BIM Data Mining Unit2 by Tekendra Nath Yogi

Unit 2 : Data Preprocessing
Presented By : Tekendra Nath Yogi
Tekendranath@gmail.com
College Of Applied Business And Technology

Contd…
• Outline:
– Data types and attribute types
– Data preprocessing
– OLAP
– Characteristics of OLAP Systems
– Multidimensional views and data cubes
– Data cube implementations
– Data cube operations
– Guidelines for OLAP Implementation.
26/6/2019 By: Tekendra Nath Yogi

Introduction
• Variety of data and variety of data mining tools exist.
• Need to know about the data in order to select proper data mining tool.
• So, make closer look at attributes and data values

Contd….
• What is Data?
• Collection of data objects and their
attributes
• An attribute is a property or characteristic
of an object
– Examples: eye color of a person,
temperature, etc.
– Attribute is also known as variable,
field, characteristic, dimension, or
feature
• A collection of attributes describe an
object
– Object is also known as record, point,
case, sample, entity, or instance
Tid Refund Marital
Status
Taxable
Income Cheat
1 Yes Single 125K No
2 No Married 100K No
3 No Single 70K No
4 Yes Married 120K No
5 No Divorced 95K Yes
6 No Married 60K No
7 Yes Divorced 220K No
8 No Single 85K Yes
9 No Married 75K No
10 No Single 90K Yes
10
Attributes/ dimension
Objects

Contd….
• Attribute Values:
– Attribute values are numbers or symbols assigned to an attribute for a
particular object.
– Distinction between attributes and attribute values
• Same attribute can be mapped to different attribute values
– Example: height can be measured in feet or meter
• Different attributes can be mapped to the same set of values
– Example: Attribute values for ID and age are integers
– But properties of attribute values can be different

Contd….
• Types of Attributes :
– The type of attribute is determined by the set of possible values the attribute
can have.
– There are different types of attributes:
• Nominal attributes
• Binary attributes
• Ordinal attributes
• Numeric attributes
– Interval-scaled attributes
– Ratio-scaled attributes

Contd..
• Nominal Attributes:
– Nominal means “relating to names.”
– The values of a nominal attribute are symbols or names of
things.
– Each value represents some kind of category, code, or state, and
so nominal attributes are also referred to as categorical.
– The values do not have any meaningful order.
– E.g., : Hair_color = { black, brown, grey, red, white, etc}
Marital _status= { single, married, divorced}
June 6, 2019 7By: Tekendra Nath Yogi

Contd..
• Binary Attributes:
– A binary attribute is a nominal attribute with only two categories or states:
0 or 1, where 0 typically means that the attribute is absent, and 1 means
that it is present.
– Symmetric binary: both outcomes equally important
• e.g., gender = {male ,female}
– Asymmetric binary: outcomes not equally important.
• e.g., medical test (positive vs. negative)
• Convention: assign 1 to most important outcome(rarest)
(e.g., HIV positive) and other by 0(e.g., HIV negative)

Contd..
• Ordinal Attribute:
– An ordinal attribute is an attribute with possible values that have a
meaningful order or ranking among them, but the magnitude between
successive values is not known.
– E.g.: suppose that drink size corresponds to the size of drinks available at
a fast-food restaurant. This nominal attribute has three possible values:
small, medium, and large. The values have a meaningful sequence (which
corresponds to increasing drink size); however, we cannot tell from the
values how much bigger, say, a medium is than a large.

