Person Centered Theory

Person Centered Theory
Carl Rogers (1902–1987) was a humanistic psychologist agreed with most of what Maslow
believed, but added that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with
genuinness (openness and self–disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive
regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy
personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and
water. Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When,
or rather if they did so, self actualization took place. This was one of Carl Rogers most important
contributions to psychology and for a person to reach their potential a ... Show more content on
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It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e. forever changing. The ideal self in
childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc. Self Worth and Positive Regard Carl
Rogers viewed the child as having two basic needs: positive regard from other people and self–
worth. How we think about ourselves, our feelings of self–worth are of fundamental importance
both to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can achieve goals and ambitions in life
and achieve self–actualization. Self–worth may be seen as a continuum from very high to very low.
For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has high self–worth, that is, has confidence and positive
feelings about him or her self, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and
is open with people. A person with low self–worth may avoid challenges in life, not accept that life
can be painful and unhappy at times, and will be defensive and guarded with other people. Rogers
believed feelings of self–worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction
of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant others
will affect feelings of self–worth. Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others;
we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how
other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction.
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Essay on Drawing The Boundaries Of The Ethical Self
Drawing The Boundaries Of The Ethical Self
This paper evaluates some philosophical views regarding the self who is an ethical deliberator and
agent–specifically the traditional atomistic individualist self and the expanded biocentric self of
deep ecology. The paper then presents an alternative manner of thinking about the ethical self which
avoids some of the philosophical difficulties of the foregoing views. This alternative draws on the
recent work by Val Plumwood and Donna Haraway. Haraway's cyborg identity is a kind of self–in–
relation (Plumwood's term) which allows for ethical deliberations that take relations with others
seriously without losing individuality in problematic holism (as deep ecology does). Self–in–relation
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One possible such self conception is the biocentric self of deep ecology. Deep ecologists seek to
expand the self not only beyond the atomistic individual human self but also beyond all human
selves. As a way to insure an appropriate concern for all life on Earth, deep ecologists urge the
adoption of a self which is identified with all earthly beings. This self–identification will result in
the promotion of maximum self–realization for all beings. Since I am not a being among others, my
status, interests, etc., are not privileged over any others, though they are still taken into account.
Since the biocentric self allows all beings to achieve maximum self–realization, conflicts between
egocentric individuals are minimized.
Deep ecology seeks to overcome individual/group conflict by expanding the individual self so as to
encompass, as self–interest, the interests, rights or claims of other beings which might otherwise be
considered alien or hostile. The goal of maximum self–realization is accorded to all beings, since no
one being can claim primary importance for its own individual interests, status or rights. The self–
interest of the individual is dissolved into the interest of the whole. Since there are no "others"
toward whom one might have duties or to whom one might owe responsibilities, there is no need for
moral principles or obligations. The pursuit of self–interest, taken in the expanded sense, is all that is
necessary.
But

Cooley And Mead : The Three Stages Of The Looking-Glass Self
Cooley and Mead were theorists that created a theory called the looking–glass self.
Saunders (2013) states that the three steps of this theory are: (1) imagining how we portray
ourselves to others; (2) imagining how others evaluate us; (3) combining these impressions to
formulate a self concept or idea of what we are like (Saunders, 2013 , p.67). Mead essentially
contributed to the theory by adding that the theory occurs in three stages. The stages include
imitation, the use of language, and pretending. Cooley believed that we don't actually influence
ourselves based on what other peoples' opinions are, but we are influenced by what we THINK the
peoples' opinions are. We do this by combining the three steps by Cooley and the three stages by
Mead.
As stated above there are three steps to the way Cooley believed people developed their self–image.
In the first step we evaluate how we think we look to others. In the second step we think about how
we imagine others evaluate us. In the third step we combine these two ideas and that's how we
develop our self concept. For example, a guy works out to look good for his girlfriend so he thinks
he is buff. Then she says, " Oh Johnny, You look so handsome." When she says these things it is
going to make him think that he truly is a good looking guy because he believes he is buff and she
feeds him kind words saying he is so handsome.
Meads three stages are more relatable to children. His first infers that children are going to imitate
the people that are around them, most likely their parents. For example, if a child's father is shaving
they may want to pretend shave with an object because they see their dad doing it. The next stage
involves language and symbols. This is as simple as making a noise or face that shows your
emotions. In the third stage the child will pretend that they are another person–– for instance, King
Kong beating on his chest at the top of the Empire State Building.
HOW TO DEVELOP SELF–IMAGE
3
Wiley stated that: Even though the two shared many ideas, particularly concerning the theory of
child development and the social self, Mead did not refer to Cooley except to criticize him (Wiley,
2011). It's very interesting that even though their ideas are very

My Experience In Life
There are many moments in an individual's life where they succeed and learn dramatically from
their experience. It could be mentally, physically, or lead them to a higher self esteem and self
confidence. It could be the littlest success such as making a pancake, but it can have so much impact
on a persons self worth. Success can have many different definitions depending on who you ask
usually, but at the end of the day, it's usually improving either as an individual or at a certain task. To
begin with, I believe if you put your mind into something, you can do anything. Growing up, my
family has always had high expectations for me and I've always felt very determined despite the
pressure. Last year, I had to take the class precalculus which to some people it may come as a very
easy or hard thing to take. It was a very new type of class, and honestly I was taken out of my study
comfort zone because it did require a large amount of hours and work. I would sacrifice so much
time such as socializing with my friends and family, to be the best I could possibly be, and I learned
so many study habits I did not have before the class. I consider taking the class, success as a learner
because it was a very impacting and eye opening experience that will come very useful to me in the
future. Furthermore, being a Latina, I am trying my hardest to achieve the best grades possible to
beat statistics and graduate college. In fact, I am taking numerous

Critical Review of the Blind Side Movie
A Critical Review of The Blind Side "A person's self–concept is shaped by his/her communication
with significant others." Self–concept is how a person has the knowledge of oneself. According to
the Social Issues Reference(n.d.), self concept is the accumulation of the knowledge about the self,
such as beliefs regarding personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals and roles.
Self–concept is knowledge about how someone define themselves, either the similarity or the
difference from others. It is a concept of how someone reflect themselves. Communication is one of
the requirements in a life. Human are social creature, they are depend on each other helps. Human
communicate to fulfill their social needs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Berger (1987) stated that empathy is 'The capacity to know emotionally what another is
experiencing from within the frame of reference of that other person, the capacity to sample the
feelings of another or to put one's self in another's shoes'. Based on the test that Michael been
through, it found that he has great protective instinct stand out from all instinct that resulted
unpleasant. That can shows when he always trying to Leigh Anne and the Tuohy's, when he block
the airbag from SJ at the time accident happen. The protective instinct might shaped by his usual to
protect his real mother that has a medical problem. As he took away from his mother, he being
around moved from foster homes to another foster homes. He always had the instinct to protect his
mother. Another factor considered might be because he is all around everywhere homelessly, he
always trying to protect himself. This self concept shaped by life background of Michael. As
Michael always trying to protect people around him, can be seen by what he always saying "I have
your back" means that he always shelters people surrounds him. By realized that Michael has a great
instinct, Leigh Anne dig deeply about himself and helps Michael to improve his potential to play the
sport that is relating to the self defense. In the football match, Michael starts to play well and know
the rules, but one of the personnel of opposite team keep teasing him and makes him less self
esteem. He losses

