Essay On Optical Denoising

Essay On Optical Denoising
In Ophthalmology, Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non–invasive imaging modality. It
provides a cross–sectional view (tomography) of the retina tissue structures and is used widely to
identify and monitor various eye diseases [1]. However, OCT images are inevitably affected by
noise due to the interferometry nature of OCT imaging. Also, to avoid motion artifacts due to the
fixation eye movements, the OCT clinical images are often captured at lower than nominal sampling
rates [1], [2]. Therefore, effective denoising and interpolation algorithms are necessary for
automated or even manual OCT image analysis.
Interpolation and denoising are two of the most well–known problems in image processing, and
various methods based on various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These shortcomings can be mitigated using sparse models because they can be used with smaller
datasets and have intrinsic denoising and interpolation capability [21]–[24].
In recent years, several researchers have utilized modern sparse representation and closely related
compressed sensing methods to devise various OCT image denoising and interpolation algorithms.
Compressed sensing methods have been presented with promising results to reconstruct both Fourier
[25]–[27] and spatial domain SDOCT data [28]–[30]. Although the former has been demonstrated
promising results, it needs imaging hardware modifications. Thus, we are interested in spatial
domain SDOCT reconstruction methods which are more applicable to end users of current clinical
imaging systems. In this regime, denoising and interpolating regularly sub–sampled spatial domain
SDOCT images have been also shown as a promising approach [2], [12], [13].
Inspired by the natural image super–resolution literature [21], [31]–[34], Fang et al. [12], [13] have
tried to denoise and interpolate SDOCT images by proposing a fast coupled dictionary learning
approach. They clustered image patches space to learn a couple of LR–HR dictionaries for each
subspace. Although the idea of adaptive dictionary selection has shown to be very effective for
various image restoration problems [22], [23],
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Optical Network Essay
SDON– Software Defined Optical Networks
Jagdeep Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
University of Ottawa
Ontario, Canada
Student number– 8647574
Group 10 Gurpreet Singh Sethi
Ontario, Canada
Group 10
Aditya Aneja
Ontario, Canada
Group 10 Saif Ali Khan Pathan
Department of System Engineering and Computer Science
Carleton University
Ontario, Canada
Group 10
"This report was prepared for Professor Ahmed Karmouch in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the course ELG ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the end the performance of software Defined Optical Networks is evaluated.
Keywords– Software Defined Networks, Optical Networks.
1. Introduction
The major goal of Software Defined networks is separate the control plane and the data plane and
passing the control to a SDN controller for the programmability of the network resources. The SDN

architecture consist of basically 3 layers– (i) the infrastructure layer (ii) the control layer and (iii) the
application layer (from top to bottom). The connecting interface between the control and application
layer is termed as the NorthBound Interface while between the control layer and the infrastructure
layer is termed as SouthBound Interface. The SouthBound Interface uses the Open Flow Protocol to
communicate with the lower level switches. The Controller is the main intelligent device present in
the architecture that offers a centralized view of the whole network [1].
Fig 1– SDN architecture
Optical Networks provide a way of transmitting the user signal in an optical medium by converting
them into light signals. Recent advances in the optical networking technologies enables the transport
networks to be more intelligent and allows more flexibility in multiplexing and switching functions
[2].
1.1 SDN Controlled Optical Networks
With the use of SDN control to the photonic level of operation in the optical communication allows
more flexible support to photonic components that supports optical networking

Optical Illusions Research Paper
Illusions can be early illusions, twentieth century illusions, twenty–first century illusions, and new
illusions. Optical illusions started out in ancient Greece. John R. Opel made one of the earliest
optical illusion in 1854. Many optical illusions have been found in cave paintings. An optical
illusion is not appraised as an invention, but instead the result of a man mimicking the geometric
form seen in nature. First, our eyes skim, then our brains tend to jump to conclusions. The impact on
seeing something starts with light rays bouncing off an object. These rays enter the eyes through the
cornea. The cornea is a transparent layer forming the front of the eye. The cornea refracts the light
rays as they go through dark part of the eye, called the pupil. The iris(a flat, colored, ring–shaped
membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening(pupil) in the center)
contracts or expands to change the amount of light that goes through.Then, the light rays go through
the lens of your eye, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light
to be focused on the retina. Last, the cell in the retina, called cones and rods, turn the light into
electrical signals. That gets sent through the optic nerves, where the mind clarifies them. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two other types, but all trick your eyes and brain. The first type is physiological illusion.
The physiological illusions are created when your brain and eyes have too much stimulus. The
stimulus could be light, movement, or color. An example of a physiological illusion would be the
images that you see after staring at a bright light. The other type of illusion is a cognitive illusion.
They are pictures that cause an object to look distorted. For example, the spinning snakes is a type
of cognitive illusion. The snakes look like they are moving but are actually still. The shape of the
snakes make them appear to be

