Drinking Water Act Of 1974

Drinking Water Act Of 1974
Lead in our Drinking Water
All the controversy about the lead problems in Flint, Michigan has stirred up questions across the
country. Every day there are several news stories about cities across the country discussing the lead
issue and how they meet the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act. While the average person
may feel comforted by these news stories, it doesn't mean that every home served by the water
supply has lead below the EPA's recommended action level. It's the job of water treatment
professionals to educate those served by municipal water about the regulations surrounding lead and
copper and what those consumers can do to protect themselves further.
The rules for lead and copper have changed over the years, so let's start at the beginning. Lead was
originally regulated under the Public Health Service Act of 1962, which established a guideline of
0.050 mg/L (ppm) for lead in drinking water. This was carried over into the Safe Drinking Water Act
of 1974. It wasn't until 1991 that regulation changed significantly under the Lead and Copper Rule.
This rule regulates how public water supplies must deal with the potential of lead and copper in the
drinking water. Additionally, there is also the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act, which
regulates the amount of lead that can be in products that could come into contact with drinking
water, like pipes, plumbing fitting, fixtures, solder and flux.
Lead and copper are regulated as treatment
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Clean Water Act Papers
In order to have a thriving and healthy society a clean water supply is a very simple but necessary
resource. Dating back to the beginning of civilizations the need for clean water was an essential
need. The Clean Water Act dates to Franklin D Roosevelt's administration. In 1972 Congress
amended and passed what is now known as the Clean Water Act to protect our precious resource of
water. The clean water Act prevented the dumping of pollutants into navigable waters without a
permit. Many municipalities and commercial entities had previously dumped sewage and
unregulated waste in to our rivers and streams contaminating a great percentage of our drinking
water. This wreck less contamination of our waterways not only affected humans but also affected
our wildlife including fish and animal's life that depended on these waters. Any municipality or
company that could affect our waters would need to apply for a permit to do so. While the Clean
Water Act was a landmark legislation that was supported by both Democrats and Republicans alike
over the years has seen expansion of the EPA's interpretation of the law and has created a
controversy in Administrative Law that has many challenges up to the Unites States Supreme Court.
(Television, n.d.) The EPA's interpretation and expansion of the term "navigable waters" has created
great controversy. The Environmental Protection Agency along with the United States Army Corps
of Engineers have broadened the definition of "navigable waters"

Persuasive Essay On Clean Water Act
Thanks to the Clean Water Act, we have come a long way from the days of rivers catching fire. The
Clean Water Act required industries and municipalities to filter out wastes before they reached the
water. The culprits of yesterday, factories and sewage treatment plants, are largely under control.
Additionally, those "point sources" of pollution were easy to identify and target because they
generally discharged pollutants directly into the water. However, much of our assessed surface
waters are still impaired since they do not meet ambient water quality standards. Today's sources of
water pollution, "nonpoint sources," are more discrete and therefore harder to control. Mainly, this
insidious form of pollution takes the shape of "runoff ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new rules require states to set pollution limits "known as 'total maximum daily loads,' or
TMDLs – for all the estimated 20,000 waterways that are polluted and establish a timetable for
reducing pollution to meet those limits." It would be the responsibility of the states for monitoring
and enforcing these new regulations. The EPA would only get involved if states are unable or
unwilling to carry out and enforce the new program. However, the new rules proposed by the EPA to
curtail water pollution have been criticized as scientifically unsound and unfair to farmers and
ranchers. Additionally, a broad coalition of groups representing farmers, timber companies and
builders says the regulations amounts to government overreach. Because the leading culprit in water
pollution today is nutrient–laden runoff, the new regulations would be directed largely toward
curbing run–off at the source, meaning farms, animal feedlots, and timber operations. Critics argue
that the regulations would drive many operations out of business since it will be expensive to invest
in new technological fixes and a lot of small operators are not going to be able to meet those

Clean Water Act Cons
Water is a critical source that is utilized by most living things on Earth to support it ways of live.
The usage of water ranges from basic household needs to agricultural purposes. Water is one of the
resources on the Earth that is becoming more and more scarce and the water available for usage is
being further contaminated by pollution causing sickness and death.(World Health
Organization).Countries are experiencing droughts affecting the water supply needed to maintain
irrigation, thermoelectric power, and public supply. The definition of water pollution is the result of
when too many toxic materials are present, in which negatively impact the water to be unsafe for its
intended purpose, which may be drinking to industrial processes ... Show more content on
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TMDLs measure the maximum amount of pollutant allow to enter the water without impacting the
water quality.The drawback being that most states have lacked the resources to undertake this task,
and the EPA has been circumspect to step in and to take responsibility, due to that fact that it lacks
the necessary personnel to do the job nationwide. Since the late 1980s, there have over 40 lawsuits
in 38 states against the EPA regarding TMDL.(Water Encyclopedia), Recent,Waterkeepers
Chesapeake and 7 other Riverkeeper organizations, represented by Earthjustice organization,a non–
profit environmental law firm, have filed lawsuit against the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) over the involvement of the delisting of 53 river segments in 17 Maryland counties and
Baltimore City. This lawsuit challenges a regulatory action by the EPA that followed the approval of
the Bay

Clean Water Act Research Paper
Environmental Science and Sustainability (SCI201 –1504A –07)
Instructor: Trena Woolridge
Phase 5– Individual Project
Amanda Kranning
November 5, 2015
Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants
into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters. The CWA
made it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a
permit is obtained. (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015)
Originally passed in 1948 as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, it became commonly known
as the Clean Water Act with the 1972 revisions. Such amendments created regulations that permitted
the EPA rights to enforcing pollution control and discharges into the water, along with maintenance
of preexisting law in the standards of water quality. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2014). Protecting the Clean Water Act | American Rivers. Retrieved from
http://www.americanrivers.org/initiatives/pollution/clean–water–act/#sthash.rmemnUOQ.dpuf
Martins, T. (n.d.). Clean Water Act. Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k–
12/fenlewis/cwa.htm
Protecting the Clean Water Act | American Rivers. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.americanrivers.org/initiatives/pollution/clean–water–act/#sthash.rmemnUOQ.dpuf
Shimshack, J., & Ward, M. (2010, January 8). Improving Clean Water Act Enforcement | Resources
for the Future. Retrieved from http://www.rff.org/blog/2010/improving–clean–water–act–
enforcement#sthash.vH40HM7y.dpuf
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2015, October 8). Summary of the Clean Water
Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA. Retrieved November 3, 2015, from http://www2.epa.gov/laws–
regulations/summary–clean–water–act
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2015, June 1). History of the Clean Water Act |
Laws & Regulations | US EPA. Retrieved from