Contd..
• Numeric Attributes:
– It is a measurable quantity, represented in integer or real values.
– Numeric attributes can be interval-scaled or ratio-scaled.
– Interval-scaled :
• Interval-scaled attributes are measured on a scale of equal-size units.
• E.g.: calendar dates: For instance, the years 2002 and 2010 are eight years apart.
– Ratio-scaled attributes:
• a value as being a multiple (or ratio) of another value.
• examples of ratio-scaled attributes include count attributes such as years
of experience (e.g., the objects are employees)

Discrete vs. Continuous Attributes
• There are many ways to organize attribute types. The types are not
mutually exclusive.
• Discrete Attribute
– Has only a finite or countably infinite set of values
• E.g., Roll number, hari_colour, or the set of words in a collection of
documents
– Sometimes, represented as integer variables
– Note: Binary attributes are a special case of discrete attributes
• Continuous Attribute
– Has real numbers as attribute values
• E.g., temperature, Speed, etc
– Practically, real values can only be measured and represented using a finite
number of digits
– Continuous attributes are typically represented as floating-point variables

Types of data sets
• Record
– Data Matrix
– Document Data
– Transaction Data
• Graph
– World Wide Web
– Social or information networks
• Ordered
– Video data
– Temporal Data
– Sequential Data

Important Characteristics of Data
– Dimensionality (number of attributes)
• High dimensional data brings a number of challenges
– Sparsity
• Only presence counts
– Resolution
• Patterns depend on the scale
– Size
• Type of analysis may depend on size of data

Record Data
• Data that consists of a collection of records, each of which consists of a
fixed set of attributes
Tid Refund Marital
Status
Taxable
Income Cheat
1 Yes Single 125K No
2 No Married 100K No
3 No Single 70K No
4 Yes Married 120K No
5 No Divorced 95K Yes
6 No Married 60K No
7 Yes Divorced 220K No
8 No Single 85K Yes
9 No Married 75K No
10 No Single 90K Yes
10

Data Matrix
• If data objects have the same fixed set of numeric attributes, then the
data objects can be thought of as points in a multi-dimensional space,
where each dimension represents a distinct attribute
• Such data set can be represented by an m by n matrix, where there
are m rows, one for each object, and n columns, one for each attribute
1.12.216.226.2512.65
1.22.715.225.2710.23
ThicknessLoadDistanceProjection
of y load
Projection
of x Load
1.12.216.226.2512.65
1.22.715.225.2710.23
ThicknessLoadDistanceProjection
of y load
Projection
of x Load

Document Data
• Each document becomes a „term‟ vector
– Each term is a component (attribute) of the vector
– The value of each component is the number of times the
corresponding term occurs in the document.
Document 1
season
timeout
lost
win
game
score
ball
play
coach
team
Document 2
Document 3
3 0 5 0 2 6 0 2 0 2
0
0
7 0 2 1 0 0 3 0 0
1 0 0 1 2 2 0 3 0

Transaction Data
• A special type of record data, where
– Each record (transaction) involves a set of items.
– For example, consider a grocery store. The set of products purchased
by a customer during one shopping trip constitute a transaction, while
the individual products that were purchased are the items.
TID Items
1 Bread, Coke, Milk
2 Beer, Bread
3 Beer, Coke, Diaper, Milk
4 Beer, Bread, Diaper, Milk
5 Coke, Diaper, Milk

Graph Data
• Examples:
– Generic graph
– World-wide web
– Social or information networks
5
2
1
2
5

Ordered Data
• Video data: sequence of images
• Temporal data: time-series
• Sequential Data: transaction sequences

Data Preprocessing
• Data in the real world is dirty
– incomplete: lacking attribute values, lacking certain attributes of interest, or
containing only aggregate data e.g., occupation=“ ”
– noisy: containing errors or outliers e.g., Salary=“-10”
– inconsistent: containing discrepancies in codes or names e.g., Age=“62”
Birthday=“03/07/1997”
• No quality data, no quality mining results!
• So, data should be preprocessed to make it ready for quality mining

Contd….
• Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing:
– Data cleaning
• Fill in missing values, smooth noisy data, identify or remove outliers,
and resolve inconsistencies
– Data integration
• Integration of multiple databases, data cubes, or files
– Data transformation
• Normalization and aggregation
– Data reduction
• Obtains reduced representation in volume but produces the same or
similar analytical results
– Data discretization
• where the raw values of a numeric attribute (e.g., age) are replaced by
interval labels (e.g., 0–10, 11–20, etc.) or conceptual labels (e.g., youth,
adult, senior).

