the daughter of a powerful Italian prince from the Medici family in the year 1519. Shortly after Catherine was born her mother
passed due to a fever. Not very long after that, her father left her an orphan at less than a month of age. She was raised by her father's Roman
relatives including Pope Leo X and Pope Clement the VIII. During this time the Italian Wars took place, and both Popes Leo X and Clement VIII
were heavily involved in the events that went on. When Catherine was eight the German army of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V took control of
Rome. The citizens of Florence chose to take advantage of this time and captured Catherine in the hopes of using the Medici name to restore their
republic. Her uncle, Clement... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Catherine and Charles tried to avoid joining either side. The religious war became even more complicated due to the English involvement and support
of the alliance with the huguenots, and complications that existed due to blood feuds of major noble families. This began when the Huguenot leader
Admiral Gaspard de Coligny ordered the assassination the Duke of Guise. While the fighting continued into the late 1560s, Huguenot armies continued
mercilessly attacking convents and monasteries, torturing and killing their inhabitants. While Catholic forces, equally as cruel, began to slay
Huguenots from many

Was Marie Antoinette a Cause of the French Revolution or...
Marie Antoinette was the Archduchess of Austria, and became Dauphine of France after several years. Many French citizens dislike her because of
her behaviors. Some citizens blamed on her that she was one of the reason to cause the French Revolution. Some of the people said that she was not a
serious problem for forming the French Revolution. There were also some people said that those behaviors were came from Louis XVI or influenced to
Marie Antoinette, and actually he was one of the reason that caused the French Revolution. So what is the truth as one of the cause of French
Revolution? Was she really a cause of the French Revolution? Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna,
Austria, and in a rich ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though she was going to become a queen in a palace, but she doesn't like her life, because her husband ignored her and they didn't have children
for some years, so they lived separately. Since she had no child to take care, she had to find some entertainments for herself. She spent lot of money on
her banquets, parties, fashion clothing, jewelry, gambling, and other entertainments. All of these spending causes a lot of disadvantages to the country,
and these money were from the government; the taxes from the citizens. She kept wasting a lot of money that were not actually her money. In this case,
we can know that she did not played her role well as the queen of the France. She spent time and money on her entertainment instead of doing her
duties. During that time, the economy of France was very poor, Marie Antoinette wore his lady fashion cloth and ate meals in front of public. Her life
after married to Louis XVI became very luxurious, because the only thing she knew was spending money in her entertainments. Both of them spent
money from government on their entertainments. They made the economy even worse when they wasted money. Instead of ruling the country, Louis
XVI chose to spend money and have fun on his entertainment. When the citizens had no money to pay for their taxes, they were spending the money
on their entertainment. After a few years, they manage to have children. Marie Antoinette wanted the French people to

Coronation Of Charlemagne
On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe after more than three
centuries. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series
of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar, in 924. The title was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor, fashioning
himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. Some historians refer to the
coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire,[14][15] while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning.[16][17] Scholars generally
concur,

The Triumph of the Congress of Vienna Essay
The Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814–1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish
long–lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon.
Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, "the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history"
(Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An
additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles–Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French
monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The representatives in the Congress of Vienna wanted to prevent France's aggression by surrounding France with stronger nations, restore balance of
power, so no country would be a threat to others and restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they head held before Napoleon's coquets" (Beck,
239). In order to make the weak nations around France stronger, the former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic were united to form the
Kingdom of the Netherlands. "Group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly create German confederation, dominate by Austria.
Leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France, but also didn't want to leave it powerless. If they did, the French might rebel to take revenge but if
France became weaker and was broken up, another country might become so strong that it would threaten them all. France remained a major but
diminished European powers" (Beck, 239). Nevertheless, not all–important decisions were made by the great powers.
"Most influential of these representatives in the Congress of Vienna was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich" (Beck, 238).
"At the Congress of Vienna, which convened after Napoleon's abdication in 1814, Metternich shone brightly as the "coachman of Europe," guiding
policies and decision" (Peterson–Bennett, 632). The Austrian emperor, Francis I, who wanted a

The Main Factors Of The Spanish Inquisition In Spain
The Spanish Inquisition affected Spain's national Identify as it was the first time that Spain ever encountered an Inquisition with the soul purpose of
getting rid of all hersey including any of those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Christian. There were three huge factors on why the
Inquisition every started in Spain, the main factor was that it allowed the christian leaders to conquer Spain and take any control away that the Muslim
authority had before. Another key factor is that it caused a huge rivalry between two young kings of France and Spain. The last factor was that it
unified two kingdoms under the leadership of the newly married monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II. The Inquisition caused Spain to have a huge shift
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During his reign, Francis I created many rivalry with other kings around Europe but the one that he spent the most time on was with Charles I of
Spain. The rivalry was often Francis challenge Charles for the throne that was the Roman Empire. (1) Charles's advisers bribed the German
princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head
of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe.(1) (2) Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the
Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). (2) Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy
Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). (2) Francis then led 37,000 of french soldiers men to go against the
Spanish army with the same amount of men, although the battle did not end good for both sides as Spain lost a total of 1,000 men while the French
lost between 10,000 to 14,000 including Francis himself. The Inquisition crested one of the most exciting rivers between the young kings of France and
the

The Roman Catholic Church Responded Treatment
The Roman Catholic Church responded treatment of Luther, Huguenots in France, relationship with the Holy Roman Emperor, the Jesuits and the
Council of Trent, treatment of Galileo and other scientists very differently. Luther was called before Emperor Charles V to recant his beliefs. Although
some German Princes sided with Luther, it was still declared an outlaw. He protected by a German Prince Frederick the Wise. He translates Erasmus'
Greek Bible into German. Holy Roman Emperor and the RCC were political allies. Prince's allied with Luther to indirectly challenge the emperor.
Huguenots in France worked to reform the rest of France, but the Catholic King Henry III was not about to let that happen. King Louis XIV
revoked the Edict of Nantes, this resulted in driving out hundreds of thousands of his best citizens abroad. The monks at Cluny were challenging
the power of the Holy Roman Emperor, there was also the idea of separation of church and state. By 1050, King Henry III appointed the Pope he
liked which was Clement II. After his death the archbishops were able to elect the Pope. Henry IV had a serious threat to his stability. He made his
bishops swear loyalty to him. When Gregory excommunicated Henry he begged for forgiveness and he got it; after Henry was back to placing
bishops, he was excommunicated again. The Germans were eager to see a weakened king siding with the church. The Holy Roman Empire was no
way united, still very strong, but they had no control over its