Drinking Water Act
The standards of Safe Drinking Water Act According to EPA, the major requirements of the Safe
Drinking Water Act states that the main federal law ensures the quality of Americans' drinking
water, authorizes EPA to set national standards for drinking water to protect against health effect
from exposure to naturally–occurring and man–made contaminants. In addition, Dade W. Moeller,
the author of Environmental Health book says, "to ensure the protection of human health from
drinking water, the United States EPA or Environmental Protection Agency has developed a series
of primary standards and secondary standards." The primary standards consist of maximum
contaminant levels (MCLs) for selected inorganic contaminants, volatile organic chemicals ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impact of the Act was a big move for the country. EPA put a great amount of focus on this Act
to help the people around the country, not only the people who live back then but the people who
will benefit from this Act. Currently, most people did not have any idea why their drinking water
came from a double filtration system and why do they have to filter the water they are drinking.
Water is essential to human body and human body should be nourished with a clean water. Water is
essential to human and other living things. In human body, water play certain roles like solvent,
transportation and regulation of temperature and pH. In chemistry, we named water as the universal
solvent. It plays the same role in the human body as well. In transportation, water circulates inside
our body while carrying nutrients, oxygen and some other chemical elements. When a person
overdid an exercise, our body temperature rises up. For our body to cooldown, we need to exert
water that is lost as sweat and this "serves as coolant in our body." The

EPA Regulation: Safe Drinking Water Act
whomever it may concern,
I would like to offer my comments involving an EPA regulation and how it can be improved. I
believe that the Safe Drinking Water Act is not producing water that is safe enough for all
Americans to drink, while leading many to believe that the water that they are drinking is as clean as
possible. This is shown very clearly by the water that is produced in Flint, Michigan. This water is
visibly discolored by the lead and other contaminants that are in the water and there a=have been
many reports of children and adults who are suffering some serious symptoms of lead–poisoning.
Despite these very real negative effects of the lack of proper filterage of this water, there is very
little that can be done because the water technically meets the standards that are put out by the Safe
Drinking and Water Act. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is important that these harmful toxins are being filtered out of our water, they are still
allowed in the water in very small quantities. The toxins that are watched for vary from state to
state, which means that a contaminant in one state may be allowed in the water in unregulated
amounts in another. If something is toxic to the people of California, it will be just as toxic to the
people of Wisconsin. I believe that the best way to combat this problem is to add any toxins that are
found to be toxic when ingested to the list in the federal Safe Drinking Water

The Clean Water Act ( 80 Fed )
Over the years many requests have been made for new regulations pertaining to the "waters of the
United States", adopted in 1986 under the Clean Water Act (Clean Water Rule, 2015, p. 165).
Advocating change were "members of Congress, developers, farmers, state and local governments,
energy companies, and many others requested new regulations to make the process of identifying
waters protected under the CWA clearer, simpler, and faster" (Clean Water Rule, 2015, p.13). In
response to these requests the Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers
published the "Clean Water Rule: Definition of "Waters of the United States" federal regulation (80
Fed. Reg. 37054) on June 29, 2015 (Clean Water Rule, 2015, p.13).
It is evident the scope of the Clean Water Act needs to be clarified, because the term "navigable
waters" is used in a number of provisions of the CWA including sections; 402 National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program, 404 permit program, 311 oil spill
prevention and response program, 303 total maximum daily load programs (TMDL), 401 state water
quality certification process, all of which impact state and local governments (Clean Water Rule,
2015, p.25).
Problems with the New Rule
Before the Clean Water Rule was published in Federal Register there was controversy over several
different aspects of the new rule and its implementation. The controversy has led to a U.S. Circuit
Court ruling on October 9, which blocked the Clean

Clean Water Act Lab
The Clean Water act of 1972 was intended to regulate the discharge of pollutants into United States
water. The Environmental protection Agency established the standard of waste water and the quality
of water contaminants in the surface water. The Clean water Act have prohibited discharging
pollutant from a point source. ("History of the Clean Water Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA",
2016). Glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide, is one the commonly used herbicides in the
agricultural field. Glyphosate which is sold under the named roundup are used to kill weeds. "The
impact of Glyphosate herbicides have been widely study in the terrestrial weed control", There are
fewer research completed on the effect of Glyphosate on fresh water. (Perez et al Zagares 2007).
USGS states that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of this experiment is to see how roundup effects invertebrate's species like daphnia, and
the measurement of the aquatic toxicity test. My hypothesis for this lab is that the mortality
percentage of Daphnia will rise as the concertation of the tested product roundup increases, in one
of the concertation's I didn't think any of the daphnia will survive. Materials and Methods: For the
experimental part of this lab, my lab partners and I used six 100 miller liters of beakers and label
each baker with concertation percentage of 100%, 50 %, 25 %. 12.5%, 6.25%, and 0%. For the next
step of the experiment we used a graduated cylinder

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Of 1948
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) (P.L. 80–845, 62 Stat. 1155) of 1948 was the
first major law enacted by Congress to address the problems of water pollution in the United States
(n.d). Legislators created over 100 bills in an attempt to pass legislation over the previous half
century, but were not successful. Industrial and urban growth caused by World War II in 1948, led to
obvious, notorious pollution of the country's rivers, streams, and lakes, urging Congress to finally
address the issue. Unfortunately, the act was not designed well enough to achieve the goals set out
to address the issue. It did not ban pollution, only gave limited power to the federal government, and
provided an extremely awkward enforcement mechanism. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act
was not successful in preventing and reducing water pollution. Pollution continued to increase
because of the federal government's inability to require any direct reduction in discharges. As a
result, the quality of the nation's waters had no improvement. On the other hand, the act established
a popular and political support for pollution control efforts. Congress rewrote the act in 1972 to
provide more acceptable protection for the nation's waters. It also established the basic agenda for
water pollution control, which was amended by Congress afterwards. Congress made changes to the
act six times before rewriting it in 1972.
The Clean Water Act of