Analysis Of ' The Vine Of Desire '
In emerging Diaspora, the mixed cultural dominant environment poses a challenge to immigrants,
where they strive to reinvent, a 'self Identity'. It aims to capture the striving role of women in men's
society to build selfhood,an individuality in immigration context. From centuries woman is seen
struggling under the shadow of patriarchal family structure. Her image is subservient and in general
protected by a father or a husband or a son where her self–image is vanished off target without a self
identity. Divakaruni focuses the notion of women struggling to make a footing in alien country out
of the patriarchal zone.The paper foregrounds the struggle of the women characters in the novel The
Vine of Desire who undergo emotional grinding in process of ataining re–inventing selfhood and re–
fashioning culture. It focuses the notion of women struggling to make a footing in alien country
miles away from their home. The struggle underlines, the impact of cultural difference. The native
root culture is in contest with the 'other' culture, where the characters are in a state of vacillation.
The cultures reflect the difference of the world around the them, building a fissure amid belonging
and not belonging. The women characters display fractured identity but gather the wrecked pieces to
build their self image. They are inclined to transform and face the litmus test challenges to gather
the shattered fragments in their lives.
Key words: immigrants, re–invent, selfhood,

The Existential Of Existential Anxieties Of Anna, Sandro...
"We define existential mattering (EM) as the degree to which individuals feel that their existence is
of significance and value; to feel a sense of EM is to feel that one's existence is important and
relevant." (39) Demonstrated by Batthyany et al. definition of existential mattering, is the
importance of self–awareness, a theme that perpetuates through Antonioni's L'Avventura. Anna,
Sandro and Claudia, three of the characters of interest in Antonioni's film, are in constant limbo with
their self–awareness and seem as if they are unable to achieve conscious, rational self–evaluation.
Throughout this text, we will evaluate the existential anxieties of Anna, Sandro and Claudia as
presented through the narrative and filmography of L'Avventura.
We are first introduced to Anna, a thin woman with short dark hair, in her dialogue with her father
where it quickly becomes apparent that they already have a difference in opinion on love, marriage
and what she should wear on a yacht. "that guy will never marry you my darling daughter" to which
Anna replies "so far, I've been the one who doesn't want to marry him" "it's the same difference" her
father disagrees (Antonioni. 3:45 – 3:55). Although this is a short glimpse into Anna's character we
can see that she resists these social standards and almost seems annoyed by them. Anna is seemingly
the most self– aware of the characters but seems to be stuck in a position where she is unsure of how
everyone else will react to her true

Literary Theme Of Self Identity Essay
In Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee writes, "before I can live with other folks I 've got to
live with myself. The one thing that doesn 't abide by majority rule is a person 's conscience (Lee,
108)." As displayed in To Kill a Mockingbird and many others, the literary theme of self–identity
coupled with coming of age has been a long running one in the history of literature. Certainly, we
find this theme in novels such as Between Tides and Shadows of Your Black Memory, respectively.
The development of character and self–identity is vital in the analysis of each protagonist. Between
Tides follows Pierre Landu, a black Catholic Priest and revolutionist, on a journey to right his
wrongs through rigorous self–examination. Pierre, having rejected his African ancestry during
adolescence, in attempts to integrate into the Catholic Priesthood finds himself dissatisfied with the
priesthood during his adult years. In attempts to reconnect to his cultural roots he joins a
revolutionist movement to deconstruct colonialism in his African nation. Through growth and the
tumultuous discovery of self, Pierre recognizes that there is no easy resolution in rediscovering
himself or Africa. Similarly, Shadows of Your Black Memory, is largely about a young boy 's
journey into adulthood. Shadows is retold through the memory of the adult version of the young
boy. Unlike Pierre, the Narrator, who is never a given a name is strikingly aware of the cultural and
social parallels in which his

Essay Questions on the Breakfast Club
Question #1, Option b Roles are like "parts" we play in life, each with a set of expectations specific
to that position (rules). In The Breakfast Club, Mr. Vernon has the role of the Principle. Naturally
this means his "rules" include both the explicit (written out and specifically defined) ones such as
managing the school's staff, and creating and carrying out policies and procedures, and the implicit
(implied) ones such as trying to guide his students down the right path and leading by example by
being respectful and fair to his students. In detention Mr. Vernon tells the students that they're not to
talk, move from their seats, or sleep, and that they're expected to write an essay of no less than a
thousand words on "who they think ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the closet the wounded look on his face when Mr. Vernon told him he was basically scum further
strengthened my belief that deep down, he really believes all the things his parents and the principle
think about him. Since it is known that children who are told negative things about themselves at an
early age often come to believe it, and we know from John's outburst and the cigar burn on his arm
that this was likely the case for him, it's not difficult at all to believe that this was how his low self
esteem was developed in the first place. Odds are it was this constant belittling by them and any
negative reinforcement he got from other students and teachers like Mr. Vernon that helped to
solidify these beliefs about himself. John's public self, the one he projects for others to see, as seen
through his interactions and persona as a badass, is just that, "the criminal". His ideal self, the one he
really wishes he was, is probably that of the boy who can stand up to his father and scream "f*ck
you" back at his father when he's being degraded. All that pent up anger that he exhibited during his
skit of his home life probably wouldn't have been quite that forceful if it was really how he reacted
at a time like that. His real self, the guy he really is underneath all his masks, shells, and doubts, is
actually a pretty good guy whether he normally

The Differences Between Us And Lower Animals
Language Development Charles Darwin once said that one of the major difference between us and
lower animals is our ability to associate sounds and idea by speaking words. This ability to come up
with a language and use languages depends on the high development of mental powers. The use of
language is considered one of the three pillars of human development alongside affects, and
cognition. The ability to link feelings into words is called translation. At around age 2 , the children
's ability to use language significantly improves. Their ability to string up words to make sentences
and their vocabulary knowledge is improved. THeir ability to describe their environment and come
up with representative language shows up the same time when their ability to imitate and represent
improves as well. During the early years of 2–3 children require a combination of participation and
an accepting environment to fully explore their potentials of learning the language. Most of times
expressive complex speech and sarcasm fall to deaf ear as the child take it literally or have no
knowledge of the complex vocabulary. Due to the little social knowledge and egocentrism of most
young children indirect requests also seem to confuse them. At around the age of 4, children starts to
develop understanding of more pragmatic rules. One example is the ability to speak politely which
is a cognitive sign that they now can understand the viewpoints of others. Another concept of
language we must grasp