Marie Antoinette Research Paper
Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755, to dominant and controlling Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa. She had a normal childhood,
but when she was 12, her mother decided to arrange a marriage with France to solidify the connection between Austria and France. Maria Theresa
chose Antoinette for her gentle disposition, (as well as lack of other daughters to offer), and she was sent off to Versailles. Antoinette however, did
not lead the life she expected. She suffered through the humiliation not being able to produce children for another seven years, having a feeble
husband who, at first, had no interest in romance, and the French Revolution, the event that would lead to her demise. In the final years of her life,
her royal family shuffled from place to place, not being safe from the violent mobs. Then, her husband was killed and her son taken away from her as
she was shut up in Conciergerie (a prison) , accused of manipulating the monarchy. She died on October 16,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marie Antoinette, The Journey takes place in 18th century Europe, mostly in France and Austria. Marie Antoinette lived her childhood in Vienna,
Austria, and grew up in the Hofburg Palace and SchГ¶nbrunn Palace. However, after her proxy wedding in the Church of the Augustine Friars,
Antoinette set out on a journey to the Palace of Versailles. Her long list of stops include the baroque monastery of Melk, Munich, the Nymphenburg
Palace, Ulm, Freiberg, and the last German stop, the abbey at SchГјttern. There was also to be a handover where Marie Antoinette was to be "given" to
the French. This handover took place in an Island in the middle of Rhine, where, (I kid you not), the coach was "manoeuvred so that its back wheels
were in Savoy, its horses and front wheels in France; the doors opened on to neutral territory exactly in the center of the bridge." pg 60 Then, the future
Queen went on to France, first visiting Strasbourg,

Even though Marie Antoinette was all about royalty, she was more than just posing for the crown. Marie Antoinette's early life was pretty great.
She was born on November 2nd 1755. Her parents were Maria Theresa and Francis I Holy Roman Emperor. Marie had 15 brothers and sisters, there
names were unknown. She had 8 sisters and 7 brothers. Marie didn't really have any kind of education, she was homeschooled and wasn't smart
either. She couldn't read or write either she was nearly illiterate. She was tutored by a old family friend, her name is unknown. At the age of 14 years old
Marie Antoinette was sent to France to marry the 15 year old Dauphin, Louis Auguste. She got married on May 16, 1770 in a royal chapel at the
palace of Versailles. It took almost 7 years before Marie and her husband ever thought about having kids. She had her first child at about the age 22.
Marie and her husband lived in a beautiful palace in Versailles. Marie had a total of 4 children. The children's names were Louis XVII of France,
Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, Marie ThГ©rГЁse of France, and Sophie HГ©lГЁne Beatrix of France. 2 of her children died at a young age. Her
first son died on June 4th 1789. Her other child died on July 14. Marie said after her children died ВЁNo one understands my ills nor the terror that
fills my breast who does not know the heart of a motherВЁ. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marie loved fashion and everyone wanted to dress just like Marie. She was a big role model for younger women. Some of Marie's hobbies was to
spend her nights at the theater, opera, and masked balls dancing until dawn. She gambled and played cards for days. Her favorite card game was
mainly poker. She lost fortunes and fortunes of money from playing poker. One of Marie's greatest accomplishments was being crowned queen.
Everyone thinks that Marie Antoinette was famous for saying the quote ВЁlet them eat cakeВЁ, Marie actually never even said that quote! Surprising

How Did Charles I Influence The World
As King of Spain Charles became ruler of many greater and lesser European states. He was the
heir of three of Europe's leading dynasties, Habsburg Monarchy, Burgundian Netherlands, and
the Crowns of Castile and Aragon. From Spain he ruled over large areas in Central, Western, and
Southern Europe, and the Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia. Charles was
the first king to rule Castile, LeГіn, and Aragon at the same time. In 1519,
Charles became Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. From that point forward, his
empire spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East, and the
Americas. Charles V was born on February 24, 1500 in Ghent Belgium. Charles died on
September 21, 1558 at age 58. He died from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charles was known to be one of the greatest
emperors in the world next to Charlemagne. Charles V wasn't a perfect leader with all the power
and land he owned he ran into multiple problems. shortly after Charles V was elected he ran into
problems with France for about his whole life. These problems made him expand but signing the
Treaty of Gravelines in 1520 . This treaty he signed with King Henry VIII of England helped

him invade North Italy in 1521. Which was then ruled by France. After defeating the French in
Pavia and capturing Francis I in 1525 Charles felt triumput. In 1526 Charles V got Francis I to
sign the Treaty of Madrid. The Treaty of Madrid gave Charles the land of Burgundy.
Also this treaty aloud Charles V to marry Francis I sister and also gave up many lands in Italy
like Flanders, Artois, and Tournai as well as parts of France all to Charles V. Although when
they released Francis I he crossed the border he said that this contract was never ratified and
attempted to dethrone Charles V. Charles was apart of four wars with France. Although Charles
V owned many land and had great power he spent most of his time battling. One of his

Sophie Germain's Life And Accomplishments
"Sophie Germain" Sophie was born in Paris on April 1, 1776, when the American Revolution began. Later the French Revolution would force her
childhood indoors from all of the dangers outside. She was born to Ambroise– Francois and Marie Germain. She was born into a middle class family
that later had money and her father became a director of a bank. As soon as she started to become recognized as a female mathematician she passed
away. She died on June 27, 1831 from breast cancer. While she was sick she continued her studies. After her death, her work was recognized by
many. Sophie's full name is Marie Sophie Germain. She went by Sophie due to how many Marie's were around. She would write many of her works
using an alias M. LeBlanc. She used this name to disguise her works so they could... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She worked hard and never gave up on her theories. The only awards Sophie received were: the contest she entered about Archimedes, an honorary
degree six years after her death, to be able to be the first women to attend Academie des Sciences meetings, and first woman invited to attend sessions
at the Institut de France. Many of Sophie's achievements were recognized after she died. Sophie Germain studied psychology and philosophy.
Sophie's works were in a few areas: she studied the number theory, Sophie prime numbers, and the theory of elasticity. She would study other areas to
gain more knowledge of these subjects. She did not have one study; she did multiple studies to prove theories and work of others. Sophie Germain fell
in love with math around the age of thirteen. She began to study math but was interrupted many times. Her parents did not approve of her studies