Contd….

1. Data Cleaning
• If data is dirty(incomplete, noisy, inconsistent) then:
– Can cause confusion for the data mining procedure, resulting in
unreliable output.
– Users can not trust the any results of data mining
• So, data cleaning is required.
• To clean data the following data cleaning tasks are performed:
– Fill in missing values
– Identify outliers and smooth out noisy data
– Correct inconsistent data

Contd…
• Missing Data:
– Data may not be always available
• E.g., many tuples have no recorded value for several attributes, such as
customer income in sales data
– Missing data may be due to:
• equipment malfunction
• inconsistent with other recorded data and thus deleted
• data not entered due to misunderstanding
• certain data may not be considered important at the time of entry
– Missing data may need to be inferred.

Contd….
• How to Handle Missing Data?
– Ignore the tuple:
• usually done when class label is missing
– Fill in the missing value manually:
• tedious + infeasible?
– Use a global constant to fill in the missing value:
• e.g., “unknown”
– Use the attribute mean to fill in the missing value
– Use the most probable value to fill in the missing value:

Contd…
• Noise:
– Random error or variance in a measured variable
– Noise (Incorrect attribute) values may due to
• faulty data collection instruments
• data entry problems
• data transmission problems
• technology limitation
• inconsistency in naming convention

Contd….
• How to Handle Noisy Data?
– Binning method:
• first sort data and partition into bins
• then smooth by bin means, smooth by bin median, smooth by bin
boundaries, etc.
– Clustering
• detect and remove outliers
– Combined computer and human inspection
• detect doubtful values and check by human
– Regression
• smooth by fitting the data into regression functions

Binning
• Three step process:
– Sort the data
– Make the bins by partitioning
– Smooth the data in each bins

Contd…
• Partitioning techniques to make bins:
– Equal-width (distance) partitioning:
– Equal-depth (frequency) partitioning

Contd…
– Equal-width (distance) partitioning:
• It divides the range into N intervals of equal size
• if A and B are the lowest and highest values of the attribute, the
width of intervals will be: W = (B-A)/N.
– Equal-depth (frequency) partitioning:
• It divides the range into N intervals, each containing approximately
same number of samples

Example: Binning Methods for Data Smoothing
* Sorted data for price (in dollars): 4, 8, 9, 15, 21, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34
* Partition into (equi-depth) bins:
- Bin 1: 4, 8, 9, 15
- Bin 2: 21, 21, 24, 25
- Bin 3: 26, 28, 29, 34
* Smoothing by bin means:
- Bin 1: 9, 9, 9, 9
- Bin 2: 23, 23, 23, 23
- Bin 3: 29, 29, 29, 29
* Smoothing by bin boundaries:
- Bin 1: 4, 4, 4, 15
- Bin 2: 21, 21, 25, 25
- Bin 3: 26, 26, 26, 34

2. Data Integration
• Data integration combines data from multiple sources into a
coherent store(e.g., DW).
• Careful integration can help reduce and avoid redundancies and
inconsistencies in the resulting data set.
• This can help improve the accuracy and speed of the subsequent
data mining process.

Contd..
• But, Entity identification problem:
• for the same real world entity, attribute values from different sources
are different.
• So how to identify these two attributes are for the same real world
entity.
• For example: how can the data analyst or the computer be sure that
customer id in one database and cust_number in another refer to the
same attribute?
• So how to transform one attribute into the another attribute during
integration?
• Solution: The Meta data can be used to help the transformation of data

3. Data Transformation
• In this preprocessing step, the data are transformed or consolidated so that
the resulting mining process may be more efficient, and the patterns found
may be easier to understand.
• Data Transformation Strategies:
– Aggregation: For example, the daily sales data may be aggregated so
as to compute monthly and annual total amounts.
– Normalization: where the attribute data are scaled so as to fall within
a smaller range, such as: -1.0 to 1.0, or 0.0 to 1.0.