Gestalt Theory
What is Gestalt Counseling?
You may want to know something more about the gestalt approach to counselling before deciding to
see a gestalt counsellor. Or you may just be interested in different approaches to counselling. On this
page I have attempted to set out some of the basic ideas of the gestalt approach. Some of the ideas
are complex and open to different interpretations, so this can be little more than an introduction. I
have also included links to other sites and articles, as well as some suggested reading.
The Gestalt Concept of Self
We all talk about ourselves in the first person – 'I did this ', 'my book ', 'I felt happy ' etc., but what
do we mean when we use the words 'I ' or 'me ', what is this thing we call self? ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason the aim of gestalt counselling is to help the client gain self awareness.
Self awareness is also the aim of many spiritual paths and there are some similarities between
Buddhism and gestalt theory. In the therapy room the counsellor will help the client to gain
awareness through asking questions and making appropriate challenges. As individuals we can help
to develop our self awareness through self questioning (note this does not mean self criticism) and
through meditation. Meditation is a helpful technique for many of those suffering from emotional
and psychological problems, as well as those looking for personal and spiritual development.
The Here and Now
Gestalt therapy focuses on what is going on in the here and now, i.e. in the therapy room, rather than
what may have happened in the past. We are not influenced by the past as such, but by our memory
of the past, by the behaviours that we learnt in the past. All the information that a client needs to
develop self awareness is available in the here and now. A gestalt therapist will look at what is
actually there – the client 's body language, tone of voice, what is not being said as well as what is
being said etc., rather than what they think should be there. This is often referred to as the
Phenomenological approach. The therapist will try to put their own prejudices to one side and
experience the world through the client 's eyes. A gestalt therapist may note

Race And Beauty in Toni Morrison's Novel The Bluest Eye...
Throughout Toni Morrison's novel The Bluest Eye, she captures, with vivid insight, the plight of a
young African American girl and what she would be subjected to in a media contrived society that
places its ideal of beauty on the e quintessential blue–eyed, blonde woman. The idea of what is
beautiful has been stereotyped in the mass media since the beginning and creates a mental and
emotional damage to self and soul. This oppression to the soul creates a socio–economic
displacement causing a cycle of dysfunction and abuses. Morrison takes us through the agonizing
story of just such a young girl, Pecola Breedlove, and her aching desire to have what is considered
beautiful – blue eyes. Racial stereotypes of beauty contrived and nourished by ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Matus also notes:
Profoundly interpersonal, the experience of shame is also therefore social and cultural. Shame is the
result of feeling deficient, whether in relation to a parent, an admired friend, or a more powerful
social group (39).
We can easily see the effect of this stereotyping in the diminishment of self with Pecola's desire for
blue eyes just to be considered beautiful enough to love.
A negative self–concept fostered by societal beliefs creates a profound sense of self–loathing for
those who don't fit into a certain standard, which can transcend to the belief that familial
connections are also guilty of the same abhorrence of not fitting into societal stereotyping. The
inherent belief that one is not worthy and they come from a bloodline also unworthy diminishes the
mind of any positive thinking and forms a person ready for abuse and disregard. In Trudier Harris'
view, "The cycle, vicious in its repetitiveness, is one that is too ingrained to be broken"
(47). Harris also points out the oppression faced by a young girl like Pecola:
...Morrison explores in the novel [and] centers upon the standard of beauty by which white women
are judged in this country. They are taught that their blonde hair, blue eyes, and creamy skins are not
only wonderful, but

Development Of Self Esteem, Self Concept And Identity...
Applied Assignment
Option 3
Development of self–esteem, self–concept and identity through middle childhood and adolescence
Anuja Rupesh Vora
New York University
The years between 6 and 18, middle childhood to adolescence is a time of important development
that leads to the establishment of self–concept, self–esteem, and identity for children. Self–concept
can be defined as an idea of the self that is created from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the
way that others respond to the created self. On the other hand, self esteem can be defined as the
confidence that one has in one's own worth of abilities and self–respect. During these years, children
take steps toward adulthood by becoming capable, self–governing, self–aware, and involved in the
world beyond their families. Social relationships and roles change dramatically as children enter
school, join programs, and become involved with peers and adults outside their families. The
changes that characterize and lead to the development of self–concept and esteem as well as the
formation of their identity, by looking at the examples of questions answered by an 11 year old and
an 18 year old and previous research conducted in this area. In the early childhood years youngsters
begins to organize the characteristics of the "Me–self" into sets of categories that display some
consistency. Instead of specific behaviors, the subject emphasizes on capabilities. (Damon and Hart,
1988). For example, the child

A Study On Agency Sponsorship Essay
Agency Sponsorship
The group will be run by a License Master Social worker (LMSW) who getting supervised to
became a License Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). The LMSW is very known in the community
and works primarily with adolescents. The LMSW works part time with the local Boys and Girls
Club of America. This provides access to a physical location for the group.
The Boys and Girls Club America mission is, "to enable all young people, especially those who
need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, responsible citizens" (Boys and
Girls Club Mission Statement, 2016). The group promotes self–care as well as improving the self–
esteem of young adolescent females. This not only fits in with the mission, but the core beliefs of
proving ongoing relationships with caring, adult professionals and life–enhancing programs and
character development experiences (Boys and Girls Club Mission Statement, 2016). Since LCSW
works for the local Boys and Girls Club there is no additional cost for using the space.
Membership
The group will service adolescent females in ages eleven to fourteen. This is a transitional time for
most young girls. Most girls in this age group are in middle school or entering high school. Before
15 years old, adolescents will have been exposed to events that can influence their self–esteem in
positive and negative ways (Young, 2009). Searcy (2007) states that "life decisions impacted by
self–esteem included: (a) whether to engage in protected