How Did King Leopold II Affect Society And Culture
Leopold II of Austria received his title as Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in 1790–92. His family's name was Habsburg–Lorraine. In 1790 the 43 year
old Leopold II accepted the throne. Leopold II ruled numerous domains. He was the Holy Roman Emperor of Austria, the Grand Duke of Tuscany,
the last King of Bohemia, the king of Hungary, and the king of Croatia. Leopold II was an emperor that demonstrated absolutism. Pretending to keep
what was usable in Joseph's plan; Leopold instead ignored or cancelled reforms when it was acceptable to oppose his ideas. However, he kept Joseph's
decree of allowing non–Catholics more religious freedom. He also crowned himself king of Bohemia and Hungary, unlike his brother Joseph II. He did
not inherit nor did... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example was on November 30, 1786, after he had de facto block capital executions. Leopold II promoted his reform of abolishing the death
penalty and destroyed tools used for execution. Leopold II affected society and culture because he promulgated culture and study, by erecting
universities, museums and libraries. An example of this is in 1784 he established the Accademia di Belle Arti, which declared a stop to artistic
workshops of mediaeval origin. This halt caused conflict because some people were not able to educate themselves on mediaeval beginnings.
Leopold II influenced the economy because he moderated his tax systems and encouraged the expansion of representative institutions. An instance
that exemplified this development was the execution of profitable public works, such as the drainage of the Val di Chiana. Leopold II was elected
emperor after his brother Joseph II died. Joseph II was also Leopold's predecessor. In 1791 he suffered various ailments. His complaints of
hypochondria, which led to his death, were put down by his family and doctor. Francis II, Leopold's son, was succeeded shortly before the French

How Did Joseph II Influence The Government
Although his mother held the position of Empresses until her death in 1780, Joseph II had a good influence on the Enlightenment, and his country,
pertaining to how she ran the state during the time. After his father's death, Joseph, having very many difficulties, ruled as emperor, or co–regent with
his mother, and died thinking he poorly accomplished his focuses. Joseph II, born in Vienna, Austria, on March 13, 1741, was a sole ruler of the
Austrian Habsburg dominions. Joseph was the first son of his parents, Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, and Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Grand
Duke of Tuscany. He was baptized as Joseph Benedict Augustus Johann Anton Michael Adam. He had two siblings, his sister, Marie Antoinette, and
his brother, Leopold II. As a boy, Joseph knew he would grow to become an intelligent ruler. He studied politics, and worked hard for the things he
believed. According to www.thefamouspeople.com Joseph acquired his knowledge... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, he attempted to finish his mother's work of reform before accomplishing this change. Many of her decisions made, while in rule, Joseph
strongly supported. But when it came to his idea of religious tolerance, she disapproved. Joseph was a strong believer in what he thought was right,
as well as necessary. According to www.biography.com, while in rule with his mother, Joseph himself, issued decrees that promoted equality and
education, but the speed and scope of his reforms led to problems for him and his empire. He also took control over the army and foreign affairs. His
foremost work as an emperor though, was to consolidate an education system throughout the monarchy says www.thefamouspeople.com. He made
education compulsory for all children, as he expanded it. He made it fair for the poor to get equal education br creating scholarship programs. And he
appointed the best of scholars and scientists to the University of

The Legacy Of Christianity And Destabilized The Pre-Roman...
Although Christianity destabilized the pre–Roman Empire, the legacy reigned throughout history, resulting in a stabilized government, devotion from
followers, and overall, shaped and impacted the lives of average civilians. Average people throughout Western Europe devoted their lives to Christianity,
performing tasks "in the name of God," and donating wealth to the poor and church. Christianity eventually became part of the establishment, therefore
rulers influenced and enforced Christianity upon society. Jesus Christ used his teachings to gain followers and spread Christianity through inclusivity
of the oppressed: women, the poor, and the dispossessed. Christianity spread throughout Rome and created disorder because it was not part of the
establishment. During his time in the first century, Jesus preached to villagers and recruited twelve disciples to spread his ideas, known as apostles.
The oppressed contributed to the spread. Jesus' ideas gave women confidence and power. Timothy 3:11 in the Holy Bible states "In the same way, the
women are to be worthy of respect, not malicious talkers but temperate and trustworthy in everything." In previous times, society oppressed women, but
the Bible and teachings of Jesus empowered and gave respect towards women. On the other hand, the wealthy prevailed over the impoverished.
Christianity entitled the poor and urged the privileged to help, as stated in Deuteronomy 24:14–15, "You shall not oppress a hired servant who is poor

Maria Theresa Research Paper
Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria at the Hofburg Palace on May 13, 1717 and was the second child and eldest daughter of Charles VI, who
was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and his wife, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick–WolfenbГјttel. Since Charles VI was the last
remaining male heir to the Habsburg throne as his only son and sole male heir and Maria Theresa eldest brother died shortly before Maria was
born. So Charles VI reformed the Salic Law, which prevented any heir who were female to succeed her father as Charles VI feared that he might
not produce a son. In 1713 Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which ensure his eldest daughter the right to take over and succeed the throne
and inherit his united lands when he died. During 1720 Charles VI worked endlessly to earn supports for the Pragmatic sanction from his crown
lands and over time they reluctantly agreed to honor and uphold the sanction. Charles VI was often encouraged by Prince Eugene who was his most
trusted and loyal adviser of Savoy to marry Maria off to a very powerful prince but instead, Charles VI allowed his daughter to be one of the few
people in her... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maria Theresa was only 23 years old when she succeed the Habsburg throne. After Maria Theresa gained the titles of Holy Roman Empress,
Empress of Austria, and Queen of Hungary the Austrian, Netherlands, Bohemia, and Hungary who were her subjects were quick to accept Maria
Theresa as their empress. But Maria Theresa immediately faced resistance to her succession from European powers especially Prussia who had
previously agreed to her father's Pragmatic Sanction. Under the leadership of Frederick II who was King of Prussia, the Europeans powers formed a
coalition against Maria Theresa which was call the War of the Austrian Succession. The war ended in 1748, and Maria was forced to accept the loss
of her three Italian territories to France and let Prussia keep the province