Optical Distortion Inc
It was in late fall 1974 when Daniel Garrison, the president and CEO of Optical Distrotion Inc., had
asked his marketing vice president to develop a marketing plan for ODI's contact lens for chickens.
The lens developed by ODI was made to partially blind the chickens. The main reason of making
this lens to the market is because it would reduce cannibalism among chickens. He tentatively hoped
that the ODI lens could be introduced in at least one region during spring 1975, and that national
distribution would be achieved by the end of 1977. Not only the reduction of the cannibalization, the
lens also has the less trauma issue which improves chicken productivity, greater feeding efficiency,
and better labor efficiency. Therefore, the expected value of the lenses to farmers should come from
the diminution of costs which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, each time a chicken gets debeaked, the profit would lose at least 1.31 cents, from losing
approximately 5.75 eggs during a week and the profit of 3 cents per dozen. If a hen has the
production lifespan 3 years and it needs to debeak every five months, the losing profit for each hen
should be about 9.45 cents at least. The ODI lens had the potential of reducing a farmer's feed cost.
From the information, other words, a farmer with a 20,000 bird flock could save 156 pounds of feed
per day per inch, and the chicken feed price is $158 per ton. 20,000 hens should cost $11.18 per day.
Therefore, if each hen can produce eggs around 3 years, the feed will cost $12,242.25 for 20,000
hens or $0.612 per hen. According to Garrison, ODI lenses would permit a farmer to reduce the
depth of feed in the troughs by at least 3/8 inches. At the result, this range should yield from $0.229
to

The Evolution Of Optical Networks
Optical network is designed to transmit digital signals in the form of pulses of light. Optical fiber is
used as medium for transmission. Optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber (glass or plastic)
that acts as a waveguide to transmit light between the ends of the fiber. Optical fiber consists of a
central glass core surrounded by a cladding layer whose refractive index is slightly lower than the
core index. Such fibers are generally referred to as step index fiber to distinguish them from graded
index fiber in which the refractive index of the core decreases gradually from center to core
boundary. Working principle for transmission is total internal reflection (TIR). Figure 1.1 Light
propagation in fiber
Optical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In such kinds of optical networks, both the traffic passing by and ending at a node is converted from
the optical domain to the electrical domain and switched electronically to an output port (including a
port that can drop traffic locally). Following electronic switching, the traffic passing by a node is
converted back to the optical domain before departing from the node. With the increase in data
transmission rate, electrical switching and optical–electrical–optical (OEO) conversion result in a
significant growth in complexity and cost for electronic devices. Therefore, reducing the burden
placed on the underlying electronic devices in a node and removing electronic switching for traffic
passing by a node became key factors in the development of second generation optical networks.
The switching and processing of bits were, however, handled in the electronic domain as before.
1.2.2 Second Generation Optical Networks
These networks were made capable of using multiple carrier wavelengths that were multiplexed
onto a single fiber thus offering increased bandwidth. The technique is called wavelength division
multiplexing. From technological point of view, incorporating the switching and routing
functionality in the optical domain and allowing for the transparency of data format, protocol and bit
rates are the achievements of second generation over

The Design Of Qam Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical...
The Design of QAM Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical OFDM System
Kalpesh Borade1, Swati Kadlag1
1Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis
International University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India kalpeshborade.r@gmail.com,
swatik@sitpune.edu.in
Abstract. Coherent Optical–Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO–OFDM) technique is
extensively reconnoitered for next generation optical communication system emerges attractive
pathway towards future implementation of 1 Tb/s Ethernet systems. This paper proposed the design
of 100 Gb/s CO–OFDM system based on the dual polarization of signal. The performance of 100
Gb/s CO–OFDM system using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) format transmitted over
576 km optical link using standard SMF is evaluated. The performance of the system in terms of
signal–to–noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), laser linewidth, chromatic dispersion and
receiving constellation diagram to accomplish excellent system. Eventually, dual polarization based
CO–OFDM system has high spectral efficiency as compared to conventional CO–OFDM and
invokes enhance track for the high–speed optical communication system.
Keyword: Optical OFDM, Coherent detection, Chromatic dispersion, QAM, DCF. Introduction
Now a day, in telecommunication field lot of antagonism between telecom service providers to
provide good quality of broadband services with high speed. In recent year broadband
communication