Self Image In Death Of Salesman Essay
Published in 1949, Arthur Miller's Death of Salesman is a post Second World War American drama
that highlights the plight of isolation and desolation experienced by the common man, as
symbolized by Willy. The play deals with the society, life's absurdity, various internal and external
conflicts, death and above all, the tragedy of existence. It is located in the industrial society of the
twentieth century where the pressure to succeed and the financial difficulties seem insurmountable.
The play depicts America as the land of opportunity as well as a place where the society has
acquired a new set of values that threatens to destroy those who cannot abide by new changes. This
paper discusses the importance of self–image in the Loman ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The best characterization of Linda is in these words: "Linda, as the eternal wife and mother, the
fixed point of affection both given and received, the woman who suffers and endures, is in many
ways, the earth mother who embodies the play's ultimate moral value, love. But in the beautiful,
ironic complexity of her creation, she is also Willy's and their sons' destroyer. In her love Linda has
accepted Willy's Greatness and his dream, but while in her admiration for Willy her love is powerful
and moving, in her admiration for his dreams, it is lethal. She encourages Willy's dream, yet she will
not let him leave her for the New Continent, the only realm where the dream can be fulfilled. She
wants to reconcile father and son, but she attempts this in the context of Willy's false values. She
cannot allow her sons to achieve that selfhood that involves denial of these values" (Gordon 312).
Furthermore, the Loman family lives in a society where the monetary status of residents determines
their value. It is a consumer–based materialistic society which measures the worth of people on the
basis of wealth owner. Clearly, being a part of this society and finding himself a complete 'failure',
Willy's sense of self image suffers drastically, which worsen when he sees his sons doing nothing
about their life. Willy tries to, in fact, he knows that he wants to live in this society but at the same
time, his idealism makes him imagine a

Conception Of Self
In Ken Russell's Altered States and Aldous Huxley's Doors of Perception, both protagonists embark
on journeys fueled by psychoactive drugs in which they are confronted with the notion of Self. In
Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley consumes mescaline believing that he will be permitted to
experience the mindset of visionaries but, instead, his heightened state transforms his concept of the
Self. In Altered States, the protagonist Eddie Jessup, portrayed by William Hurt, ingests a mixture of
amanita muscaria, a hallucinogenic mushroom, in an attempt to penetrate the atoms of the mind,
which he believes to hold the memory of conception of consciousness. Although both protagonists
alter their beliefs of Self, there are many similarities, as well as differences, between their
psychoactive drug– induced pursuit of Self.
In Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley's notion of the self develops during a quest to understand the
inner mindset of visionaries and mystics. Along his mescaline–induced journey, Aldous Huxley has
a revelation that the Self inhibits one from experiencing the Divine because its presence anchors one
in a state of ego–driven perception. Aldous Huxley used philosophies from Buddhism and Hinduism
to express the theory that the Divine, or Infinite, is a state of nothingness, which one cannot
experience if there is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While both Aldous Huxley and Eddie Jessup displayed similar concepts of Self during the journey,
their concluding belief of the Self contrasted. Huxley found serenity in the absence of Self, while
Jessup's encounter with nothingness was terrifying. Thus, the notion of Self is dependent upon the
person to whom it belongs and the journey he or she

Examples Of Self Image In 12 Angry Men
Self–Image Through a Role Model Bernard Roth`s definition of self image in The Achievement
Habit: Stop Wishing, Start Doing and Take Command Of Your Life revolves around identifying
"your role models," "being autonomous," and finding "your self–image" (192, 196, 205). In 12
Angry Men, when Juror Eleven says, "What kind of man are you? You have sat here and voted
guilty with everyone else because there are some baseball tickets burning a hole in your pocket?"
(Rose ) this calls to mind Roth's question, "how do we interpret our own self image" (198).
Throughout the process of examining their self images, each juror learns a great deal about his own
biases and prejudices. Juror Eight is the conscientious role model who influences his fellow jurors to
withhold judgement, to accept different points of view, and to communicate respectfully which
forces them to examine their own self–image. Throughout the film the jurors' judgment shifts from a
biased opinion to a more just and conscientious point of view. When Juror Eight says, "you don't
believe the boy. How come you believe the woman? She's one of "them", too, isn't she?" (Rose pg
#). Juror Eight is making the point that the other jurors are being inconsistent in their judgement of
the boy and the woman. They're both obviously from the slums, so how can the jurors see one
different than the other? This makes the men take a step back and rethink how they judge people.
"When you judge others, you do not define

Essay Psychological foundations behind Personal Identity
As a question, 'who am I?' poses many complications. Each of us are aware of being someone "with
a past, a present and a future..." however, it is the fact that we are not "only aware of inhabiting a
distinct personal world, but also...social and cultural..." which leads to confusion. This essay will
therefore explore the Psychological foundations behind the question, in regards to evidence
provided by the 'Twenty Statement Test'. Analysis of this study made it apparent that 'the self' could
be classified into three main groups; social, relational and personal selves, with each of these being
readily related to the various theoretical assumptions. This essay will examine how each of these
categories seek to answer the question 'who am I?', as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, one attempt to rectify this is the 'Social Categorisation Theory'. This suggests that the self is
actually an outcome of our cognitive processes. Studies following up Tajfel's work, further
manipulated self categorisation and found that the self is "affected much more by the presence... of
social categorisation than by the presence... of similarity". Although, as proposed by Haslam, when
identifying with a group the process is much more complex– a person is said to use the "perceived
social reality" of that group, and through reflecting upon their own cognitive representation of
themselves will recognise any similarities, and experience depersonalisation; shifting from a
personal self to a social self, though self–stereotyping. Consequently, this theory will aid us when
attempting to understand how the self may have both social and personal aspects. A more extreme
approach to 'who am I?' is then a more personal view, with theorists adopting an individualistic
stance over what constitutes the self. The most prominent message being conveyed here is that the
self has "...the potential to be anything its owner wants it to be" as it is self–made through exerting
control over who you are. However, studies such as that of Cousins seem to show how the
individual 'self' may not be as prominent world wide. By replicating the TST,

Theme Of Self In The Alchemist
1.1 Introduction The death of self is chosen as the subject of study in Paulo Coelho's The Alchemist
for research purpose. The self to the characters in this novel is shadowed in the name of searching
destiny and pursuing dream. The study of self is not an easy task. The self concept is discussed
below on the basis of some references and the novel, The Alchemist.
The question may be raised: is the self a fact in Coelho's The Alchemist? Coelho has used the
individual or self of the characters as the umbra and created penumbra around it to give concrete
form in the novel. But, this might be refuted in terms that the individual loses his/her identity when
being manipulated by external agent. What might be the external agent or force if ... Show more
Will: Fate is constantly intertwined with will, and a key theme of the book focuses on how much in
life is under one's control, and how much is controlled by fate. The old king states that the world's
greatest lie is that at some point during our lives, we lose control of what's happening to us, and our
lives become controlled by fate. While this point of view strongly supports that will has a stronger
hold on one's destiny, later events, such as Santiago and the alchemist being caught by warring
tribes, demonstrate fate's hold on one's life. However, in every situation where fate does take over,
the characters are capable to excavate themselves from the situation. For, instance, after being
caught by the tribal chief, Santiago is able to turn him into the wind, demonstrate his power, and is