Essay Christianity
Christianity is the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Most followers of Christianity, called Christians, are members of one of
three major groups––Roman Catholic, Protestant, or Eastern Orthodox. These groups have different beliefs about Jesus and His teachings. But all
consider Jesus central to their religion. Most Christians believe God sent Jesus into the world as the Savior. Christianity teaches that humanity can
achieve salvation through Jesus. Jesus lived in Judea (later called Palestine), a Middle Eastern land ruled by the Romans. The Romans crucified Jesus
about A.D. 30. Jesus' followers were convinced that He rose from the dead, and they soon spread Christianity to major cities throughout the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two practices important to Christian worship usually take place in churches. These practices are (1) baptism and (2) the Eucharist, also called
Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper. The ceremony of baptism celebrates an individual's entrance into Christianity. The Eucharist represents the
Last Supper, the final meal that Jesus shared with His disciples. Worshipers share bread and wine in the Eucharist as a sign of their unity with each
other and with Jesus. Christians see Jesus as continuous with the God of Judaism. A collection of Christian writings was added to the Jewish
scriptures known as the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible. The Christian writings, called the New Testament, record the life and teachings of Jesus.
They also describe the development of the early church and explain what faith in Jesus means. The Christian Bible includes both the Old and New
Testaments. Some Christian groups also accept as part of the Bible a collection of writings called the Apocrypha. The origin of Christianity Jesus'
ministry. Christianity originated in the ministry of Jesus. During His lifetime, Jesus preached the gospel, meaning good news, that God was coming
to earth to be among His people in a special way. Jesus called this special way the Kingdom of God. He warned His listeners to repent their sinful ways
to be ready for the approaching Kingdom of God. In urging

Pope Julius II: Pope Julius II
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and perspective. A time where artists thrived. Some Renaissance artist included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli,
Donatello, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian. Each of these artists worked for Patrons, the people who paid them to create art.
Michelangelo, along with many other artists during the renaissance, was very famous and turned out to be very wealthy. One of his patrons was
named Pope Julius II. Pope Julius II has the nicknames, fearsome pope and the warrior pope. He paid Michelangelo to paint in the Sistine Chapel. The
ceiling of the the chapel contains paintings of people in depth and figure. Michelangelo also got portions of money from grateful popes and princesses.
Leonardo was first

Sophie Germain Research Paper
Marie Sophie Germain was born on April 1,1776 in Rue Saint–Denis, Paris, France. Even though her first name is Marie, she went by Sophie (Sophie,
Famous). Since Sophie was a girl, she was not eligible to go to school because of her gender. Her father had an interest in mathematics she began
to read the books on the subject of mathematical theory that belonged in her father's library, in her free time while she was home (Sophie,
Famous). She was even able to teach herself the language of Latin and Greek, with the acknowledgement of these languages she was able to read
the works of Leonhard Euler and Isaac Newton. The only famous teacher she had was Joseph Louis Lagrange (Sophie, Famous). During lectures
(she was able to get lecture notes) she was able to send her work to him. Sophie learned that she had Breast Cancer (Sophie, Famous). Even though
she had Breast Cancer, she persevered and she led to the discovery of laws of equilibrium and the movement of elastic solids (Sophie, Scientist). She
lost the battle to her cancer and she died on June 27, 1831 (Sophie,Famous).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Germain was famous for Formulating Sophie Germain's theorem and her work in number theory, mathematics acoustics and elasticity (Sophie,
Famous). She submitted a letter to the Carl Friedrich Gauss. The letter contained the first substantial progress toward a proof in the area of number
theory in the last 200 years, the Sophie Germain theory (Sophie, Famous). In the area of elasticity, Germain wrote a paper on 1811, she submitted that
paper three times to a contest. On her last attempt she won the contest and she was the first ever girl to win the Paris Academy of Sciences (Sophie,
Famous). Sophie Germain was important to mathematics because of her work in elasticity, number theory, and

Essay on Enlightened Despots
Enlightened Despots Enlightened despots believed that political change could best come from above; from the ruler. However, they were encouraged
by the philosophers to make good laws to promote human happiness. How did these monarchs differ from earlier unenlightened monarchs of the past?
The difference lay in tempo. These new despots acted abruptly and desired quicker results. They were impatient with all that stood in the way of their
reforms. In addition, they justified their authority on the grounds of usefulness, not divine right. These new monarchs were rational and reformist and
they regarded political change as possible and desirable. Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II are good examples of Enlightened...
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Catherine the Great was the German wife of Peter III. She corresponded actively with Voltaire and other prominent eighteenth–century thinkers, and
paid lip service to their liberal ideas; but she did little to reform or modernize Russia. She introduced such western ideas as pleased her, at the same time
increasing Russian autocracy and military power. In addition, she extended Russia's boundaries southward and westward. Catherine joined with Austria
and Prussia in three partitions that completely eliminated independent Poland. On the death of Charles VI (1740), the Habsburg dominions passed to
his twenty–three year old daughter Maria Theresa. The German princes ignored the Pragmatic Sanction (1713) guaranteeing her succession, and
looked forward to partitioning the Habsburg's lands. Frederick the Great, who had just inherited the Prussian throne, was first to strike. He invaded
Silesia and won solid victories. Maria Theresa soon demonstrated that she had a strong mind and will of her own. She went to Hungary's Magyar
nobles and appealed for support. In exchange for her promise of sovereignty within the Habsburg Empire, the Magyars offered her loyalty and the
troops necessary to resist the invaders. With Hungarian troops and British and Dutch financial aide she was able to fight Prussia to a standstill, but
she did not regain Silesia. The Empress Maria Theresa believed in the need for reform. She increased taxes on