The United States Should Reform The Clean Water Act Of 1972
The inception of U.S. Environmental policy most notably began under the Presidency of Richard
Nixon; Nixon oversaw the passage of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and the creation of the
Environmental Policy Act (EPA). The Clean Water Act of 1972, in particular, enacted stringent laws
to prevent pollutants from entering navigable waters, outlawing open sewers from dumping crud
into a local stream and the law also protects land that filters and purifies water as it flows by. The
Landmark law passed in 1972, however, has not impeded the pending water crisis facing the U.S.
today. The United States must take immediate measures in order to combat the problem; given that
the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence now ranks water scarcity as a major threat to
national security; right next to Terrorism (Sullivan). The United States should reform the Clean
Water Act of 1972 to look for any deficiencies in the law.
The situation stretches as far as California in which historic drought conditions have led to water
rationing and lower crop yields. Polluters to this day are failing to live up to the terms of their
permits. A 1982 General Accounting Office (GAO) report revealed that after examining more than
five hundred facilities 82 percent of these dischargers had violated their permits at least once during
a two–year period (Salzman). Additionally, 11 percent of these facilities released toxic pollutants
that exceeded the average monthly limit by 20 percent or more

Potable Drinking Water Act ( Sdwa ) For National Air...
Introduction In the water treatment process, there are lots of processes required in order to remove
sediments, bacteria, viruses and impurities. These processes are including screening, filtration,
flocculation, sedimentation, nitrification, chlorination, coagulation, and disinfection. In many
municipal wastewater treatment has some standards and regulations to follow in order to distribute
clean and safe water supple to citizen in their area. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
enforces requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) for
national water supply in the U.S. Under the Clean Water Act 's National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) program, EPA regulates discharges of ... Show more content on
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Water disinfection means eliminating or inactivate of growth and reproduction in pathogenic
microorganisms by creating cell wall corrosion in the cells of microorganisms, or changes in cell
permeability. From the water treatment process, disinfection is a sufficient and the crucial process in
order to inactivate bacteria, viruses and pathogenic organisms that can waterborne diseases to
downstream users and the environment (USEPA, 1999). There are three most common methods of
disinfection in the U.S., which are Chlorination, Ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection.
"Chlorine, the most widely used disinfectant for municipal wastewater, destroys target organisms by
oxidation of cellular material. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that is an unstable gas that is
generated by an electrical discharge through dry air or pure oxygen. Finally UV radiation generated
by sunlight, tanning lamp, black lights, and electrical discharge through mercury vapor, penetrates
the genetic material of microorganisms and retards their ability to reproduce" (USEPA, N.D.). One
of the popular disinfection methods in water treatment is the Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. The
ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is a physical disinfection of water. This paper would provide a broadly
definition of UV disinfection and its purpose in water treatment. Also, this paper will provide the
advantages and disadvantages of using the advance technology over the common technology in
water treatment.

Water Pollution Act ( Clean Water Act )
Iowa has been working for decades to protect and improve water quality; however, more can be
done. Our suggested strategy is to direct efforts to reduce nutrients in surface water from both point
and nonpoint sources in a scientific, reasonable, and cost–effective manner. Our proposal is
prompted by the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Act (Clean Water Act) as well as the 2008 Gulf
Hypoxia Action Plan. Both of these plan's objectives are to restore and maintain the chemical,
physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution
sources and seek to provide assistance to publicly owned water treatment facilities. The 2008 Gulf
Hypoxia Action Plan takes these goals one step further by calling Iowa and other states along the
Mississippi River to develop strategies to reduce nutrient loadings to the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover,
establishing that there needs to be at least a 45% reduction in total nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sediment loads in order for waters to be fishable and swimmable. Our proposal seeks to apply the
guidelines in these bills to the Fourmile Creek watershed in Central Iowa in order to make the
waters in 'our backyard' fishable and swimmable once again.
Floods are a natural part of Fourmile Creek's ecology and have been occurring for thousands of
years. Although floods periodically occur, in recent year's flooding has been extensive and has
affected many people living and working in the watershed. The floods of 2008

The Water Act Of 1972
The freshwater that is available for use is becoming more contaminated with each use. The Clean
Water Act of 1972 put in order more regulations in regards to wastewater and the dumping of it into
rivers and lakes. Multiple–step filtration systems have been used since then to better remove toxins
from wastes before it enters freshwater. In a personal interview with Moe Crabtree, Nature Resource
Specialist for the Washington Department of Natural Resources, I learned some measures taken to
keep water clean. Her common job is to setup timber sales which includes much precaution of rivers
and streams. I asked her– "In what ways do you have to avoid water contamination?" she replied,
"we have to divert culverts at minimum one hundred feet from ... Show more content on
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While rain does help replenish and dilute polluted fresh water, it also can contaminate it just as fast.
Sewage waste and runoff fills the waters with pathogenic microorganisms and chemicals that reduce
the dissolved oxygen levels. A loss in oxygen kills off fish and leaves their habitat murky and dark.
High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff cause growth of algae and other harmful aquatic
life. In an article on water pollution, it is stated that "many fish species require a minimum of 4–5
mg of dissolved oxygen per liter of water" (Scholz, Nathaniel). Scholz is saying that fish in the areas
that become over polluted die off or are forced to leave their natural environment due to a lack of
oxygen. The article continues to explain that the fish living in these poor conditions are consumed as
food and the levels of toxins can multiply as it goes up the food chain, potentially leading to
illnesses for humans. As more water is demanded, more water filtration plants are put into place to
get consumable water to all in need. One gallon of contamination can make one thousand gallons of
water undrinkable. In 1993, Michigan received heavy amounts of rainfall which affected Lake
Michigan and the drinking water. The study of this incident is included in John Gary's book, Can We
Cope?, and is stated that:
"... increasing amounts of run off from agricultural areas as well as storm water and sewage
catchments were diverted into Lake Michigan.