Self Concept Is Our Self Identity Essay
Self–concept is our self–identity, and is the way that one perceives itself, it includes both attitudes
and the collection of beliefs. Self–Concept also branches out into self–image and self–esteem. Self–
image, is the way the person pictures itself. The self–esteem is the way we evaluate ourselves. We
identify ourselves by our communication, and our interactions with others. In other words "I think,
therefore I am" (René Descartes; "ego cogito, ergo sum") If a person was to tell another person what
they think they look like, odds are that that person may view himself as what the other person
thinks/views him as. It could either raise or lower the self–esteem of the person, it could also
enhance the way we view ourselves, depending on the type of people the person associates,
communicates and experience interactions with them. If a person associates himself or herself with
educated people, he or she will most likely feel respected. If he or she associates with people of less
morals, odds are that that person may just have a lower self–esteem and self–image compared to the
person that hangs around overall good people.
It is believed that developing a self–concept is essential to perform well in the work place. A work
place involves a constant interaction between its workers and environment, communication. Believe
it or not communication and self–esteem are related, we perceive ourselves based on our own
experiences and communication with others. The people one is surrounded by

Essay On Humans : A Bag Full Of Memories
Fazil Quaisar
Seminar Paper 1
Humans: A Bag Full of Memories
One, almost instinctive, characteristic of humans is the need to categorize and label the people that
surround them in order to create a scheme. We then proceed to assimilate ourselves to those groups,
formulating our self perceived identity. However, how do we decide what group we fit into? What
causes us to believe our identity is valid? Memories are the keys to this question. To begin
discussing about this, one must distinguish the difference between the right side of and the left side
our brain. In Jill Bolte–Taylor's TED talk, "My Stroke of Insight," she says, "the right side of the
brain is all about right here, right now." The right hemisphere uses the kinesthetics, ... Show more
With these self descriptions, individuals start to create a image of who we are because they are a
reflection of who we are.
The idea of self is discussed in David Eagleman's essay entitled "Who Am I." The essay discusses
the origin of the "self" and states that "everything that we've experienced has altered the physical
structure of your brain." Essentially every choice I make is defining who I am and what I think I am.
Likewise, the choices that I make show others who I think I am. These choices include gender, style,
thoughts, ideals, beliefs, individuality and numerous other things. However sometimes people don't
stay true to their identity. Humans tend to use descriptions and judgements about others – physically,
mentally, socially, and emotionally – to give ourselves a place in the social structure by comparison.
The enforcement of such a social hierarchy often discludes certain people and enforces stereotypes
amongst one another, especially amongst teens. Eagleman states that "teens are not only emotionally
hypersensitive," – which leads to their desire to fit in – " but also [are] less able to control their
emotions than adults." Such desires of assimilation lead all people, teens specifically, start to create
a facade of an identity in order to fit in. They start to act and dress like the people they desire to be
and eventually lose a total sense of self by trying to align themselves to others.

The Self-Concept: What Is Self Concept?
What is "Self Concept?"
Self concept is defined as how someone evaluates, perceives & thinks about himself.
Baumeister gave the definition of self as " The individual's belief about himself or herself, including
the person's attributes and who and what the self is" (Baumeister, 1999).
Self concept allows someone to recognize himself. He knows about his/her social identity. The self
includes many integral parts that are:
Self awareness
Self esteem
Schemas
Self control
Self regulation
Self complexity
Self image
Self perception
Self distinctiveness
Self discrepancies
The study of Self Concept is important regarding two branches of psychology that are "social
psychology" and "humanism" .
Lewis explained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We feel down & gloomy after a bad presentation in class o Heightened sense of conformity: A
publically self aware will show conformity in public. o Concerned about our self: We think how
others judge us. o Concerned about appearance:
We think how we physically appear in public o Avoid embarrassing situation:
A publically self aware person avoids such situation where he might feel embarrassed.
Private Self–Awareness:
Private self awareness means when people become aware of themselves privately. For example,
seeing yourself in the mirror involves private self awareness, feeling happy to see someone you are
attracted to, being aware of your body weight etc. people recognize their abilities privately. They try
to overcome their weaknesses by self study. But being more privately self aware can make us feel
depressed & unhappy as we may suffer from inferiority complex. For avoiding such situations, we
can distract our self by doing different activities .

Effects of private self awareness: o Act according to personal beliefs: When we are aware of our
selves privately we act according to our own beliefs. o Better

A Girl Stand Before Her Mirror
A girl stand before her mirror. She is barely moving, afraid to make too much noise. She is a
beautiful young girl that can easily make heads turn when she walks into a room. If you ever got the
pleasure of meeting her, you would quickly realize that she is intelligents as well as kind. As you
look closely in the reflection of the mirror, you see her eyes glistening and tears quickly running
down her face. Damaging thoughts are playing inside her head, like a CD stuck on replay. She sees
herself and can only see features that she would change or improve. "Why can't I just be perfect?",
she asks herself sharply looking away. Personal appearances have always been one of the most
scrutinized features that humans have obsessed over. In modern times, it is not uncommon for young
and old to be battling with self image. The pressures of always having to look flawless has made
many people become extremely self conscious of their personal appearance. Firstly, society plays a
big role when it comes to people believing that they must always look their best. Then people's self
esteem is lowered as they believe that their self worth and abilities are not appreciated by other and
themselves. Lastly, if humans were to value themselves as well as one another, then the world would
be filled with respect, admiration, as well as appreciation. In today's social standards, being
attractive has numerous advantages. For this reason, people are obsessed with appearances as they
believe that it is

Internet Esteem And Its Effects Of Internet Adolescents
Higher self esteem results in better academic performance, well being and coping strategies among
adolescents (Trzesniewski et al., 2003). On the other hand, low level of self esteem has negative
effects. These include isolation, loneliness, depression and substance abuse. Thus, it is very
important to have high level of self esteem among adolescents so that they can live a better life
ahead. There are many research studies done that emphasis on internet addiction and its effect on
adolescents. There results include effect on their academic performance, well being, self esteem and
increase family conflicts. According to one of the research done by Young (1998), it reported that
individuals who have high internet addiction among adolescents have low levels of self esteem. In
addition, low self esteem is also found to be one of the reasons for internet addiction in adolescents
and indulge themselves more into social networking sites, so that their sense of self worth increases
(Greenberg, Lewis & Dodd, 1999). Thus, self esteem is considered to be as an antecedent of internet
addiction as well as the consequence of it. FAMILY COMMUNICATION PATTERN AND
INTERNET ADDCITION Family by its nature is a social unit wherein children grow up and it acts
like the socialization agent. Children receive their earliest and most consistent socialization here in
the family. In a family it is very important as to how parents cater the needs of their children and
how children take care of them