The Battle of Austerlitz Essay
Everyone knows that Napoleon was a great leader and commander but it is not as cut and dry as popular history makes it out to be. His great victory
at Austerlitz cemented him as one of the greatest commanders in history. This battle is was a tactical masterpiece up there with Gaugamela and
Cannae. However, there is more to analyze here than just the battle itself. Many aspects of war include mobilization, supply, training, moral, army
structure etc. and all play a part in Napoleon's victories and the creation of the French Empire. Another variable to consider is the quality of the armies
led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia and the Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of Austria. The focus here is to look at how these aspects played a role in...
Napoleon truly believed in keeping his soldiers healthy and happy. There are more things to compare and analyze here and with the help of
countless memoirs from soldiers on the field and commanders, it is possible to delve deeper into the variables of the battle. This also includes a
background of how the state of the armies and their countries were before the battle took place. Primary sources include the memoirs of Napoleon,
Memoirs from the Courts of Europe regarding the French, and memoirs from Russian commanders regarding the battle. Another good primary
source is that of D.J. Larrey, a medical doctor and surgeon who was the first surgeon of Napoleon's Imperial Guard. Being a surgeon, he had to deal
many health issues that came up during campaign. It is no secret that disease could kill an army much more effectively than a musket. Secondary
sources include texts by biographers and historians. One includes that of Alan Schom who saw much controversy on his portrayel of Napoleon but in
response he said that he wanted to give Napoleon his "just due." A book by Frederick W. Kagan also illustrates thebattle of Austerlitz in vivid detail and
includes maps and troop layouts and formations. Alan Forrest wrote a consolidated account of the French soldier under Napoleon by using the
writings of the soldiers. This will be good to give an idea of the type of psychological state that Napoleon's men were in. Rory Muir also wrote a

King Joseph II, The Enlightened Despot
Joseph II, the Enlightened Despot When Maria Theresa – Empress of Austria (1717–1780) – died, her son, Joseph II, became the absolute ruler and
enacted all reforms which he wanted to fulfil, and which opposed those of his mother. Greatly influenced by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and
equality, his ideas of abolishing serfdom, carrying out the reforms of religious toleration, and promoting welfare for the people best reflected the
Enlightenment ideals.
In the political order of the Holy Roman Empire, neither freedom, religion, nor religious equality were granted. After his coronation, Joseph set reforms
which "notably included important steps towards serf liberation and, most strikingly, increased religious tolerance for most non–Catholics" ... Show
The welfare of the people was of considerable concern to him, and, being a well–intentioned and earnest despot, Joseph II led them to their good by
raising funds, founding orphanages, maternity hospitals and various institutions. His policies contributed to their welfare by "freeing them from the
superstitions and prejudices of the past through exposure to enlightened doctrines" (Davis 166). Moreover, Joseph wrote a system where it was made
necessary that each state had primary education and well paid teachers. He created pension funds for the retired monks as well as for their students,
so that they may help run the government, which would help the empire to grow stronger. Promoting welfare, to Joseph, is aspired to save people
from their own "follies" and for their good, an ideal coincidental with monarchal interests. Therefore, Joseph's government is an Enlightenment ideal
because the government is doing something good for the people, and his power over everything allowed him to work for the welfare of his

Enlightment for Fredrick the Great of Prussia and Joseph...
Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria adopted the newfound ideas of the Enlightenment to different extents with Frederick the Great
advancing the ideas by implementing religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, and setting a single code of laws for all of his subjects and
not advancing them by not abolishing serfdom for fear of upsetting the "Junkers", or Prussian nobility; Joseph II advanced the ideas of the
Enlightenment eagerly by completely abolishing serfdom paying no heed to what it could cause socially and politically and he didn't advance these
ideas in the end because his many reforms caused alienation of the church and nobility and radical changes in social hierarchy.
Frederick the Great of Prussia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of these reforms though were to please the querulous nobility and prevent them from trying to interfere with the government and upset social
balance. Frederick the Great set limitations whilst accepting Enlightenment ideas when it interfered with the good of his subjects, economy and his
beloved military. All of these three topics depended on the Prussian nobility, or the "Junkers" who owned large amounts of land had many serfs to
farm it. Many of these Junkers also held important military ranks in the army. Frederick the Great could have chosen to abolish serfdom but did not
for this would greatly anger the Junkers, the backbone of the Prussian state and military. It was said that Prussia was not a country with an army: it
was an army with a country. In Frederick's military, he did not abolish torture to help install discipline and honesty in his soldiers. Keeping this helped
his army become the fourth strongest army in Europe.
Joseph II of Austria strictly believed that reason was the best and only path to take and so accepted nearly all of the new Enlightenment ideas on his
traditionally run empire causing major issues. One

Klemens Von Metternich
KLEMENS VON METTERNICH Statesman; born at Coblenz, 15 May, 1773; died at Vienna, 11 June, 1859; son of Count Georg, Austrian envoy
of the Court of Vienna at Coblenz, and Maria Beatrix, nГ©e Countess von Kageneck. He studied philosophy at the University of Strasburg, and law
and diplomacy at Mainz. A journey to England completed his education. Metternich began his public career in 1801 as Austrian ambassador to the
Court of Dresden. Though he had for several years prepared himself for a diplomatic career, he was especially fortunate in being immediately
appointed to so prominent a position. Only two years later he was made ambassador to Berlin. The emperor considered it very important to have a
minister at Berlin who could gain the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Napoleon raged, threatened, and leaped up like a chafed lion. Metternich remained calm. Napoleon let his hat, which he was holding under his arm,
drop to the floor. Metternich did not stoop to pick it up. The emperor also tried persuasion. "Your sovereigns", he said, "who were born to their
thrones cannot comprehend the feelings that move me. To them it is nothing to return to their capitals defeated. But I am a soldier. I need honour
and glory. I cannot reappear among my people devoid of prestige. I must remain great, admired, covered with glory." For that reason, he said, he
could not accept the proposed conditions of peace. Metternich replied, "But when will this condition of things cease, in which defeat and victory are
alike reasons for continuing these dismal wars? If victorious, you insist upon the fruits of your victory; if defeated, you are determined to rise again."
Napoleon made various offers for Austria's neutrality, but Metternich declined all bargaining, and Napoleon's oft–repeated threat, "We shall meet in
Vienna", was his farewell to Metternich. Metternich gave the signal for war, and Schwarzenberg led the decisive battle of Leipzig. The Emperor
Francis raised his "beloved Count Metternich" to the rank of Austrian prince. "Your able efforts in conducting the department with which I entrusted
you in difficult times are now, at a moment highly decisive in the world's destiny,