Optical Distortion
Introduction Optical Distortion Inc. is a small new company with a patent for an innovative new
product which is a contact lens designed to impair the eyesight of chickens. The analysis in this
paper provides recommendations for ODI on their marketing and pricing strategy to launch this new
product.
Market Segmentation There is substantial evidence in the case to suggest that ODI should segment
the market based on flock size of the farms and focus their marketing and sales strategy towards
farms with more than 10,000 birds. As illustrated in Exhibit 4 of the case study, number of chicken
farms with flock size less than 10,000 has vastly shrunk between 1964 and 1969. This trend has
continued and it is estimated that between 1975 and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the advantages of an initial high pricing strategy are: 1) the high initial price does not
attract competitors from the market 2) it communicates the image of a quality product 3) can extract
the maximum revenues from the market while facing no competition from other vendors, 4) leaves
room for initial promotions or bulk discounts. By 1979 ODI would have already gained enough
market–share to effectively use economies of scale to bring down their average costs allowing them
to further lower their prices. A lower price will discourage firms from entering the market as
potential competition. There are some clear challenges facing ODI in terms of implementing the
above strategy. Higher initial prices would require ODI to hire some best–in–class sales people who
can justify the price to farmers by convincing them with the value–analysis of the product and also
meet the aggressive penetration rate targets. This might push the cost of the product (pricing floor)
further up eating into their operating margins. ODI should continue investing in research to meet
their goal of a multi–product and multi–market company in the long run.
Appendix A – ODI 's value to chicken farmers
Number of Birds 20,000 50,000 75,000 100,000
Savings from reduced cannibalization* 2160.00 5400.00 8100.00 10800.00
Trauma savings**

What are Optical Illusions? Essay
One wonders what an optical illusion is, "an optical illusion is a visually perceived image that
differs from reality." (Eifrig, 2014, n.p.). There are so many different types of optical illusions in
which play with the brains of people. Optical illusions are normal because the majority of humans
experience them. Humans' vision tries its best to figure out what is happening to the picture, which
then creates an image contradicting reality. Sometimes illusions can be entertaining because it fools
the brain and one tries to figure out the image shown. Illusions cannot only be in a form of art but
sometimes it happens whenever reading something without putting much effort.
Optical illusions are images that contradict real life. Meaning that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Perception is quite an important piece in real life as well. The power of perceptions is amazing how
it can actually help one or bring one down. One has the power to determine the response from
events. "Perceptions begin when the human brain receives data from the body's five sense."
(Enayati, A., 2012, p.2). An example that demonstrates how perception is able to help is Victor
Frankl, a Jewish psychiatrist who lived three years in a Nazi concentration camp during World War
II. Frankl became aware that he had only one freedom during that time which was the freedom to
determine his response for a sorrowful truth. To imagine is to have the power to decide the response
to events. Frankl decided that he would image seeing his wife, teaching students about what
happened during the Holocaust, and the lessons learned while being in camp. Ludimar Hermann
developed the Hermann Grid in 1870. The grid consists of black squares in which are in a grid, with
white bars separating the black squares. "The fuzzy dot that appears at the intersections of the bars is
called an illusionary dot." (Blatchey, Moses, 2012, p.257). Humans are most likely to see the fuzzy
dot in lower saturation of color; color and saturation affect the perception of the fuzzy illusionary
dot. The Scintillating Grid is the modern version of the Hermann Grid. This grid uses special
mechanisms that are in the brain and eyes. These special mechanisms help humans see edges clearly,
as well as seeing a boundary