Self-Concept: What Is Self Concept?
What is "Self Concept?"
Self concept is defined as how someone evaluates, perceives & thinks about himself.
Baumeister gave the definition of self as " The individual's belief about himself or herself, including
the person's attributes and who and what the self is" (Baumeister, 1999).
Self concept allows someone to recognize himself. He knows about his/her social identity. The self
includes many integral parts that are:
Self awareness
Self esteem
Schemas
Self control
Self regulation
Self complexity
Self image
Self perception
Self distinctiveness
Self discrepancies
The study of Self Concept is important regarding two branches of psychology that are "social
psychology" and "humanism" .
Lewis explained that development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A child recognizes himself as a separate identity as compared to others. According to the research of
Lewis child starts to recognize himself at young age of two to three months. Slowly he starts to
kmow about his/her caretaker as well.
For example: A child also smiles back when he sees an adult smiling at him.
(2) The Categorical Self:
When a child realizes that he is a separate identity he starts to understand that he or she is a object in
this world. As people include different characteristics, they also identify their own properties. They
become aware of their height, skin color, body shape etc. they identify their gender like " I am a girl
" & age like " I am 4 years old ".Children in their early age identify themselves by their physical
appearance & likes/dislikes.
For example: hair color, & favorite things.
SELF AWARENESS:

What is Self Awareness?
"It is a psychological state in which people identify their feelings, traits & behavior. Alternately, it
can be defined as the realization of oneself as an individual entity." (Crisp & Turner, 2010)

Using Allport 's Trait Theory Approach
Application Questions: Using Allport's trait theory approach, describe Mary's personality by
answering the following questions. Answer thoroughly and completely, using full sentences and
citing to sources to support any contentions and analyses. 1. Allport suggested seven criteria that
demonstrate that a person is psychologically healthy (mature). What are they? Find examples of
them in the case. From one to four years old: Sense of body– involves consciousness of physical
sensations, (Piotrowski, 2005). Example: Mary is aware of her frown lines. Self identity–
corresponds to the child's comprehension of an internal sameness or stability over time, (Piotrowski,
2005). Example: Mary has always liked precision of number crunching; she likes it to the degree
that she has integrated it into her housekeeping chores. Self esteem – reflect personal efforts to
preserve pride and avoid shame, (Piotrowski, 2005). Example: She shows satisfaction always
keeping the house in order. She is always willing to help her friends by watching their children when
needed, and preparing their parties. From four to six years old: Self Extension – it refers to the
child's perception of that which is his or hers, (Piotrowski, 2005). Example: Mary shows this by not
delegating her functions as mother and housewife to anyone. Self image – represents the
consciousness of the person's objectives and personal skills, as well as the good and bad of things of
himself, (Piotrowski, 2005). Example: Mary is

Generation Y Is The Generation Of Participation Milestones?
When he was a child, James received numerous trophies. However, James had never won a trophy
in his life. Today was the day that James, a modern millennial, would interview for his job. James
was thrilled, as he thought he would attain a high salary immediately. Later, James completed the
interview and knew he would land the job. To his utmost dismay, James did not obtain the job, and
was not even close to obtaining the job. Stories like this are common among the modern generation.
This modern generation, generation Y or millennials, is full of ideas of entitlement and narcissism.
Generation Y is the generation of participation trophies. Unfortunately, these participation trophies
have had significant effects on this generation. Now, students exhibit a sense of superiority, while
not performing the work to constitute that excellence (Lippmann et al. 2). Because of its detrimental
cultural effects, society should discourage the everyone wins mentality in the youth environment.
Unfortunately, James was awarded participation trophies throughout his whole childhood. He was
informed he was always a winner. He did not have to be the best at a sport or activity, but was still
provided with a trophy. Because he constantly captured that trophy, he always expected to receive
one. In the United States, the everybody wins mentality has led to an entitled populace. Participation
trophies lead to an inflated self image. Throughout their lives, millennials have been exposed to the

Relationship Between Self Esteem and Achievement
ABSTRACT
The present study explored the relationship between individual self esteem and achievement. The
sample of the study consisted of 85 respondents working in the private sector of Pakistan. A total of
21 companies were visited for this purpose. It was hypothesized that individuals having self–esteem
will also have high achievement. Two scales were used to measure self–esteem and achievement.
Self–esteem scale comprised of 13 items and the achievement scale also comprised of 13 items
measured on 6 components of achievement. Both questionnaires were given to each subject and
analyzed afterwards. The results indicated that those subjects scoring high on self–esteem scale also
scored high on achievement scale. The results are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rosenberg (1979) viewed the self as made up of 2 elements, identity which represents cognitive
variables and self–esteem which represents the affective variables.
Self esteem is operationally defined as:
"Individual's feelings about his or her worth as a person, derived from the evaluation of various
salient dimensions of the self, namely psychological, social and physical or any other" (Rifai, 1999).
Types of Self–esteem
Korman (1986) suggests three types of self–esteem. They are:
Chronic Self–esteem
This type is defined as a relatively persistent personality trait or dispositional state that occurs
consistently across various situations. This self–esteem is a result of past experiences and focuses on
one's competencies. An individual's confidence in his/her competencies directs the individual into
situations which require the use of those competencies.
Task Specific Self–esteem
Task specific self–esteem is one's self perception of his/her competence concerning a particular task
or job. This type of self–esteem is the result of feedback, which comes directly from the observation
of he results of one's efforts.
Socially Influenced Self–esteem
This type of self–esteem is a function of the expectations of others. It results from communication or
feedback from reference group members or society as a whole, concerning the value of identity and
the individual's ability to meet the expectations of the reference groups and/or the society as a
whole.
Theories

Identity And Identity Of Identity Essay
Have you ever glanced around and ponder what makes individuals, individuals? Why do they act the
way that they or why do they react to times the way that they do? Identities, everybody has an
alternate identity. Identity advancement are the examples of considerations, emotions and practices
that set you apart from another person. A large number of the hypotheses spin around that identity is
something that starts when you are a newborn child.
Grown–up identity characteristics are one of the identities accepted to be based off of newborn child
demeanor. That implies that their identity characteristics start to contrast at an early stage in life.
Some trust that it is even before dialect. They held a similar point of view yet that identity is steady
before the end of pre–adulthood. Yet, by the mid 1900s, William James ' attested that grown–ups by
age 30, their identity is "set like mortar".
Keeping in mind the end goal to demonstrate some of these speculations are right they made what is
known as The Five Factor Model. It is intended to guide youth disposition. It is assuming to
demonstrate that individual contrasts in levels of the "Enormous Five" identity attributes are
available from youthful age.
The Big five identity attributes was the model to understand the relationship amongst identity and
scholastic practices. The model depends on basic dialect keys of identity. These keys are assembled
together utilizing a strategy called figure investigation. This generally