History Of The Beginnings Of A Successful Ruler: Maria...
The Beginnings of a Successful Ruler
In 1729, Charles Lewis wrote in a letter to his friend, a description of the young Maria Theresa. He wrote, "The eldest Archduchess Maria Theresa
is brought up in the agreeable prospect of the vast dominions possessed by the Emperor. This young Princess has very much of the Air of the
Empress her mother and if Heaven designs her for the Sovereignty of the Empire, God grant she may also resemble in her Virtues!" Maria Theresa
would in fact go on to become the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions, coming into power through succession. According to the New World
Encyclopedia, Maria Theresa's titles from birth to death were, "Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 – October 20,
1740), Her Majesty The Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (October 20, 1740 – September 13, 1745), Her Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman ... Show
Though there were a few causes of the Seven Years' War, like the long
–time power struggle between France and England and the French and Indian war
technically already beginning in 1754, what more or less sent the war into action was another issue between Frederick the Great and Maria
Theresa. In 1756 Frederick II invaded Saxony, and it was no surprise that he was once again trying to take something that in fact, did not belong to
him. Maria Theresa, on the other hand, was still bitter about losing Silesia to Prussia, and she saw the war as a way to possibly retake Silesia. She
can't really be blamed for wanting to take back what was originally apart of the Habsburg dominions and that which she felt had been unfairly taken
away. Unfortunately for her, Silesia was not recovered and France lost the war with many repercussions, while Austria got more of a slap on the

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Essay
Charles Hapsburg, who later became Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was born in the Flemish city of Ghent on February 24, 1500 (3) to Phillip
the Handsome and Joanna the Mad (2). He had four sisters: Eleanor, Isabel, Mary, and Katherine. Ferdinand I was his only brother (7). His maternal
grandparents were the very famous Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon who funded Columbus's expeditions (6). His paternal grandfather was
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (7). Charles V was raised in the Netherlands without his parents (3). His aunt, Margaret of Austria raised him after
the death of his father (9) due to the fact that his mother was insane and therefore incapable of caring for him (11). Adrian of Utrecht, who later
became Pope Adrian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His main goal during his rule was to bring together all of his territories into one universal Catholic union (3). France to the west and the Turks in
Hungary to the east were problems for Charles throughout his reign (4). In 1525, during the Battle of Pavia, Charles V's army took Francis I, the
French ruler, hostage. While in captivity, Francis I was forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid. Charles V eventually released him, and when out of
captivity, Francis immediately joined forces with Henry VIII and Pope Clement VII against Charles V. Four years after the Battle of Pavia, in
1529, Charles and Francis signed another treaty called the Peace of Cambria. In it, Francis I was to give Italy to Charles. In exchange, Charles V
was to give Burgundy to Francis I (3). Charles V knew that the Ottoman Turks were a huge danger to his empire (3). Led by Suleiman the
Magnificent, they captured Hungary, but they failed to take Europe when their siege at Vienna failed in 1529 (2). To help protect his people, Charles V
joined with the Pope to create an anti–Turkish alliance in 1538. Unfortunately for Charles V, this alliance failed. As a result, he had to sign a five
–year
treaty with the Ottoman Turks in 1547 (3). The Protestant Reformation was also a huge obstacle for Charles V during his reign. Being a devout
Catholic, he believed that the Protestant Reformation was evil, based on lies, and encouraged rebellion (1). He also viewed it as

The Decline of the Holy Roman Empire Essay
The Holy Roman Empire was an empire in central Europe consisting of many territories and ethnicities. Once very powerful, the empire's authority
slowly decreased over centuries and by the Middle Ages the emperor was little more than a figurehead, allowing princes to govern smaller sections of
the empire. Though the various ruling princes owed loyalty to the emperor, they were also granted a degree of independence and privileges. The
emperor, an elected monarch, needed the allegiance of the princes and other aristocracy to support him, in turn giving them power or money. This
tenuous allegiance between powers was greatly strained in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as religious reform dominated Europe and religious
tensions... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On October 31, 1517, when monk Martin Luther nailed The 95 Theses to the door of a cathedral in Wittenberg, Germany, he had no idea that he was
sparking the Protestant Reformation (Greengrass 44–45). These 95 theses consisted of Luther's complaints and disagreements with and regarding the
Catholic Church, particularly on the use of indulgences – a "remission of temporal penalties for sin" sold to individuals seeking salvation (Greengrass
6, 44). The indulgences were claimed to lessen the time an individual's soul spent in purgatory, commissioned by the Pope of the time, Leo X, and in
collaboration with various bishops and archbishops (Linder 22). When Luther nailed his theses to the door, they quickly spread, spurning uproar. First,
the theses were sent to Archbishop Albrecht, the superior of an indulgence–selling monk that parishioners of Luther had come into contact with. Then,
the document (originally published in Latin) was translated to German and spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Luther verbalized many
common complaints in his theses and became a sort of hero. The ability of the printing press enabled Luther's theses to widely circulate as he was
thrust into public eye and began the path of Reformation (Linder 23–24). A large part of Luther's success came from the Reformation propaganda that
spread through the printing press. Mostly woodcuts,