The Optical-Time Domain Reflectometer
The OTDR is a device that measures distances to a reflection surface by measuring the time it takes
for a lightwave pulse to reflect from the surface. Reflection surfaces include the ends of fiber cables,
breaks in the fiber, splice locations, and connector locations. The ability to provide these
measurements simplifies the fault location procedure for fiber systems.
The OTDR measures the scattered and reflected light returning from a pulse of transmitted light.
Pulses of light are generated from the OTDR, and reflected light is displayed on the oscilloscope
portion of the OTDR. Knowing the time delay of the reflected light pulse and knowing the speed
light travels in the fiber determines the distance to the discontinuity of the fiber. Discontinuities or
impedance changes of the fiber cable reflect light back to the OTDR. It is important to know the
index of refraction of the fiber core to accurately determine distance. This setting must be correctly
set on the OTDR. Keep in mind that power level is displayed on vertical axis, and distance is
displayed on the horizontal axis of the screen. Abrupt changes in reflected power can represent fiber
"open" conditions. The OTDR will display small losses from couplers and connectors.
The accuracy of the OTDR can be in the order of .01 dB splice seen more than 40 km (25 miles)
away to within 1 meter of the problem. Loss performance of new installations is usually recorded on
floppy disks and/or hard copy printouts for future

Fiber Optical Probes Of Fiber Sensors
FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a brief introduction on the basics and applications in fiber optic
sensors. This innovation is one of the quickest developing advances in the cutting edge science.
Various investigates have been directed in past decades utilizing fiber optic sensors with diverse
strategies. Power, stage, and wavelength based fiber optic sensors are the most generally utilized
sensor sorts. In this paper, a review of fiber optic sensors and their applications are exhibited.
Different sorts of fiber optic sensors and their applications are discussed.
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper is to review the most significant developments and
applications of fiber–optical probes for. Late advances in fiber ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fiber optic sensor engineering has been a critical client of innovation related with the optoelectronic
and fiber optic correspondence industry. A considerable lot of the parts connected with these sorts of
businesses were created for fiber optic sensor applications. Fiber optic sensors are great for checking
natural changes and they have numerous favorable circumstances.
OPTICAL FIBER BASICS:
Optical fiber consists of three parts named the core, he cladding and the coating or buffer. The basic
structure is shown in figure–1. The center is a round and hollow pole of dielectric material and is
made of glass. Light will proliferate through center of the fiber. The cladding is made of dielectric
material with a file of refraction and is made of glass or plastic. The file of refraction of the cladding
material is short of what that of the center material. The covering or cushion is a layer of material
used to secure an optical fiber from physical harm and is made of plastic. The covering is versatile
and averts scraped spots.
Fig–1 Basic structure of optical fiber
Optical strands are partitioned into two gatherings named as single mode and multimode. For
arrangement of list of refraction, we separate between step record and inclination file. Step record
strands have a consistent list profile over the entire cross segment. Slope file filaments have a
nonlinear, rotationally symmetric record profile, which tumbles off from the focal point of the fiber

Disadvantages Of Optical Fiber
Introduction Ideas and information travel in different ways. In our daily lives, we may not realize it
but the cables around us have great importance in order to receive and send messages. Most
importantly, a fiber–optic cable carries information between two places using entirely light based or
in other words, optical technology. I will address how the optical fibers work, the variety of uses,
and lastly, the advantages and disadvantages of this technology.
The Mechanics and Physicality of Optical Fibers
Firstly, an optical fiber is flexible and transparent fiber which is made of drawing glass or plastic.
Optical fibers have a diameter that is slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Most optical fibers
used in communication have the diameter of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm including outer coating. Optical
Fibre communication takes place between 0.8 micrometers to 1.7 micrometers of a wavelength of
the electromagnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few disadvantages are that is difficult to splice, expensive to install, highly susceptible and it can't
be curved. Optical fibers lose light due to scattering which makes it difficult to splice. The physical
arc of this cable is also very limited which means that is can break or get damaged easily. The
optical fibers are more expensive to install, and they have to be installed by the specialists. They are
not as robust as the wires. Special test equipment is often required for the optical fiber. In addition,
according to specialists, "The fiber optic cable is a small and compact cable, and it is highly
susceptible to becoming cut or damaged during installation or construction activities. The fiber optic
cables can provide tremendous data transmission capabilities. So, when the fiber optic cabling is
chosen as the transmission medium, it is necessary to address restoration, backup, and