Analysis Of Tagore 's ' The New Woman '
Tagore's portrayal of underprivileged women like Chandalika, Chitrangada or Srimati is a reflection
of the idea of the 'new woman' that had emerged from the time of the Bengal Renaissance, and
feminism in Rabindranath challenges the traditional view of women as the weaker sex. He urged
women to step out of the precincts of their home to pursue education and cultivate their intellect
stressing the importance of their autonomous self development. So he chooses the icons of
marginality–warriors, untouchables, dancing girls in his women centred dramas to portray the
radical nature of his conception of women and the maturation of their self hood. This paper is a
humble attempt to showcase how the underprivileged women protest for establishing their identity
as 'new women' as reflected in Tagore's Chandalika and Natir Puja.
Keywords: Underprivileged, new woman, identity.
Modern age is considered to be the age of feminism. Women in the modern period have proved their
equality to their male counterparts crossing the barriers of society. Literature being the mirror to
society, takes the charge of registering the voice of protest and proclamation, of self realization that
was inevitable to reconstruct the human identity of those who are neglected, oppressed and
deprived. The term "New Woman" signifies the awakening of woman into a new realization of her
place and position in family and society. Conscious of her individuality, the new Indian woman tries
to assert her

What Factors Would Influence the Capacity of an Individual to
ques 3. What factors would influence the capacity of an individual to express consent
The term "consent capacity" describes an adult's ability to understand information relevant to
making an informed, voluntary decision. A wide variety of diseases, disorders, conditions, and
injuries can affect a person's ability to understand such information.
Informed consent is a phrase often used in law to indicate that the consent a person gives meets
certain minimum standards. In order to give informed consent, the individual concerned must have
adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts at the time consent is given.
Impairments to reasoning and judgment which may make it impossible for someone to give
informed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person who has low self esteem and no sense of self worth. Someone who has been physically and
emotionally abused in the past. Someone that has been sexually abused. People who have substance
abuse problems. The mentally ill or homeless. Someone who is mentally handicapped or medically
dependent people, such as nursing home patients.
ques 9. compare the different uses of risk assessments within health and social care There are so
many,risk assessments are done on all clients in a group home and protocols developed according to
the level of risk for the worker, hygiene and often assault training is provided when risk is identified,
innoculations are provided for health workers working with hep positive clients, level of staffing is
determined on "how at risk" staff are exposed to violence, the other side of the coin is how to protect
clients from themselves or others. Traditional methods of risk assessment are full of charts and
scoring systems, but the person, their objectives, dreams and life seem to get lost somewhere in the
pages of tick boxes and statistics.
A person centred approach seeks to focus on people's rights to have the lifestyle that they chose,
including the right to make 'bad'decisions. The approach described here uses person centred thinking
tools, to help people and those who care about them most think in a positive and productive way
about how to ensure that

Sns 's Effect On Adolescence Essay
Having developed only a few years ago, SNS have had the most effect on adolescence. Adolescence
are prone various peer, group and social pressures, SNS have changed the channels of
communicating these pressures influencing both self esteem and well–being. Valkenburg, Peter, and
Schouten (2006) looked at the effect SNS have on SE and well–being in adolescence, a correlation
co–efficient of r=0.34 suggested that there is a good positive relationship. Using a popular
Netherlands SNS "CU2", which contains 22% of Dutch adolescence aged 10–19, filled an online
survey, the study went on to find that SE is the cause, well being the effect and the relationship
mediated by SNS. The study suggested 3 reinforcement processes mediate this relationship, a. the
number of relationships formed, b. the frequency of feedback received via the profile, c. the tone of
this feedback. The self esteem measure used was the Harters self perception profile (Harter, 1982).
The study also used a well being 5 item satisfaction scale with high reliability (α=.89) (Diener,
Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Both scales were consistent. The results found that people
visited the site 3 days a week and stayed online for an hour, receiving an average if 25.31 reactions.
The tone varied, with predominantly positive (49.3%) and always positive (28.4%) the responses
highest. This study was the first of its kind to show the consequence of adolescent use of SNS on
their social self–esteem and well–being. 78% of

A Brief Note On The Stroke Affected The Right Hemisphere...
Section A. Client Overview
DG was 54 when he suffered a stroke in February 2016. The stroke affected the right hemisphere of
his brain, this resulted in a difficulty in understanding high level language e.g. jokes, metaphors and
extended pieces of text. Right–sided strokes are associated with patients being emotionally labile,
confused and impulsive, these characteristics and their impact were considered throughout DG's
care.
Prior to his stroke, he was a carer for his wife, who has dementia. He has a 23 year old daughter. She
offered to care for her Mother two nights a week to give DG rest–bite. Instead, DG got a job as a
part time cleaner, working on both the two evenings. Since DG's stroke, his daughter has left work
and has become the full time carer of her Mother. This has caused extra strain on the family
relationships due to financial worries. His daughter reported that DG was always the 'joker' of the
family. From this reported information, it became clear that jokes and sarcasm were a major part of
DG's personality and identity.
When DG was first admitted to hospital, the damage from the stroke seemed significantly worse.
His speech was unintelligible, the oral stage of his swallow was slow and he was immobile. During
the acute stages, DG was very agitated and struggled with fatigue. A combination of early
intervention and spontaneous recovery helped DG to progress rapidly. Although his oral transit of
food was still slower than pre–stroke, assessment

The Theoretical Principles of Person Centre Counselling
The theoretical principles of Person–Centred theory and it's application in practice. The work shall
emphasise the significance of the six necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change in
particular, the three core conditions. A critical analysis of the efficacy of the approach will be carried
out with some critical evaluation of the researched arguments for and against the effectiveness of
Person Centred Counselling.
The common conception of human beings sees them as unsocialized, irrational and destructive to
themselves and others. The client–centred point of view sees people as basically forward thinking,
rational and social. Antisocial emotions such as hostility and jealousy are not seen as aspects of
human nature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conditions of worth are imposed upon us by society. The individual will value experience a s
positive or negative solely because of the conditions of worth that have been imposed upon them
and not because of whether or not the experience enhances the organism . The developing self will
grow and actualize itself but because the self contains the introjected evaluations of others it may
grow in a different direction from the organism.
Positive self regard
A Positive self image which is no longer dependant on the attitudes of others.
Internal and external locus of evaluation
This refers to how much you value yourself from the inside "internal locus of evaluation" and how
much you need to be valued by others "external locus of evaluation".
The six necessary and sufficient conditions
Rogers emphasised six necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.
Rogers(1957) writes: "For constructive personality change to occur, it is necessary that these
conditions exist and continue to exist over a period of time: (1) Two persons are in psychological
contact. (2) The first who we shall term the client, is in a state on incongruence, being vulnerable or
anxious. (3) The second person whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the
relationship. (4) The therapist