4. Data Reduction
• Warehouse may store terabytes of data:
– Complex data mining may take a very long time to run on the complete
data set.
• Data reduction
– Obtains a reduced representation of the data set that is much smaller in
volume but yet produces the same (or almost the same) analytical results.

Data Reduction Strategies
• Data reduction strategies
– Data cube aggregation
– Dimensionality reduction
– Histograms
– clustering
– sampling

Contd..
• Data Cube Aggregation:
– Data for sales per quarter, for the years 2008 to 2010.
– interested in the annual sales (total per year), rather than the total per
quarter.
– Thus, the data can be aggregated so that the resulting data summarize the
total sales per year instead of per quarter.
– The resulting data set is smaller in volume, without loss of information
necessary for the analysis task.
– This aggregation is illustrated in Figure below.

Contd..
– Dimensionality Reduction:
• To reduce the dimensionality perform Feature selection (i.e., attribute
subset selection).
• I.e., create a data set containing only the relevant attributes for a
current analysis.
• that reduces the number of patterns in the result of data mining, so
that it becomes easier to understand

Contd..
For Example
Initial attribute set:
{A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6}
A4 ?
A1? A6?
Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 Class 2
> Reduced attribute set: {A1, A4, A6}

Histograms
• A popular data reduction technique
• Divide data into buckets and store average (sum) for each bucket
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10000 30000 50000 70000 90000

Clustering
• Partition data set into clusters, and one can store cluster
representation only.

Sampling
• Sampling is the main technique employed for data reduction.
– It is often used for both the preliminary investigation of the data
and the final data analysis.
• Statisticians often sample because obtaining the entire set of
data of interest is too expensive or time consuming.
• Sampling is typically used in data mining because processing
the entire set of data of interest is too expensive or time
consuming.

Contd…
• The key principle for effective sampling is the following:
– Using a sample will work almost as well as using the entire data set, if
the sample is representative
– A sample is representative if it has approximately the same properties
(of interest) as the original set of data

Data Warehouse: A Three-Tiered Architecture
Data
Warehouse
Extract
Transform
Load
Refresh
OLAP Engine
Analysis
Query
Reports
Data mining
Monitor
&
Integrator
Metadata
Data Sources Front-End Tools
Serve
Data Marts
Operational
DBs
Other
sources
Data Storage
OLAP Server

OLAP
• OLAP is a software technology concerned with fast analysis of enterprise
information.
• Often OLAP systems are data warehouse front end software tools to make
aggregate data available efficiently to an enterprise‟s decision makers
(analysts, managers and executives).
• Major OLAP applications are trend analysis over a number of time periods,
slicing, dicing , drill-down and roll-up to look at the data at different levels
of detail and pivoting or rotating to obtain a new multidimensional view.

Characteristics of OLAP Systems
• Users:
– OLAP systems are designed for decision makers. Therefore, an OLAP
system is likely to be accessed only by a selected group of managers and
may be used by dozens of users.
• Functions:
– OLAP systems are management critical to support an enterprise's decision
support functions using analytical investigations

Contd….
• Nature:
– Nature of usage of OLTP system is repetitive
– Nature of usage of OLAP system is mostly ad hoc
• Design:
– OLAP systems are designed to be subject-oriented.
– OLAP systems view enterprise information as multidimensional.

Contd….
• Data:
– OLAP systems require historical data over several years since trend are
often important in decision making.
• Kinds of use:
– OLAP systems normally do not update the data but refresh the data.

FASMI Characteristics of OLAP systems
• The FASMI characteristics of OLAP systems, the name
derived from the first letters of the characteristics, are:
– Fast
– Analytic
– Shared
– Multidimensional
– Information

Contd..
• Fast:
– OLAP queries should be answered very quickly, perhaps
within seconds.
– To achieve such performance:
• the data structure must be efficient and the hardware must be
powerful.
• Full pre-computation of aggregates
• Pre-compute the most commonly queried aggregates.