Maverick Optical Essay
Maverick Optical is my favorite small business because I was able to see how many people it
benefited. My parents are the owners and have worked as opticians as long as I can remember. They
worked long hours (9–8), so when I was younger I would ride the bus to their office and then help
out around the store. There were always things to do and interesting people to meet. I initially
started out helping clean up around the office and as I got older, I started to interact with customers,
greeting them and helping them pick out frames. When I was in middle school, I started to help my
mother with filing insurance claims online and that's where my love of technology flourished. Each
claim was different and I knew it was enormous weight lifted off of my mother's shoulders because
it was hard for her to find someone to do the claims while she worked on the floor (out with the
customers) with accuracy and efficiency. Having been in the Maverick Optical office I was able to
meet all kinds of people. Anyone could need eyewear. This being the case, I was able to see people's
lives changed by their eyewear. Being able to see a toddler with their first pair of glasses and them
being able ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My father had bought the business from him before I was born. His original agreement with Mr.
Brodt was that he would work and help my father out for a couple of years. In the end, Mr. Brodt
worked for my father and mother until he was about 84, which is when he decided to finally retire.
He was a highly respected man as a former sheriff of Maysville and I looked up to him as a
grandfather figure. He passed away at the age of 98 and I am honored to have known him and been
a part of his life. If it had not for Maverick Optical I doubt I would have had the opportunity to meet
such a splendid man, who had so many experiences and memories to share. I think it very rare to
find someone as genuine and loving as

Optical Illusions
Harvard Cases for BBUS 521 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Southwest Airlines (A), Reprint # 9–575–060
Cumberland Metal Reprint # 9–580–104 Optical Distortion Reprint # 9–575–072 Biopure Corp. #
598–150 Nestle Refrigerated Foods, # 9–595–035 Aqualisa Quartz: Simply a Better Shower: 9–
502–030 Fashion Channel: Market Segmentation, # 2075 Case Preparation Questions: The list
provided below for each case are Preparation Questions. They are not meant to be comprehensive
nor are they to be answered in sequence. They are provided to help guide your thinking and to
ensure that you have not left out critical issues in your analysis. INDIVIDUAL CASE: Discussion
Analysis: Southwest Airlines (A), PREPARE for Discussion Only:: Why did Muse and King start an
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
what market segments should ODI target? In which market segments should ODI concentrate its
efforts? 3. What pricing strategy should ODI adopt? What are the pros and cons of alternate pricing
policies? Determine the price that they should initially set (and also recommend a dynamic pricing
policy). 4. What is a realistic goal for ODI by 1978? Important NOTE: Common ASSUMPTIONS
FOR THE ODI CASE: 1. The number of eggs lost due to trauma over the laying life of a bird (one
year) is exactly ONE. 2. A conservative estimate of the reduction in feed trough depth when birds
are not debeaked is 3/8". Biopure Corp. # 598–150 1. 2. 3. 4. How do you assess Biopure's potential
in the Human market? How is this potential different from the Animal market? What are our SWOT
to success in these two markets? What is the relationship between Oxyglobin and Hemopure? How
does Oxyglobin impact Hemopure? 5. What should we do with Oxyglobin? 6. What is the best way
to release this if we go ahead? I.e., what price should we charge; and how do we distribute this? 2
Nestle Refrigerated Foods 1. Using the BASES model described in Exhibit 9, please forecast the
estimated demand (trial & repeat) for the 2 pizza options under consideration by your firm: Pizza &
Topping and Pizza Only. 2. Most of the data needed for the forecasting exercise is available on
pages 14 and 15 and on page 34 (Exhibit 21). 3. In general, how would you compare the pizza

The Importance Of Optical Communication
Design of Non optical Carrier Single Sideband and wavelength reused DWDM passive optical
network with Wired/Wireless Services Incorporating OFDM
Abstract– In this work, an integrated passive optical network and free space optical communication
system based on no–carrier single sideband modulation is proposed. Optical orthogonal frequency
multiplexing is employed with dense wavelength division multiplexing to support 16 channels over
300 km bidirectional single mode fiber to enhance spectral efficiency and reduce inter–symbol
interference. Moreover, wavelength reuse is also realized to design cost effective optical network
units. Results revealed that the proposed framework successfully accomplished the 300 km
symmetrical distance and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature of OFDM system provides us that there are significantly three kinds of the OFDM such as
direct detection, coherent detection and heterodyne detection. However, all the aforementioned types
can be used in the systems based on the specifications or user demands [7]. To understand the cost
effective system, direct detection and heterodyne reception are ideal beneficiaries [8]. In any case,
regardless the utilization of single photo–detector in reception of OFDM signals and offers the cost
effective modulation, it experiences short separation transmissions [9]. Due to phase matching at the
receiver, CO–OFDM is considered as the unmistakable and potential contender for long separation
transmissions [10]. Till now, different methodologies are exhibited to create a dependable OFDM
signals incorporating double side band and single side band modulation [11]. Disadvantage in the
former modulation such as double side band (DSB) modulation, is the bandwidth inefficiency and
limiting effects of power fading because of dispersion effects [12]. Unexpectedly, single sideband
balance offers more noteworthy insusceptibility or resistance to scattering impacts and procures less
data transmission in the optical fiber [13]. Also, it is studied that the optical carrier to signal power
ratio (CSPR) is vital parameter in the frameworks that utilized the single side band adjustment in
OFDM. Nonlinearities are because of high power, in the fiber,