Amadeus, the Movie Essay
Amadeus begins with an attempted suicide by composer Antonio Salieri, who is overcome with guilt about supposedly killing Mozart. His life is
saved by his aids and he is sent to what looks like a mental hospital, where a priest is sent to council him. The whole story is told through the eyes
of Salieri on his death bed, confessing to his priest. The whole movie takes place in Vienna, Austria. Besides the first few scenes where Mozart is
seen as a child, the story begins in 1782 when Mozart is the age of 26; the story being told by Salieri takes place around 1825, near his death. Amadeus
is primarily set in the noble class, and doesn't do the best job portraying the poor side of life. For the noble's of course living conditions are fine, ...
However Mozart never sees through his deception and thinks of his as a loyal friend and colleague to the end. Constanze Mozart, played by
Elizabeth Berridge, is the wife of Mozart. She is by far the most sensible in the relationship. Throughout the whole movie she is concerned of
Mozart's frivolous spending and at some points, refusal to do work that really pays. She is also extremely concerned of Mozart's physical and mental
well–being. She is also the only one who can stand up to Mozart's father for him, calling him lazy and unappreciative. I was much more fond of the
symphony music played by Mozart, although there was not much featured in the movie. I am not a big fan of Opera's to begin with, so I am a little
biased when judging them. I found Don Giovanni and the Opera written alongside Salieri more preferential; there was more substance and feeling in
those. The opera Figaro to be extremely boring; apparently so did Joseph II. It was extremely slow with the same dark melody the whole piece. I
most enjoyed the first Opera commissioned by Emperor Joseph II. The whole piece was brilliantly put together, I can't imagine how someone could
put all those notes together and make is sound like it did. It reminds me of listening to Jimi Hendrix on the guitar, or Bach on the Harpsichord. Mozart
was an extremely childish, immature person; yet one of the most talented musicians of all time.

Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg. Prior to Theresa's birth, in 1700
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and Archdukes Joseph and Charles of Austria signed the Mutual Pact of Succession, giving the eldest son's
daughters a higher position in the line of succession. After Emperor Leopold I and Joseph I died, Archduke Charles of Austria ascended the throne. As
the last male heir of the Habsburg Empire, Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. With this, Charles VI's nieces were placed behind his
daughters in the line of succession. Though Prince Eugene of Savoy, Charles VI's advisor, urged against the sanction, in favor of expanding the
Austrian military and treasury, Charles VI secured the sanction, leaving Austria bankrupted. As the heir of the bankrupt state, Maria Theresa would
face great losses in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War as a result of Austria's impoverished state.
Theresa ascended the throne as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary in 1740 following... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Austrian troops forced French forces out of Bohemia, Theresa declared herself Queen of Bohemia in May 1743. With this, Austrian forces
advanced on the Rhine frontier, and in August 1744Prussian forces destroyed Prague. The following year, Charles VII died in January 1745. Upon
Charles VII's death, Duke Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor and Theresa became Holy Roman Empress in September 1745. As Holy
Roman Empress, Theresa was forced to relinquish Silesia to Prussia as the Treaty of Breslau was signed in December 1745. Conflict continued
throughout Italy and the Netherlands for the following three years. Finally, with the Treat of Aix–La–Chapelle, the War of the Austrian Succession
ended, leaving Silesia under Prussian and relinquishing the Duchy of Parma to

Michael Jean Research Paper
Michaelle Jean is a Catholic who was born on September 6, 1957, in Port–au–Prince, Haiti. This year she is 59 years old. In her early life, she lived a
middle–class life. Her parents decided not to let her go to school because she would have to swear under the dictator, FranГ§ois "Papa Doc" Duvalier.
Instead, Michaelle was home–schooled. Her father got tortured, so he fled to Thetford Mines, Quebec in 1967, and the following year, Michaelle and
the rest of her family joined. The family eventually separated because her father became violent. Michaelle left with her mother and sister to go to
Montreal. She received a bachelor's degree in Italian and Spanish at the UniversitГ© de MontrГ©al. She received many scholarships to let to make
trips to Italy to study at the Perugia, Florence, and Milan universities. She knew how to speak five languages and worked for shelters for abused
women. She married a Canadian filmmaker, Jean–Daniel Lafond, and adopted Marie–Г‰den from Jacmel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1897, the National Film board producer invited her as an interviewer and researcher on a show about the Haitian elections. A year later, she became
the filmmaker, reporter, and broadcaster for Radio–Canada. She was the first black person on French television news. She was a reporter and host for
other programs too and eventually, she won many awards. She was famous among the Francophone Canadians, and she started her own show called
MichaГ«lle in 2004. Since her husband was a filmmaker, the couple was able to make a few films together. Michaelle produced and hosted multiple
French and English shows and eventually became the Governor General of

Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755 and her birth place was in Vienna, Austria. Marie was the last to become Queen of France before
the French Revolution started. Her childhood ended shortly after she married Louis XVI of France at the age of 14, when Louis XVI was at the age
of 16. They got married on May 16, 1770. Marie Antoinette ruled as Queen of France for approximately 38 years. Her two–day trial which began on
October 14, 1793 for high treason. Marie was convicted by the court of French Revolutionary Tribunal which is a system by the National Convention
during in the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders. After her two–day trial, she was soon led to her execution on October 16, 1793.
Marie was 37 when she got decapitated just like her husband. Her execution took place in PLace de ;a Concorde, Paris, France. She was accused ...
He was known as a french lawyer and a politician, also he was one of the best figures accompanied with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.
On July 28, 1974, the french people had been relieved of the death of Robespierre. His execution took place in Place de la Concorde, Paris, France. For
a short period of time, Robespierre was a bad man who succeeded spreading terror all over France. He had and was a bad influence on other people
during his time of power in the French Revolution. Several people were in trouble while Robespierre was the leader. People always known him as
a villain. The French Revolution ended when Robespierre died. He got decapitated just like Queen Marie and King Louis XVI. He has been
arrested by National Convention for being disrespectful towards the people on July 27, 1794. Robespierre was responsible for the deaths of
thousands of people during the time frame in the French Revolution. Approximately 45, 000 people died and over 10, 000 moe were killed in many
massacres across the