Contd..
• Analytic:
– An OLAP system must provide rich analytic functionality and it is
expected that most OLAP queries can be answered without any
programming.
– The system should be able to cope with any relevant queries for the
application and the user.

Contd..
• Shared:
– An OLAP system is a shared resource although it is unlikely to be
shared by hundreds of users.
– An OLAP system is likely to be accessed only by a selected group of
managers and may be use by mere dozens of users.
– Being a shared system, an OLAP system should provide adequate
security for confidentiality as well as integrity.

Contd..
• Multidimensional:
– This is the basic requirement.
– Whatever OLAP software is being used, it must provide a
multidimensional conceptual view of the data.

Contd..
• Information:
– OLAP systems usually obtain information from a data warehouse.
– The system should be able to handle a large amount of input data.
– The capacity of an OLAP system to handle information and its
integration with the data warehouse may be critical.

Codd’s OLAP characteristics
• The most important characteristics of OLAP systems provided by the
Codd are as follows:
– Multidimensional conceptual view
– Accessibility(OLAP as a mediator)
– Batch extraction vs interpretive
– Multi-user support
– Storing OLAP result
– Extraction of missing values
– Treatment of missing values
– Uniform reporting performance
– Generic dimensionality
– Unlimited dimensions and aggregation levels

Contd..
• Multidimensional conceptual view:
– By requiring a multidimensional view, it is possible to carry out
operations like slice and dice.
• Accessibility (OLAP as a mediator):
– The OLAP software should be sitting between data sources(e..g., a data
warehouse) and an OLAP front- end.

Contd..
• Batch extraction versus interpretive:
– An OLAP system should provide multidimensional data staging plus
partial pre-calculation of aggregates in large multidimensional
databases.
• Multi- user support:
– Since the OLAP system is shared, the OLAP software should provide
many normal database operations including retrieval, update,
concurrency control, integrity and security.

Contd..
• Storing OLAP results:
– OLAP results data should be kept separate from source data.
• Extraction of missing values:
– The OLAP system should distinguish missing values form zero values.
– A large data cube may have a large number of zeros as well as some
missing values.
– If a distinction is not made between zero values and missing values, the
aggregates are likely to be computed incorrectly.

Contd..
• Treatment of missing values:
– An OLAP system should ignore all missing values regardless of their
source.
– Correct aggregate values will be computed once the missing values are
ignored.
• Uniform reporting performance:
– Increasing the number of dimensions or database size should not
significantly degrade the reporting performance of the OLAP system.
– This is good objective although it may be difficult to achieve in
practice.

Contd..
• Generic dimensionality:
– An OLAP system should treat each dimension as equivalent in both its
structure and operational capabilities.
• Unlimited dimensions and aggregation levels:
– An OLAP system should allow unlimited dimensions and aggregations
and aggregation levels.
– but In practice, this is undesirable.

Multidimensional data model
• Data warehouses and OLAP tools are based on a multidimensional data
model.
• This model views data in the form of a data cube(models n-dimensional
data).
• What is a data cube?
– The data cube is a metaphor for multidimensional data storage.
• A data cube allows data to be modeled and viewed in multiple
dimensions. It is defined by dimensions and facts.
– Usually cubes are 3-D geometric structures, But in data warehousing
the data cube is n-dimensional and do not confine data to 3-D.

Contd…
• Dimensions:
– dimensions are the perspectives or entities with respect to which an
organization wants to keep records.
– For example: In a sales data warehouse for a store dimensions can be: time,
item, branch, and location.
– These dimensions allow the store to keep track of things like monthly sales
of items and the branches and locations at which the items were sold.
• Dimension table:
– Each dimension may have a table associated with it, called dimension table,
which further describe the dimension.
– E.g., item (item_name, brand, type), or time(day, week, month, quarter, year)

Contd…
• Fact and Fact table:
– A multidimensional data model is usually organized around a central
theme (e.g., sales).
– Numeric measures on this theme are called facts, and they are used to
analyze the relationships between the dimensions.
– The fact table contains the names of the facts, or measures (such as
dollars_sold) , as well as keys to each of the related dimension tables.