Essay on Optical Fiber Corp Case Analysis
Case Analysis:
Optical Fiber Corporation
Introduction
Optical Fiber Corporation (OFC) is a financially successful, albeit relatively small manufacturer of
multimode optical fibers. The company was founded in 1990. The founders were able to enter the
market largely on the basis of acquiring patent licenses from larger optical fiber firms. These
licenses restricted competition between the entities and provided OFC with instant access to optical
fiber technology. In return, OFC's customer base is limited by the license agreements and royalties
of 7% on sales of licensed products (recently renegotiated to 9%) are paid to the licensors. Despite
these handicaps the firm has grown in size and profitability. OFC makes several types ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
New firms entering the market will be free to produce the products once protected under those
patents without having incurred any R and D costs. These firms will also be free from royalty
payments to licensors or any restrictive covenants such as those under which OFC operates.
The industry in general, and OFC in particular, must contend with the purchasing power of its
buyers. Optical fiber is converted into optical fiber cable. In the United States there are twenty
companies that perform this function. OFC sells over 70% of their fiber to just three. The loss of any
of these accounts could be devastating for OFC and places them in a weak position when
negotiating prices, at least when the products are those which are readily available from other
multimode fiber producers. It is doubtful that switching costs would be high for buyers. Favoring
OFC and the optical fiber market are the projections for increased demand for multimode optical
fibers at least through the mid 2000's. Sources of increased demand for multimode fiber are
anticipated to include: cable TV, undersea cables, local area networks (LAN) as well as general data
communications growth such as computer uses.
As noted the single mode optical fiber market is much larger than the multimode market. It too, is
expected to see significant growth over the next several years. Single mode fibers

Optical Fiber Essay
Optical fiber cables and connectors are a very essential part of the infrastructure in the world today.
Because of the many advantages the optical fiber cables and connectors have over the old age
traditional coaxial cables that were used in the olden days, fiber cables have outdone the
performance the communications industry has ever reached in the past.
Optical fiber cable is a cable that contains one or more than one optical fibers. These fibers carry
data and information signal in the form of light in them. The indivisual wires in the cable is coated
with layers of plastic and are covered inside plastic tubes in order to save the cables from being
affected by the environment where the cable will later be used. Different types of cables ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fig: An Optical Fiber Cable with many fibers in it which is coated with plastic and encased in tubes
Fig: A Connector
OPTICAL FIBER CABLES:
DESIGN:
The basic optical fiber cable consists of a core and a cladding and the refractive indices of the two
differ. A substance called Polyimide is coated on the cladding of the fiber which doesn't let the fiber
get damaged. Fibers which are bundled together are given a tough resin buffer layer and core tubes
extruded around them to the cable core. Many covering layers are also added to the fiber depending
upon the application of the fiber. Sometimes, light prohibiting dark glasses are also used between
fibers so that light from one fiber doesn't leak and enter another fiber and cause distortion. This also
helps in reducing cross talk.
For fibers which are meant to be used indoors, the fiber is usually jacketed and enclosed in a flexible
strength member in a lightweight plastic tube to form a simple cable.
If the cable is meant to be used in an environment in which the fiber can be subjected to stress and
strain, the cable construction must be strong and healthy. When the loose tube construction is used,
semi rigid tubes are used, and they are laid helically into them. This is done so that the fiber gets
space to stretch without causing tension in the cable itself. This way