Emilie Du Chattelet Research Paper
Emilie du Chatelet was born on December 17, 1706 in Paris France. She was the only girl among six children, were only three of the brothAs well
as her. Emilie died on September 10, 1749 in Luneville France at the age of 42 from Pulmonary Embolism after giving birth to a child she had
during an affair. She was named Stanislas Adelaide, who passed 20 weeks later. A historic event that happened during Emilie's life time is on
October 11, when George the second had his Coronation. Handel's Coronation Anthem was composed for the event as well as Zadok the Priest,
which had been played at every subsequent coronation of the British Monarch. Later on November 9th, Spain, England and France signed the Treaty
of Seville. Our last event was on November 18, when an earthquake in Tazriz, Persia kills 77,000 people.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of her families acquaintances was Fontenelle, an perpetual secretary of the French Academie des Sciences. Emilie's father noticed her brilliance
at age 10 and asked for Fontenelle to meet with her. Emilie's mother is believed to disapprove of all of this. As a result of all the tutors that her father
would bring to the house, by the time she was 12 she was fluent in, Latin, Italian, Greek, and German. She got education in mathematics, literature, and
science. Her mother Gabrielle–Anne was horrified about what she was learning and fought Louis–Nicolas at every step, once almost sending Emilie to a

Marie Antoinette Essay
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette was the wife of King Louis XVI of France. She was born in
1755 in France and was the daughter of the Great Emperor Francis I and Maria
Theresa of Austria. Because here parents came from two countries at war with each other, their marriage formed a peace treaty. Marie was very
spoiled and grew up with an extravagant lifestyle. She herself became the wife of the next heir to the French throne to further keep the peace. The heir
was Louis
XVI, who was a very dull and unsociable person. She was the opposite. She was beautiful, vivacious and bent on pleasure. She became very
insensitive to the plight of poor people. When she was queen, her spending only aggravated the difficult economic crisis of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She laughed and just said, "Let them eat cake, then!". Whether or not she really said this, the truth of the matter was that this story
portrayed the way she really thought. She was either completely naive about the problems of the common people, or she thought that they were of no
value.
In 1774, Louis XV died, and his son Louis XVI became the true King. People were dying of starvation and most of the people were blaming it on the
Queen
Mari Antquonette. On Oct, 5 during the French revolution, thousands of people marched from Paris to Versailles (ThePalace) to present there food
demands to the king. They some how forced the royal family to come with them back to Paris.
After spending months in the Parisian Palace as prisoners, the Queen and
King tried to escape to the eastern border. Unfortunately, they did not make it.
They were recognized and forced back. On August 10, 1972, revolutionaries stormed the Palace of Tuileries and killed all of theSwiss Guards. The
Royal family was imprisoned. On September 22, France was proclaimed a republic and on
October 14, Louis XVI was beheaded and on Jan 21, The queen was sentenced to
Treason and became a victim to the Guillotine.
Marie Antoinette is very famous, but not for any good deeds. She is well known for her selfishness and self indulgence. This story shows that even

powerful royalty is useless without followers. It shows how the poorest people, with so little power, can overthrow a great monarchy. Marie

Enlightened Despotism in Prussia
Assignment: 1
Critically examine the main features of Enlightened Despotism in 18th century Prussia.
The Enlightenment refers to an important cultural and intellectual movement of the 18th century, whose goal was to establish knowledge based on an
enlightened rationality. Enlightened Absolutism or Enlightened Despotism as it is more often called can be defined as a form of government strongly
influenced by the wide propagation of ideas and the political philosophy of the Enlightenment. It is a term first used by the Philosophes in the second
half of the 18th century that manifested to describe a particular phase in the development of absolutism. The term 'Enlightened Despot' refers to those
18th century monarchs who were familiar with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Christian Wolff was the first to introduce the ideas of the Enlightenment into German administrative theory. His ideas derive from the Enlightenment.
According to Wolff, the state was a voluntary contract between individuals and the main purpose of the state was to further welfare and security. At the
same time, since the state has the duty to plan and implement measures for security and welfare, it has the right to insist that its citizens obey its orders.
It is emphasized that they are bound to do willingly whatever the authorities deem to be right. These ideas were expounded and elaborated, without
adding anything new, by the German political theorists of the 18th century and particularly by the followers of Wolff.
In practice, Enlightened Absolutism was certainly not so radical. The Physiocrats never got beyond the initial stages in the implementation of their
doctrines. Thus the French doctrine of Despotisme Г©claire remains an interesting trend of thought, but its practical effect was almost nil. The direct
influence of the German 18th century administrative theory was not much as well.
Frederick II of Prussia is often regarded as the first true enlightened despot. He was the first monarch who declared 'the sovereign is the first servant of
the state' and presented Europe with a model of progressive monarchy. Frederick cultivated friendship with several Philosophes and believed that inputs
from them could be used to make the administration of

Sophie's Contribution To The American Revolution
Sophie Germain was born April 1st of 1776, an era of revolution. The American Revolution began around the year of her birth. Then thirteen years
passed when the French Revolution began in her own country. In many ways Sophie personified the spirit of revolution into which she was born.
She was a middle class female who went against the wishes of her family and the social prejudices of the time to become a highly recognized
mathematician. Like the member of a revolution, her life was full of determination, up and downhill struggles. It took a long time for her to be
recognized and appreciated for her contributions to the field of mathematics, but she did not give up. Because she was a woman she was never given
as much credit as she was due... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At about this time the French Academy of Sciences announced a contest to explain the "underlying mathematical law" of a German physicist's study
on the vibration of elastic surfaces. Sophie was fascinated and set out to explain the law underlying Chladni's study. The Academy set a two year
deadline, and in 1811 Sophie submitted the only entry in the contest. Her lack of formal education was evident in the anonymous paper she submitted,
and thus she was not awarded the prize. She still had much to learn in the area. Lagrange was able to correct her errors and two years later she again
entered the contest which had been extended. She received honorable mention this time. Finally in 1816, she entered the contest for the third time and
won with her paper Memoir on the Vibrations of Elastic Plates. Upon earning the prize, the judges did relate that there were some serious shortcomings
in her explanation. These shortcomings would not be corrected for decades. After winning the contest, Sophie continued her work on the theory of
elasticity publishing several more memoirs. The most important of these deals with the "nature, bounds, and extent of elastic surfaces" (Osen 90). Her
work in the theory of elasticity would prove to be very important to the

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