Free Waters Act Of 2015
On March 4, 2015, the Microbead–Free Waters Act of 2015 was introduced to the United States
House of Representatives. Sponsored by Democratic Representative of New Jersey Frank Pallone,
the bill called to amend "the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to ban rinse–off cosmetics that
contain synthetic plastic microbeads beginning on January 1, 2018" (congress.gov, H.R. 1321). The
bill was then passed with amendments to it in the House in December, with Senate passing it a week
later by unanimous consent. The Microbead–Free Waters Act of 2015 is unlike a lot of bills that
have attempted to pass through the House and the Senate because it did not face the all–too–
common gridlock that one can expect nowadays from the United States Congress. Pallone said to
the New York Times that although he was surprised by the quick success of the bill, it passed simply
because it had a lot of support in the House and the Senate and did not have much opposition (New
York Times).
The microbeads that were banned through this law are made from larger pieces of plastic items that
have been broken down and are around 5 millimeters in diameter. The microbeads used in these
products are usually made from synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyester (Great Lakes and St.
Lawrence Cities Initiative). These microbeads are used in consumer care products such as hand and
facial scrubs and cleaners, body washes, and toothpastes. Companies and brands that have produced
and sold the everyday products that

The Clean Water Act ( Cwa ) Essay
The Clean Water Act (CWA) founds the elementary structure for regulating releases of contaminants
into the water bodies of the US and also for surface waters it regulates quality standards. The origin
of the CWA was passed in 1948 and was named the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, then the
Act was suggestively reorganized and prolonged in 1972. as "Clean Water Act" this became the Act
's communal name after amendments in 1972.Further down to CWA, EPA has applied other
pollution control agendas such as for industry, the setting wastewater standards. We similarly have
set some water quality standards for all pollutants in surface waters. The CWA finished it illegal to
discharge any contaminant from a point source into maneuverable waters, unless a certification was
gained. EPA 's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) allows program controls
releases. Point sources are distinct transmissions such as pipes or artificial channels. Individual
homes that are linked to a municipal system, usage of a septic system, or do not have a surface
release do not need an NPDES permit; however, municipal, industrial, and other amenities must get
permits if their discharges go straight to surface waters. The objective of the Clean Water Act and
related Oregon Administrative Rules is to meet water quality standards or to take all those feasible
steps towards achieving the uppermost quality water possible. This is a longstanding goal in many
watersheds, chiefly where

Clean Water Act Lab Report
Introduction: In 1972, Congress passed the Clean Water Act, which granted the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency the power to control levels of toxic discharge into surface water. The Clean
Water Act has been very beneficial in the regulation of point source pollution. However, recently the
center of attention is how to regulate nonpoint source pollution coming from agricultural or urban
runoff. The most effective way to regulate the levels of toxicity in discharge waters is to perform
acute and chronic toxicity on the water discharge from a particular source (Brown, 2000). In this lab
our group observed the effects of a commonly found household chemical: coffee and tested it on
duckweeds, also know as Lemna Minor by performing an acute ... Show more content on
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However, we wondered how fast it would take place over the course of seven days. We eventually
came to the conclusion that coffee had the stimulant of caffeine within it and could possible stunt
the growth of the duckweeds. Then on Day 3, we noticed a trend: the plants were growing roots,
which was a good sign as they continued to do so until the end. We also noticed the unexpected
color and mixture of the coffee changing within in each beaker. The coffee began to turn green and
murky, a oily film even began to develop over the top of it. As the days increased our group took
notice of the dissolved plants within bigger concentrations. On Day 5, we then began to notice a few
unexpected dead duckweeds in higher toxicity levels. We discussed and reasoned since coffee
includes many different ingredients, such as; potassium and phosphorus the duckweeds would
increase in growth (Caffeine Informer Staff, 2017). Many of the duckweeds formed roots and began
to expand in size which was a result of the coffee mixture. We also realized caffeine is a chemical
stimulant and can enhance the biological process not only in humans but in plants at a stable rater:
however, it can also kill plants due to the increase in acidity, which is toxic to the plants. When
humans have caffeine it stimulates our central nervous system but due to the ingredients within it, it
has a similar yet

The Clean Water Act In The United States
Ryan Messinger
Ms. Richardson
HON Gov – 2
23 April 2018
The Clean Water Act first became prominent when the act was passed in 1972 and has became more
prevalent than ever in the twenty–first century. It served as a major revision of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1948, which had much looser regulations on water pollution and failed to
protect water quality. Some of the most important changes that came about the revision and passing
of the Clean Water Act include regulations of what substances can legally be disposed of in water,
the implementation of pollution control programs such as IPP, or The Industrial Pretreatment
Program, and a new requirement for water standards, such as a base water quality that must be met
at all times. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning with the industrial revolution, a major boom in industry and product manufacturing,
pollution entered the water system at alarming rates. The main issue was the release of CO2, or
carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere which would eventually make its way into the ocean, causing
ocean acidification, or the lowering of the PH (potential of hydrogen) levels. According to Richard
Feely, a scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), "Many
scientists believe that decreasing pH in the oceans interferes with the ability of certain marine
animals, such as corals and other calcifying marine organisms, to make their skeletons and shells
from calcium carbonate minerals" (Bradshaw, Kate). In turn, this would cause a devastating effect
on organisms that utilize those marine animals as shelter, and likely cause a noticeable loss in
biodiversity within species of snails, lobsters, clams, and oysters (Bradshaw, Kate). When these
types of keystone species (otherwise known as species that are vital to the survival of many other
organisms) are at risk, so is the rest of the food web ("What is Ocean...). Over one billion people
rely on those keystone species as a main source of food, and many more find employment by fishing
them, so preserving these organisms is vital to not only marine

The Clean Water Act ( Cwa )
The Rio Grande River is currently on the 303(d) list of the Clean Water Act (CWA). The lower Sub–
Basin from International Falcon Reservoir downstream to the Gulf of Mexico is lacking
infrastructure to adequately handle the environmental consequences of human and industrial waste
generation and disposal on the U. S side in locations such as Harlingen, TX. The Rio Grande is
mostly affected by the high volumes of dissolved solids, such as salinity and bacteria. The U.S is
working to introduce a common set of standards that can be agreed on by both countries.
2. Geographical River Basin Description: The Rio Grande is the fifth longest river in the U.S and on
the top 20 list in the world. It runs from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado to the Gulf of Mexico
(1,901 miles), and forms a 1,255 mile segment of the border between the U.S and Mexico.
Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas are the four Mexican states associated with the
Rio Grande. The entire watershed covers an area approximately 924,300 sq. kilometers (335,000 sq.
mi.), with approximately half of the watershed in both countries. Roughly 50,000 sq. mi. of the
watershed are within Texas. The Rio Grande supplies most of the water for communities and
municipalities in the U.S, as well as the Mexican side. RGRB supplies 6 million+ people and 2
million acres of land with water. With increasing populations in both countries, demand for water is
increasing along with it. About 75 percent of water captured from the Rio