Contd..
• a simple 2-D data cube: a table or spreadsheet
• E.g.,

Contd..
• 3-D data cube: a set of similarly structured 2-D tables stacked on top of one
another.
• E.g.,

Contd..
• The 3-D data in the table are represented as a series of 2-D tables called 3-D data cube,
as in Figure below.
• Fig: A 3-D data cube representation of the data in Table previous slide, according to
time, item, and location.

Contd..
• 4-D cubes: a 4-D cube is a series of 3-D cubes, as shown in Figure below:
• in this way, we may display any n-dimensional data as a series of (n-1)-
Dimensional “cubes.”

Data Cube implementation
• Data warehouses contain huge volumes of data. OLAP servers demand that
decision support queries to answered in the order of seconds. It is crucial for
data warehouse systems to support highly efficient cube computation
techniques, access methods and query processing techniques.
• Efficient data cube computation:
– No Materialization
– Full Materialization
– Partial Materialization
• Access methods: How OLAP data can be indexed(Bit map and join indices)
• Query processing technique
• OLAP server types
– ROLAP
– MOLAP
– HOLAP

Contd…..
• Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids
– Given a set of dimensions, we can generate a cuboid for each of the
possible subsets of the given dimensions.
– The result would form a lattice of cuboids, each showing the data at a
different level of summarization(or group-by/aggregation).
– In data warehousing literature, the most detailed part of the cube is called
a base cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the highest-level of
summarization, is called the apex cuboid. The lattice of cuboids forms a
data cube.

Contd…
• Example:
– Suppose that you would like to create a data cube for a sales store that
contains : city, item, year, as the dimensions for the data cube and
sales_in_dollars as the measure.
– The possible group-by‟s are the following:
• {(city, item, year), (city, item), (city, year), (item, year), (city), (item), (year), ( )},
– These group-by‟s form a lattice of cuboids for the data cube, as shown
in Figure below.

Contd..

Contd…
• Two special types of cuboids:
– Base Cuboid:
• The base cuboid contains the all data for any combination of the given
n-dimensions.
• So, the most detailed part of the cube is called a base cuboid.
• The base cuboid is the least generalized(most specific) of the cuboids.
– Apex cuboid:
• The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the highest level of
summarization is called the apex cuboid.
• The apex cuboid is the most general(least specific) of the cuboids and
is often denotd as all.

• Curse of Dimensionality:
• OLAP may need to access different cuboids for different queries.
• a good idea :
• compute all or at least some of the cuboids in a data cube in advance.
• Pre-computation leads to fast response time and
• avoids some redundant computation.
• But, required storage space may explode (due to pre-computation of
all cuboid, large number of dimensions and large number of concept
hierarchies of dimensins)
• This problem is referred to as the curse of dimensionality
Contd…

There are three choices for data cube materialization(computation of
cuboids) given a base cuboid:
1. No Materialization
2. Full Materialization
3. Partial Materialization
Data cube Materialization

•No Materialization
Do not pre-compute any of the “non-base” cuboid.
This leads to computing expensive multidimensional aggregates on the fly,
which can be extremely slow.
Contd..

•Full Materialization
•Pre-compute all of the cuboids.
•The resulting lattice of computed cuboids is referred to as the full cube.
•This choice typically requires huge amounts of memory space in order to
store all of the pre-computed cuboids.
Contd..

•Partial Materialization
Selectively compute a proper subset of the whole set of possible cuboids.
It represents an interesting trade-off between storage space and response
time.
The partial materialization of cuboids or sub-cubes should consider three
factors:
 Identify the subset of cuboids or sub-cubes to materialize
 Exploit the materialized cuboids or sub-cubes during query
processing
 Efficiently update the materialized cuboid or sub-cubes during load
and refresh.
Contd..