Summary Of Self Respect By Didion
Weekly Critique 2 Summary of the reading Self–Respect by Didion is an essay that compares a lot
of things about self–respect to our lives. In the beginning of the Self–Respect essay, the author talks
about the situation she experienced when she was nineteen years old which had to do with the
failure to be pledged to a college honor society. She did not have the grades to qualify her to be
pledged into the honor society, which made her come to a realization that we are not handed out
things in life rather, we have to earn them "no winning smiles will do over here, no pretty drawn
lines of good intentions" (Didion 2). She also realized that we are not judged in this life based on
who we are but on what we have done to earn them and that made her feel a loss of innocence "the
day I did not make Phi Beth Kappa nonetheless marked the end of something and innocence may
well be the word for it" (Didion 2) hence making her understand that all situations have a
consequence. This essay compares people with no self–respect to children sleeping in the bed they
made for themselves showing us that children who did not make well supported beds did not sleep
well at night. This shows us that people without self–respect lacked the very foundation to teach
them about it "the measure of slipping prestige is that one tends to think only of homely children"
(Didion 4). She also lets us understand that the things we do to earn respect as children is not the
same we do as adults. The things she

Social Development And Piaget 's Theory Of Cognitive...
Adolescence (12–18 years of age) stage in human development is the period between puberty to
legal adulthood. During this transitional stage physical, emotional, intellectual, social and
psychological changes occur. This essay will discuss about some transition on socio–cultural and
cognitive aspects as well as two normative and a non–normative events occurring during this stage.
Erikson's theory of social development and Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been used
in this essay to discuss the transitional aspects of the adolescence. This essay further discusses about
self identity and self esteem and their impact and various aspects contributing to the nursing
standards for practice.
There are various cognitive aspects and socio–cultural aspects vital for shaping the adolescence
journey to the adulthood. Hoffnung et al., (2016) explained that cognitive aspects include the
development of formal operational thoughts which originates from early adolescence, more
advanced in middle adolescence and late adolescence. Due to the immature frontal lobe of the brain,
temporal lobe does the decision making and logical reactions in adolescence (Barkway, 2013).
Hypothetical thinking develops and do not worry about the consequences and are more perspective
takers. In the middle years, they start to think logically by identifying and rejecting the hypothesis
and trying to find possible outcomes based on logic (Barkway, 2013). Abstract thinking develops in
late adolescence,

Identity And The Concept Of Self
Through these past units I have learned several things about identity and the concept of self. Self
concept is the intellectual and theoretical awareness and constant regard that conscious beings hold
with regard to their own self. Elements of a persons self concept include but are not limited
physical, psychological, and social attributes and can be affected by its attitudes, habits, beliefs and
ideas. These factors can each be condensed to the common ideas of self esteem as well as self
image. Many of the achievements and failures that people encounter in several areas of life are
similarly related to the ways that they have learned to look at themselves and their interactions with
others. "Different social contexts may trigger an individual to think, feel, and act on the basis of his
personal, family, or national "level of self" (Turner et al, 1987). This shows how influential our
surroundings are to the choices we make and "it is an individual–based perception of what defines
the "us" associated with any internalized group membership. This can be distinguished from the
notion of personal identity, which refers to self–knowledge that derives from the individual's unique
attributes"(Lecture notes week 1). Self–concept is something that is learned and from what we know
now, nobody is born with a self–concept. It continuously and slowly appears in the initial years of
somebodies life and is shaped and reshaped through imitated and duplicated incidents and
experiences,

The Kite Runner and a Thousand Splendid Suns Essay
Khaled Hosseini's novels, The Kite Runner (year), and A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007) both
explore the idea that a significant individual can inspire a course of action, which may result in a
change of self. In the novel The Kite Runner, the protagonist, Amir, is a young boy growing up in a
well off family in Kabul, Afghanistan. Amir's closest friend is Hassan, the son of his family's
beloved servant. Amir's self image at the beginning of the novel is one in which he views himself as
a coward, worthless and selfish. "I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to
decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan – the way he'd stood
up for me all those times in the past – and accept ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This change is a positive and uplifting change of self for the protagonist in this novel. In the novel A
Thousand Splendid Suns, the protagonist, Mariam also undergoes a positive change of self. This
change is also similarly a positive and uplifting change. Mariam personality shifts from being one
that lacks self esteem, confidence and courage, similarly to Amir at a younger age; to one with
courage, confidence, strength and heroism, similarly to Amir in his older age. This is change is due
to a significant individual in Mariam's life, Laila, who inspires and encourages her greatly to achieve
this change. Her original personality is exemplified in the fact that Mariam lives in fear of Rasheed,
"his shifting moods, his volatile temperament, his insistence on steering even mundane exchanges
down a confrontational path that, on occasion, he would resolve with punches, slaps, kicks, and
sometimes try to make amends for with polluted apologies and sometimes not." The listing of
Rasheed's personality traits emphasises Mariam's fear of him and the constant abuse that she deals
with. Rasheed's power is shown in the words "sometimes not" emphasising that she means nothing
to him, contributing to her low self esteem. Her change in self is evident towards the end of the
novel were we see a final change of self in Mariam. She decided for the first time in her life to do
something that no one has told her or forced her to do. "She turned it so the sharp

Development of Self Essay
Development of Self
The development of self starts at a very young age. When a preschooler is asked how are they
different from other children, they usually look at their self concept. Self concept is their identity, of
their set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals. Most preschoolers give inaccurate
statements about their self concept. They usually overestimate their skills and knowledge.
Preschool–age children also begin to develop a view of self that reflects their particular culture
considers the self. An example of this would be to look at the different views as self between the
Western culture and the Asian culture. Western cultures believe that an individual should seek
attention of others by standing out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children's views of self become more differentiated. As they get older, children discover that they
may be good at some things and not so good at others. Children's self– concepts become divided
into personal and academic spheres. During middle childhood children begin social comparison.
Social comparison is the desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by
comparing them to those of others. During middle childhood children deal with the crisis industry
versus inferiority stage. The stage is characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in
meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern
world. This is a time of their life where the child develops a self esteem. Self–esteem in an
individual's overall and specific positive and negative self–evaluation. Self concept reflects beliefs
and cognitions about the self, self–esteem is more emotionally oriented. The self–esteem of most
children tends to increase during middle childhood with a brief decline around age of 12. Some
evidence shows that members of minority groups have lower self–esteem then those of the majority
group. Children build a sense of self efficacy during their elementary years. Self efficacy refers to
learned expectations that one is capable of carrying out a behavior or producing a desired outcome
in a particular situation.

Person Centered Theory

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Person Centered Theory