Water Pollution Control Act
Before the twenty first century the United States government pass laws that have been beneficial to
water pollution. The earliest action that the government took in regards to water pollution is the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948. Which was the first major U.S. law to address water
pollution. According to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act article this act was passed to
eliminate or reduce pollution that was carried on between state's water and to improve sanitary
conditions of surface and underground water. The act would have had a positive impact on the state
because it was going to eliminate water pollution in all the states. This act did not succeed, in 1972
they had to modified it adding amendments to it calling it the Clean Water Act. According to the
article, History of the Clean Water Act this act was pass to eliminate the pollutant that are in the
nation's surface waters including lakes, river, streams, wetlands, and coastal areas. This demonstrate
that the government does take charge of this issue because they kept modifying the act when it did
not succeed. In 1990 Congress passed the Pollution Prevention Act. According to the Pollution
Prevention Act article it states that they want to increase the interested in reducing pollution or
preventing it. According to this act it is the policy of the U.S. to prevent or reduce pollution. If they
can not prevent pollution then the should treat the environment in a safe manner. In conclusion all of
these

The Clean Water Act (USEPA)
1. Ambient and Exposure Standards
Although the growing concern about cyanobacterial blooms, as well as the intoxication by
cyanotoxins worldwide, in the United States there is not any regulation for cyanobacteria or
cyanotoxins levels in the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) or in the Clean Water Act (CWA)
(USEPA, 2015a). Since the SDWA provides the authority for the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA) to publish health advisories (HAs) for agents that do not have any
national drinking water regulation. Therefore, USEPA is the agency that is responsible for the
implementing and enforcing of the guidelines, standards or HAs related to cyanotoxins. Based on
this, during summer 2015, the USEPA issued a 10 days HAs for two cyanotoxins: ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the use of phycocyanin (PC) – a unique pigment present on freshwater cyanobacteria – is
proposed for a quick estimator of cyanotoxins (Reynolds, 2006; Simis et al., 2005). Because of that,
studies have been focusing on the use of PC fluorescence properties to identify PC in vivo, since it
is excited in lower wavelengths (between 590–630nm regions of the visible spectrum) and it is
emitted around 650nm (Gregor et al., 2007). Therefore, the monitoring of PC using in vivo
fluorimeters can provide a quick response for the risk assessment and management of cyanotoxins
in freshwaters.
The agency that would be involved in implementing and enforcing this potential standard is the
USEPA, since according to the Public Law 114–45, Section 1459 (added in from August 7, 2015),
the USEPA is responsible to develop a strategic plan for the assessment, monitoring and
management of risks associated with cyanotoxins in drinking water (USEPA, 2015d). Therefore,
through the USEPA's "Algal Toxin Risk Assessment and Management Strategic Plan for Drinking
Water" it will be possible to implement as well as validate PC as an estimator for cyanobacteria and
consequently to cyanotoxins

Safe Drinking Water Act Essay
A federal law that was enacted in 1974 to protect contaminated water supplies to the public was
called the Safe Drinking Water Act. Through this law the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
given the authority to oversee water suppliers throughout the US and set standards for the
contaminants contained in water supplies. Prior to 1974, State health departments had the principal
duty for monitoring and regulating public consuming water substances. The U.S. Public health
provider supplied oversight till 1970. At that point, EPA assumed the federal regulatory position.
Although, the public health carrier issued protection standards in 1962, simply 14 States had
followed them through 1972. The Safe Drinking Water Act consists of an ... Show more content on
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However, they need encountered resistance, typically from the residents they're making an attempt
to help, who believe that if their water is legal it should be safe. Drinking water that doesn't meet a
federal health guideline won't essentially make somebody sick. several contaminants are dangerous
as long as consumed for years. and a few researchers argue that even harmful chemicals, once
consumed at very low doses over long periods, cause few risks. Others argue that the price of
removing minute concentrations of chemicals from water doesn't equal the advantages.
"Communities where the drinking water has contained chemicals that are associated with health
risks include Scottsdale, Ariz.; El Paso, Tex., and Reno, Nev. Test results analyzed by The Times
show their drinking water has contained arsenic at concentrations that have been associated with
cancer. But that contamination did not violate the Safe Drinking Water Act" (NY Times 2009). More
investment in infrastructure and social control of the principles are going to be necessary to enhance
water quality around the country. The report estimates that so as to considerably update water
infrastructure across the country, as well as substituting pipes containing lead, legislature
disbursement would want to extend to a minimum of $8 billion annually, up from the present $2.3
billion a year. Alternative entities have even larger estimates. The American Water

Georgia Water Quality Control Act Essay
The general population of the State of Georgia are reliant upon the waterways, streams, lakes, and
subsurface waters for open and private water supply, and agrarian, modern, and recreational
employments. The Georgia Water Quality Control Act (WQCA) (O.C.G.A. § 12–5–2) represents the
effects on the water amount and quality inside the State of Georgia. The Environmental Protection
Division (EPD) of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is charged to build up and keep up
the quality and amount of Georgia's water assets (O.C.G.A § 12–5–21(b)). It is Georgia's
arrangement that water assets be used judiciously for the most extreme advantage of the general
population, keeping in mind the end goal to reestablish and keep up a sensible level of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Domestic (flint) 1 page
For 50 years, Flint bought water from Detroit, which legitimately treated the water with
orthophosphate, a concoction that basically covered the funnels as water moved through them,
keeping lead from filtering into the water supply. This is what the procedure looked like at that
point. Flint changed from Detroit's water supply to the Flint River in 2014, to a limited extent to
spare cash. Be that as it may, the city did not utilize erosion control to keep lead from entering the
water. The waterway itself was additionally found to contain eight times more chloride than
Detroit's water, a compound that is profoundly destructive to metals. Most inhabitants in Flint have
decades–old lead benefit lines that associate their homes to the city's primary water funnels. At the
point when water from the stream coursed through those channels, it destroyed their inner parts,
enabling lead to enter the supply. When Flint exchanged its water supply, most Flint inhabitants
knew it quickly. Inhabitants depicted the water originating from their taps frequently as an earthy
yellow and said it both noticed and tasted odd. It was later found that the water was conveying huge
measures of lead, which can demonstrate particularly harming to youngsters. In October 2015, the
city changed back to the Detroit water supply, yet Flint's water is still regarded risky to drink.
International 1 page
As