Optical Ofdm For Passive Optical Network
1. Introduction
2. Optical OFDM for Passive optical networks
The high–speed broadband penetration and ongoing growth of the Internet traffic among customers
have been the key reasons that are driving the rapid emergence and deployment of optical access
networks as a basic bearer network that supports hybrids services for multiple customers while
bearing huge capacity. Passive optical network is the most interesting solution for the optical access
network to cope with the increasing bandwidth demand and to meet the cost effectiveness. PON can
be used for Point to point (P2P) or Point to multi–point (P2MP) configurations. The P2P structure
builds a dedicated fiber from a CO to each subscriber which constitutes an ultimate solution to
provide much–needed bandwidth to each ONU. In P2MP topologies, the feeder fiber is shared
between various customers and terminates at a central office in an Optical Line Terminal. Passive
splitters put between the OLT and the ONU are used to split the connection to multiple end points,
thus enormously reduces the maintaining cost. Two key technologies are used in passive optical
network: the first one known as TDM–PON uses Time Division Multiplexing to multiplex traffic
from/to multiple ONUs onto the upstream/downstream wavelength. It requires complex scheduling
algorithms and framing technology to support a variety of services. The second is Wavelength
division multiplexing passive optical network "WDM PON". This technology comes to extend the

Optical Distortion
Optical Distortion Case
Introduction
Optical Distortion Inc. is a small new company, not yet in business, with a cash asset of $200,000
and a patent for an innovative new product (the only one) which is a contact lens designed to impair
the eyesight of chickens. . These lenses are used instead of debeaking. Lensed chickens are more
likely to survive. They also eat more efficiently than debeaked chickens. The key issue facing ODI
is "How to market these lenses?". The analysis in this paper provides recommendations for ODI on
their marketing and pricing strategy to launch this new product.
Strengths include highly innovative product (main competitive advantages over debeaking arriving
into savings from reduced cannibalization, trauma ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Geographically, ODI should focus on the Pacific region, starting with California and Oregon
because that¡¦s where ODI¡¦s lens has been tested on a number of farms with satisfactory results.
Acquiring 20 farms in just two Southern California counties can give them an impressive start with
a market penetration rate of 7% in the first year. As they acquire farms in California, ODI should
extend their operations to North Carolina and Georgia which along with California account for 25%
of the nation¡¦s chickens. Eventually ODI should spread their regional offices to serve chicken
farmers all over the country.
ODI Managers believe direct sales to chicken farms are the best answer. Salesforce will promote the
product targeting first ¡§opinion leaders¡¨ from farms with more than 10,000 chickens, who tend to
be somewhat less quick to adopt, but are more likely followed by others. One strategy for ODI is to
identify the farmers who are perceived as opinion leaders.
Value to Farmers
Contact lenses from ODI restrict the vision for the birds which completely changes their behavior.
This method of reducing cannibalization is much more effective than debeaking and has huge
economic benefits for the farmers. The benefits for ODI lens are:
„Ï Reduced cannibalization (4.5%) as compared to debeaking (9%);
„Ï Greater feeding efficiency ¡V A

Optical Optic Of Fibre Optic
Abstract The used of fibre optic technology in subsea control system has impressively improved the
communication capacity, quality and reliability. It provides large bandwidth, extend step–out distant
with minimum error rate. This survey paper will focus on basic overview of fibre optic transferring
data in communication system, key benefits of using fibre optic in subsea production control system,
comparison between the used of fibre optic and cooper wire, key components and consideration of
fibre optic design for subsea control and case study of Ormen Lange oil and gas production field
that use fibre optic technology in subsea communication system. Introduction The growth of
demand in oil and gas consumption has led to substantial investment towards the industry. New
technologies and systems are introduced to increase the production of hydrocarbon. Field go deeper
and isolate to explore new and extensive amount of oil and gas. That is why, subsea oil and gas
discoveries getting popular. Advance technologies were used to overcome challenges and resistant,
such as multiphase flow measurement, artificial reservoir lift system and intelligent monitoring
sensor for well. However, to control such that technologies, they requires reliable communication
system that can transfer high amount of speed data with minimum failures. Umbilical has to design
with data highway to support communication between topside control systems to subsea control
modules. Traditionally, the data are

Simulation And Analysis Of 10 Gbps Optical Communication...
Simulation and analysis of 10 GBPS optical communication system using different pulses Apurv
Anand1, VIkash Kumar2 , Ekta Negi3 Deepak Kumar Ray4
1,2,3 Dept. of EnTC , Bharti VIdyapeeth deemed university , College of Engineering Pune ,
Maharashtra–411043 , India
4 Assistant Professor , Bharti Vidyapeeth deemed university , College of engineering Pune ,
Maharashtra–411043 , India
ABSTRACT : – In this paper we simulatd an optical transmission system in optical fiber using
different pulses .The optical fiber system used in telecommunication system has small size or
dimension, low loss and low interference from outside environment. Optical fiber are of various
configurations , we are using fiber bragg grating as the dispersion compensator in the fiber optic
cable . We are using FBG in the simulation as because it offers more bandwidth .Optisystem
software is used to analyse the optical transmission system . In the simulation of the communication
system appropriate values of the input power , fiber cable length and attenuation coefficient is taken
around the cable section and the output pwer , noise figure , gain is found out at the receiver. The
transmitter frequency and cut off frequency of the receiver is made constant .
Keywords: – Optical communication System, FBG , Optisystem software , parameters I.
INTRODUCTION
Any transmission system consists of three basic components , that are fiber