Indexing OLAP DATA
• To facilitate efficient data accessing to further speed up query
processing.
• Two most commonly used methods
• The Bitmap indexing method and
• Join indexing method

• Bitmap Indexing:
• In the bitmap index for a given attribute, there is a distinct bit vector, Bv,
for each value v in the domain of the attribute.
• If the attribute has the value v for a given row in the data table, then the bit
representing that value is set to 1 in the corresponding row of the bitmap
index. All other bits for that row are set to 0.
• Bitmap indexing reduces join, aggregation, and comparison operations to
bit arithmetic.
Contd..

Figure below shows a base (data) table containing the dimensions item and city,
and its mapping to bitmap index tables for each of the dimensions.
Contd..

• Join indexing:
• The join indexing method gained popularity from its use in
relational database query processing.
• Join indexing registers the joinable rows of two relations from a
relational database.
• Hence, the join index records can identify joinable tuples
without performing costly join operations.
Contd..

Example: join index relationship between the sales fact table and the location and
item dimension tables is shown in figure below
Contd..
Here, the “Main Street” value in the location dimension table joins with tuples T57,
T238, and T884 of the sales fact table.
Similarly, the “Sony-TV” value in the item dimension table joins with tuples T57 and
T459 of the sales fact table.

Contd..
The corresponding join index tables are shown in Figure below.

•The purpose of materializing cuboids and constructing OLAP
index structures is to speed up query processing in data cubes.
Given materialized views, query processing should proceed as
follows:
1. Determine which operations should be performed on the available
cuboids.
2. Determine to which materialized cuboid(s) the relevant operations
should be applied.
Efficient Processing of OLAP Queries

Types of OLAP Servers
• OLAP servers present business users with multidimensional data from data
warehouses, without concerns regarding how or where the data are stored.
• However, the physical architecture and implementation of OLAP servers
must consider data storage issues.
• Implementations of a warehouse server for OLAP processing include the
following:
 Relational OLAP (ROLAP)
 Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)
 Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)

Contd..
• Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Server:
– These are the intermediate servers that stand in between a relational back-
end server and client front-end tools.
– They use a relational or extended-relational DBMS to store and manage
warehouse data, and OLAP middleware to support missing pieces.
– ROLAP servers include optimization for each DBMS back end,
implementation of aggregation navigation logic, and additional tools and
services.
– ROLAP technology tends to have greater scalability than MOLAP
technology.

Contd…

Contd..
• Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Server:
– These servers supports multidimensional views of data through array-based
multidimensional storage engines.
– They map multidimensional views directly to data cube array structures.
– The advantages of using a data cube is that it allows fast indexing to pre-
computed summarized data.
– In multidimensional data stores, the storage utilization may be low if the
data set is sparse.

Contd…

Contd..
• Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) Servers:
• The hybrid OLAP approach combines ROLAP and MOLAP technology.
• Benefiting from the greater scalability of ROLAP and the faster computation of
MOLAP.

Contd..
• MOLAP vs. ROLAP:
MOLAP ROLAP
Information retrieval is fast. Information retrieval is comparatively
slow.
Uses sparse array to store data-sets. Uses relational table.
MOLAP is best suited for
inexperienced users, since it is very
easy to use.
ROLAP is best suited for experienced
users.
Maintains a separate database for
data cubes.
It may not require space other than
available in the Data warehouse.
DBMS facility is weak. DBMS facility is strong.