The Clean Water Act ( Cwa )
In 1972 the Clean Water Act (CWA) was passed, and it established the infrastructure for waste–
water management in the U.S. The CWA's main objective is to 'recover and preserve the physical,
biological, and chemical purity of water. The CWA formed a program that would ensure
communities had clean water by limiting the exposure of contaminants in U.S. waterways. Waste–
water treatment is essential to the world because it gives people ability to use streams and rivers for
swimming, fishing and drinking water. In the early part of the 20th century, pollution in the U.S.
urban waterways caused negative side effects like fish kills, low dissolved oxygen, bacterial
contamination, and algal blooms. Early attempts of controlling water pollution kept human waste
from contaminating water supplies or reduced floating junk that hindered shipping. Problems with
Pollution and control were mainly local concerns. Industrial and population growth have increased
the requirement for natural resources, changing the situation drastically. Advancements in
decreasing pollution can hardly keep in front of the increase in population, development of
technology, adjustments in industrial processes, business breakthroughs, increased land use, and
several other factors. The growth in both the variety and quantity of goods manufactured has greatly
altered the size and complexity of waste produced by industries and it challenges standard treatment
technology. The use of pesticides and commercial

Bottled Water: The Safe Drinking Water Act
Bottled water is extremely expensive. Why pay for water when we can have it for free at our
disposable through our own water supply. In 2016 Americans drank over 30 billion bottles of water
spending almost 12 billion dollars (Statistic Brain, 2016). Many people complain about our water
supply, some say it taste like bleach, others say it has a metal after taste and some say they just do
not trust it. Americans are spending money on water filters and also purchasing bottled water when
in reality many bottled water companies are using tap water and purifying it themselves. The Safe
Drinking Water Act was implemented to assure the American people that our water is clean and safe
to ingest (Environmental Protection Agency, 2016).
The Environmental

Environmental Issues Challenging The Clean Water Act Of...
Coastal Area I live less than a mile from the San Francisco Bay and Estuary (SFBay). I wrote about
this bay's environmental issues in the Unit #1 Learning Journal assignment and have decided to use
this opportunity to elaborate on two specific environmental issues challenging the SFBay. To
summarize this ecosystem: It's the largest bay and estuary on the Pacific coast and has been
damaged by industrial activity, starting in 1850 with the Gold Rush and quickly followed by the
logging, railroad and salt pond industries. Its biggest threats are pollution, water diversion and
filling–in. Conservation efforts began in 1965 and today the SFBay is collectively overseen by
government and private organizations. Two environmental problems the SFBay faces are mercury
contamination and overfishing. The Clean Water Act lists the SFBay as impaired for mercury.
Estimates suggest the bay's sediment is contaminated with about two hundred metric tons of
mercury, much going back to original Gold Rush. This pollutant has affected SFBay biota resulting
in a state issued fish advisory waning not to eat some common fish such as Striped bass and limited
intake of other species (OEHHA, 2011; Ely & Viani, 2010). At the same time humanity was busy
cutting down thousand year old redwood trees and hydraulically destroying the Sierra Mountains,
they were also busy pillaging the SFBay for fish, shellfish and perhaps the unlucky whale pod that
happened by. Some species were immediately depleted and by

Water Drinking Water Act ( Sdwa ) For National Air...
Introduction In water treatment process, there are lots of processes required in order to remove
sediments, bacteria, viruses and impurities. These processes are including screening, filtration,
flocculation, sedimentation, nitrification, chlorination, coagulation, and disinfection. In many
municipal wastewater treatment has some standards and regulations to follow in order to distribute
clean and safe water supple to citizen in their area. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
enforces requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) for
national water supply in the U.S. Under the Clean Water Act 's National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) program, EPA regulates discharges of pollutants ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that is an unstable gas that is generated by an electrical discharge
through dry air or pure oxygen. Finally UV radiation generated by sunlight, tanning lamp, black
lights, and electrical discharge through mercury vapor, penetrates the genetic material of
microorganisms and retards their ability to reproduce" (USEPA, N.D.). One of the popular
disinfection methods in water treatment is the Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. The ultraviolet (UV)
disinfection is a physical disinfection of water. This paper would provide a broadly definition of UV
disinfection and its purpose in water treatment. Also, this paper will provide the advantages and
disadvantages of using the advance technology over the common technology in water treatment. In
addition the cost of technology, projected usage in the U.S. will provided in this paper.
Discussion In municipal drinking water treatment normally used UV radiation from sunlight to
disinfect microorganisms. Solar water disinfection has been known as economically application of
treating contaminated water. Ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength from 30 nm to 400 nm.
However, not all wavelengths have a capable of inactivating microorganisms. Only 250 nm to 270
nm are capable to eliminate or inactivate of growth and reproduction in pathogenic microorganisms,
and are categorized as germicidal,

Clean Water Act Protects Water
A Priceless Natural Resource– Clean Water Water is necessary to sustain life. Water not only
sustains life, but it is the very foundation for life. Where does the water we drink come from? Our
water comes from many different sources such as groundwater, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, aquifers,
springs and streams. In order for this water to sustain our life, it must be clean. Water is needed to
meet the demands of people in their everyday life. This includes the need for water in homes,
agriculture, industry, medicine and recreation. For health and prosperity people must have access to
clean, safe water. Water is regulated at the federal, state and local level. The Clean Water Act
protects water at the federal level. The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the standards for
contaminants in water. In order for our water to be clean, we must protect our water sources from
pollution and contaminants. This is why we need to care for the water that we have. Humans need
water in order to survive. Our bodies are about 60 percent water, the brain is about 70 percent water,
and the lungs are made of 90 percent water. Water is more important for you to survive than food is.
When you become dehydrated, it reduces the amount of blood flow in your body, and causes your
heart to work harder, and pump the blood faster. If you go long enough without water you'll
eventually enter into coma and die. You can also drink too much water. When you drink too much
water you can

Water Pollution: The Federal Fisheries Act
Water Pollution is one of the most serious ecological threat faced in this modern era. Water pollution
is a result of toxic substances entering water bodies such as lakes, rivers and oceans etc. These
toxins can either dissolve in the water, lay suspended in the water, deposit on the water bed or
contaminate ground water. This not only results in degradation of water quality but also means
destruction of aquatic ecosystem.
One of the key environmental law that addresses and aims to solve the disruption of aquatic
ecosystem by water pollution is the federal Fisheries Act.
Improper waste disposal and seepage of contamination in the water body has led to
– increase in number of deformed fishes
– Acidification of lakes and rivers.
– Pollutants

The Clean Water Act (CWA)
The beautiful sandy beaches and aqua and teal blue water with soft waves clashing against the
boulders set in place for many onlookers to enjoy year–round. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) signed into law in October 12, 2000, the Beaches Environmental Assessment and
Coastal Health Act (BEACH) which developed performance monitoring, testing and notifying the
public of potential water problems for recreational use (EPA, 2017). The Beach Act required states
to review creation water use and standardized the criteria as set by the Clean Water Act [CWA]
(EPA, 2017). One of the pollutants that it would like to protect the public against is gastrointestinal
pathogens and other pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa through regulated testing and
publishing the results of the studies (EPA, 2017). In the past few years, the beaches have suffered
from oil spills, and or pathogens that can results in swimming related illnesses lasting from a few
days to several weeks and long–term illness to death as reported in 2014 by Natural Resource
Defense Council (NRDC). Beaches, lakes and coastal areas are enjoyed by 900 million Americans
each year producing $44 billion in revenues and unmeasurable amounts of memories for families
(NRDC, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Americans, if we want to continue to enjoy the beautiful clear waters, variations of colored sand
and aquatic animals, then we must continue to improve and update regulations to keep pathogens
and other man–made errors from interfering with our natural beaches and coastal

Clean Water Act 1948
CLEAN WATER ACT
The Federal water pollution control act in 1948 is the first initiative by federal to ensure the
cleanliness of water, although the water pollution is considered as one of major problem for many
states, the federal has set up this act with a few goals and objectives. But after mid 1950's and 1960's
there were four amendments were noticed, which primary dealt with providing financial assistance
for municipal drainages and for other research activities based on water pollution. By late 1960's
these activities performed by federal were not effective in controlling water pollution because of
slow progress in cleanup initiatives and no strict regulations against violation of this law mainly
resulted in raise in public interest towards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References:
1. Sullivan, Thomas F. P, and Thomas Lynch Adams. Environmental Law Handbook. Rockville,
MD.: Government Institutes, 1997. Print.
2. Hellawell, Trevor. Environmental Law Handbook. London: Law Society, 2002. Print.
3. Mattioni, John. Pennsylvania Environmental Law Handbook. Lanham, Md.: Government
Institutes, 2004. Print.
4. Gross, Joel M, and Lynn Dodge. Clean Water Act. [Chicago]: Section of Environment, Energy,
and Resources, American Bar Association, 2005.
5. Richard Smith, Richard Alexander, and M.Gordon Wolman, Water Quality Trends in the Nation's
Rivers. 235 Science 1607, 1987.
6. Gross, Joel M, and Lynn Dodge. Clean Water Act. [Chicago]: Section of Environment, Energy,
and Resources, American Bar Association, 2005.
7. U.S. EPA Clean Water Successes and Challenges, at http://www.cleanwater.gov/action/c1a.html.
8. Drew Caputo, A Job half Finished: The Clean Water Act After 25 Years, 27 ELR 10574,
November 1997; Robert Percival (ed), Alan Miller, and Christopher Schroeder, Environmental
Regulation: Law, Science, and Policy (Little, Brown & Co.,

Clean Water Act Of 1977
Clean Water Act of 1977:
Amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 Research Paper The Clean Water
Act (CWA) was created in response the rapid loss of clean water. The government wanted to restore
and preserve the water, as much of it was no longer useable for consumption or recreational use. A
lot of this was due to agricultural runoff which lead to a surplus of phosphorus and nitrogen in many
waters. (Tim Martins) The CWA's most prominent effect was stricter regulations on the discharge of
pollutants. Specifically trying to prevent point source pollutions from places such as pipes and
drains and focusing largely on industrial waste. The only exceptions are for those who have gotten a
permit to discharge of waste in a

The Free Waters Act Of 2015
The problem topic being analyzed is the Microbead–Free Waters Act of 2015 PL 114–114. The law
discusses, in detail about, amending Section 301 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21
U.S.C. 331). It adds on to that law by putting in the following into an act, "To amend the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prohibit the manufacture and introduction or delivery for
introduction into interstate commerce of rinse–off cosmetics containing intentionally–added plastic
microbeads." Microbeads are "any solid plastic particle that is less than 5 millimeters in size." The
reason behind banning the microbeads in "rinse–off cosmetics" is due to the fact that they are doing
more harm than good, especially to the environment and our water across the U.S. The beads are
continually adding plastic to the oceans causing toxins and problems for the marine environment.
Microbeads are not only impacting the oceans, but the groups and people all over the world. Marine
pollution is not a new phenomenon, but our acknowledgement of its impacts and severity is
relatively new, with the first laws and discussions to counter it only appearing in the 1950's. For
much of history, it was thought that the oceans were so large that any pollution created would be
negligible and easily diluted (Marine Pollution). Since, countless research and laws have been
implemented in order to preserve our marine ecosystems because of how crucial these ecosystems
are to humanity. Most of the laws enacted

A Brief Note On The Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act, otherwise known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, was passed in
1972 and aims to maintain the integrity of the United States' waters by regulating the discharge of
pollutants and maintaining quality standards for surface waters. One important type of regulation
under the Clean Water Act is of nonpoint pollution sources, sources of water pollution that do not
diffuse from a single identifiable source including agricultural pesticides, animal wastes and other
components of runoff or groundwater. Because nonpoint source pollution, or NPS, is diffused by a
variety of widespread avenues, from rainfall to wind, it accounts for a majority of water pollution
and is extremely difficult and complex to regulate. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nonpoint source water pollution arose onto the public agenda as part of the larger issue of general
water pollution and quality. Water pollution has been part of the American public consciousness as
early as the late 1800s. With population growth and the expansion of major cities within creasing
trade and energy needs, it was only inevitable that excess in waste products from both commercial
and living activities began to cause rises in water pollutants. The Rivers and Harbors act of 1899,
the oldest federal environmental act in the United States, targeted the dumping of refuse and the
construction of dams and other structures across navigable waters without appropriate permits. The
consequent boom in industry that resulted from World War II saw exponential rises in industrial
pollutants, making greater water pollution legislation necessary and resulted first in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 that focused on the regulation of sewage waste. Most early
legislation around water pollution was centered on the control of point source pollutants derived
from smokestacks, ships and other easily identifiable single sources of pollution.
As the environmental movement gained momentum alongside the publishing of books like Silent
Spring