Data Cube operations(OLAP operations)
• A number of operations may be applied to data cubes for
OLAP.
• The common ones are:
– Slice
– dice
– Roll-up(Drill-up)
– Drill-down(Roll-down)
– Pivot(Rotate)

Contd..
• The cube contains the dimensions: location, time,
and item, where location is aggregated with
respect to city values, time is aggregated with
respect to quarters, and item is aggregated with
respect to item types.
– The measure displayed is dollars sold (in
thousands).
– The data examined are for the cities Chicago,
New York, Toronto, and Vancouver.
A data cube for sales store to illustrate data cube operation:

Contd..
• Slice:
– Slice operation performs a
selection on one dimension of the
given cube, thus creates sub-cube
of a cube.
– Below example depicts how slice
operation works- Where the sales
data are selected from the central
cube for the dimension time using
the criterion time=“Q1”

Contd..
• Dice:
– Dice operation performs a
selection on two or more
dimension from a given cube and
creates a sub-cube.
• Below example depicts how Dice
operation works- based on the
following selection criteria:
(location = “Toronto” or “Vancouver”) and
(time = “Q1” or “Q2”) and (item =
“Mobile” or “Modem”).

Contd..
• Roll-up(Drill-up):
– The roll-up operation
performs aggregation on a
data cube, either :
• by climbing up a concept
hierarchy for a dimension
or
• by dimension reduction.
– Below example depicts how
roll-up operation works-

Contd..
• Drill-down(Roll-down):
– Drill-down is the reverse operation of
roll-up. It is performed by either of the
following ways:
• By stepping down a concept hierarchy for a
dimension
• By introducing a new dimension.
– It allows users to navigate among
different levels of data i.e. most
summarized (up) to most details (down).
– Below example depicts how Drill-down
operation works

Contd..
• Pivot:
– Pivot also known as
rotation changes the
dimensional rotation of the
cube, i.e. rotates the axes to
view the data from
different perspectives. The
below cubes shows 2D
representation of Pivot

Guidelines for OLAP implementation
• A number of Guidelines for successful implementation of
OLAP are as follows:
– Vision
– Senior management support
– Selecting an OLAP tool
– Corporate strategy
– Focus on the users
– Joint management
– Review and adapt

Contd..
• Vision:
– The OLAP team must, in consultation with the users, develop a clear
vision for the OLAP system. This vision including the business
objectives should be clearly defined, understood, and shared by the
stakeholders.
• Senior management support:
– The OLAP project should fully supported by the senior managers,
since a data warehouse may have been developed already this should
not be difficult.

Contd..
• Selecting an OLAP tool:
– The OLAP team should familiarize themselves with the ROLP and
MOLAP tools available in the market. Since tools are quite different,
careful planning may be required in selecting a tool that is appropriate
for the enterprise. In some situations, a combination of ROLAP and
MOLAP may be most effective.
• Corporate strategy:
– The OLAP strategy should fit with the enterprise strategy and business
objectives. A good fit will result in the OLAP tools being used more
widely.

Contd..
• Focus on users:
– The OLAP project should be focused on users. Users should, in
consultation with the technical professionals, decide what tasks will be
done first and what will be done later. Attempts should be made to
provide each user with a tool suitable for that person‟s skill level and
information needs. A good GUI user interface should be provided to
non-technical users. The project can only be successful whit the full
support of the users.

Contd..
• Joint Management:
– The OLAP project must be managed by both the IT and business
professional. Many other people should be involved in supplying ideas.
An appropriate committee structure may be necessary to channel these
ideas
• Review and adapt:
– Organizations evolve and so must be OLAP system. Regular reviews of
the project may be required to ensure that the project is meeting the
current needs of the enterprise.

Home Work
• What are dimension, members, measure and fact table?
• List the major difference between OLTP systems and OLAP systems.
• What is OLAP and its purpose? List the characteristics of OLAP systems.
• What is data cube and purpose of data cube? Use an example to illustrate
the use of data cube.
• What are ROLAP and MOLAP ?describe the two approaches and list their
advantages and disadvantages.
• Describe the operations(OLAP/ Cube operations) roll-up, drill-down, and
slice and dice.
• List the implementation guidelines for implementing OLAP.

Thank You !
105By: Tekendra Nath Yogi6/6/2019

BIM Data Mining Unit2 by Tekendra Nath Yogi

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