Water Contamination Is Defined By The Safe Drinking Water...
Water contamination is defined by the Safe Drinking Water Act (ADWA) refers to the presence or
rather the introduction of physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water
(EPA, 2016). Some drinking water may practically contain a given amount of contaminants that
have been proven unsafe. However, it is quite difficult to determine the presence of the
contaminants just by the sheer look unless proper techniques are employed. Measures should be
implemented to control water contamination to avoid health risks.
The United States is heading to Third World country status in warp speed after the findings of the
Flint water crisis. Have you ever imagined that the United States would have an issue of water
contamination within our own water supply systems? The Flint water crisis was an act of ignorance
and a water war between City of Flint and Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD). The
greatest water war in Michigan's history was contributed to vast pollutions of water. In April 2014,
Flint started using the Flint River as it new water source. A state expert said, "The quality of the
water being put out meets all of our drinking water standards, and Flint water is safe to drink"
(Bosman, J., Davey, M., & Smith, M., 2016). General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan also
complained that the water was corroding new car parts and even stopped using Flint water in
October 2014. Flint water contributed to the mass poisoning of over 100,000 Flint

Pros And Cons Of The Clean Water Act
Moving on, there are some issues with the legislation that has been passed in order to conserve the
water, especially concerning the Clean Water Act. People are having opposition with the rules of the
Clean Water Act. Small business owners feel that this act is restricting the way that they tend to their
property. For example, several farmers use pesticides, herbicides, and other fertilizers to keep
harmful insects and other animals off of their crops, so they can grow properly. These pesticides
eventually end up in our local rivers, lakes, and oceans which are making humans and animals very
ill. However, they make money by the crops they sell, and to them, the Clean Water Act has a very
negative economic impact on them (Landers). Although

Clean Water Act Argument Essay
Furthermore, the Shore Protection Act is applicable to the transportation of municipal and
commercial waste in coastal waters aiming to minimize debris from being deposited into coastal
waters from inadequate waste handling procedures by waste transporting vessels (Laws That
Protect). The Center for Biodiversity had petitioned the EPA to begin regulating plastics as a
pollutant under The Clean Water Act– a crucial first step in reducing the amount of plastic. The
Clean Water Act is the nation's strongest law protecting water quality. Recognition of plastic
pollution under the clean water act enables states to develop water–quality standards to finally begin
curbing the amount of plastic dumped in the oceans.
Yet despite all these efforts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Serving as the number one source of our plastic use, companies opt for plastic containers because
it's easy, feasible, and convenient. Food packaging alone makes up for 30–40% of landfills with
much of that plastic being carried into the oceans. Going off of this, a new concept that's quickly
becoming popular are package free grocery stores. These cost– effective grocery stores have
everything you could possible need in bulk form and consumers bring glass or reusable containers,
or cloth bags and fill them with the food they need. First popping up in cities like Berlin, Vienna,
and Barcelona, many are finding this a more sustainable and eco–friendly option resulting in these
sort of grocery stores quickly spreading across the ocean, with the first one in the United States
expected to open in Brooklyn, New York. Business operators are extremely optimistic that this
could serve a very impactful solution to getting rid of unnecessary plastic. (Che Jenny).
In conclusion, it should have been learned that the issue of plastic pollution has become ruinous.
The cost of repair and the inconvenience of lifestyle changes cannot compare to the frightful future
this planet is headed. At current rates, hazards are not just inflicted on Earth's oceans but individual
human health and the other creatures that rightly inhabit this land. With this concern

Pros And Cons Of The Safe Drinking Water Act
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to
establish the concentrations of contaminants that are permitted in public drinking–water systems. A
public water system is defined by EPA as a "system for the provision to the public of water for
human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least
fifteen service connections or regularly serves at least twenty–five individuals" (63 Fed. Reg. 41940
[1998]). Section 1412 of the act, as amended in 1986, requires EPA to publish maximum–
contaminant–level goals (MCLGs) and promulgate national primary drinking–water regulations
(maximum contaminant levels [MCLs]) for contaminants in drinking water that might cause ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If left untreated, pulp infection can lead to abscess, destruction of bone, and systemic infection
(Cawson et al. 1982; USDHHS 2000). Various sources have concluded that water fluoridation has
been an effective method for preventing dental decay (Newbrun 1989; Ripa 1993; Horowitz 1996;
CDC 2001; Truman et al. 2002). Water fluoridation is supported by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States,
because of its role in reducing tooth decay in children and tooth loss in adults (CDC 1999). Each
U.S. Surgeon General has endorsed water fluoridation over the decades it has been practiced,
emphasizing that "[a] significant advantage of water fluoridation is that all residents of a community
can enjoy its protective benefit.... A person's income level or ability to receive dental care is not a
barrier to receiving fluoridation's health benefits" (Carmona 2004). As noted earlier, this report does
not evaluate nor make judgments about the benefits, safety, or efficacy of artificial water
fluoridation. That practice is reviewed only in terms of being a source of exposure to

Safe Drinking Water Act Of 1974
7. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 established the basic framework for protecting the drinking
water of the United States. Most ground water used for drinking water occurs near the earth's
surface and is easily contaminated .The major concern is the potential contamination of
underground sources of the drinking water by any of the hundreds or thousands of subsurface
wastewater disposal .Waste disposal wells dispose of approximately more than 11% of the nation's
toxic fluid waste. The injection wells can be good or bad and cause a major problem. Some of the
wells are used many different ways like for a aquifer recharge and the production of oil, gas, or
minerals. Also for improper usage as disposal of toxic and hazardous waste. The EPA

Drinking Water Act Of 1974

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