Optical Communication : A Form Of Telecommunication System
Optical communication is a form of telecommunication system in which light is used as the mode of
transmission. An optical communication system consists of transmitter, receiver and channel. The
transmitter basically works as an encoder, it encodes the message as an optical signal, the channel
helps the signal to propagate and the receiver will work to decode the optical signal and get the
message. [1]
If we roll back early we will find that people used different types of body languages and sign
languages which can be termed as non–technological optical communication. Whereas technological
optical communication has examples like flags, smoke signal, line, beacon fire. The Heliograph
technology is used to send signal codes with the help of mirror and sunlight. If the mirror is moved,
the reflected sunlight also changes its direction. Thus the receiver becomes aware of the signal. This
technology is used in Morse codes used by the Navy ships.[2] Mariners prefer flares if there is an
emergency where the use of lighthouses and navigation lights is also common in case of
navigational hazards. To ensure safety aircrafts use landing lights when they land. To communicate
with the planes which have critical problems like radio failure, the airport control tower uses Aldis
lamp. In modern days free space optical communication has a vast range of applications and uses.
1.2 Types of Optical Communication
There are two types of optical communication. They are,
Optical fiber

Optical Camouflage
THANDRA PAPARAYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Department Of Electronics And Communications (ECE)
Subject
An Advanced Seminar on...
Optical Camouflage
Author 1
Munakala .Nagaraju
Mail id:
tpistece403@gmail.com
Contact Number:
7799224496 9966557668
Contact Address Thandra Paparaya Institute Of Science & Technology, Komatapalli,
Vizianagaram Dist.
ABSTRACT: Imagination is impetus to Creativity, creativity defines Art, art redefines Perfection
and Science aims at understanding this perfection by developing Technologies. One such
Technology which came into existence is OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE. The word ... Show more
A projector accomplishes this task by shining a light beam through an opening controlled by a
device called an iris diaphragm. An iris diaphragm is made of thin, opaque plates, and turning a ring
changes the diameter of the central opening. For optical camouflage to work properly, this opening
must be the size of a pinhole. Why? This ensures a larger depth of field so that the screen (in this
case the cloak) can be located any distance from the projector.

The Combiner:
The system requires a special mirror to both reflect the projected image toward the cloak and to let
light rays bouncing off the cloak return to the user's eye. This special mirror is called a beam splitter,
or a combiner –– a half–silvered mirror that both reflects light (the silvered half) and transmits light
(the transparent half). If properly positioned in front of the user's eye, the combiner allows the user
to perceive both the image enhanced by the computer and light from the surrounding world. This is
critical because the computer–generated image and the real–world scene must be fully integrated for
the illusion of invisibility to seem realistic. The user has to look through a peephole in this mirror to
see the augmented reality.
INVISIBILITY CLOAK SYSTEM:
Now let's put all of these components together to see how the invisibility cloak appears to make a
person transparent. The diagram below shows the typical

Essay On Optical Fibres
The use of light has optimized many technological systems. Many of the appliances that people use
regularly incorporate theses systems to simplify everyday life. Two such technologies are optical
fibres and linear accelerators which are both found in hospitals. Optical fibres are used in the
imaging and illumination components of endoscopes while linear accelerators are used in the
treatment of cancer. Even though the use of optical fibres and linear accelerators can often be
expensive and hazardous if not supervised by a professional, the updated structure and function as
well as the use of light in these technologies has had positive societal and environmental impacts
because it has allowed for the assembly of sleeker and more convenient ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Linear accelerators utilise light in a different manner. This technology utilises high Radio–
Frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles inside of a tube which directs these
particles to collide with a heavy metal target. The results of these collisions is the release of x–rays
in the form of light as photons which are then directed to the patient's tumor.
The use of light has minimized the size of both optical fibres and of linear accelerators greatly
enhancing their use and safety. As a result, the use of these technologies has been facilitated; greatly
enhancing their application. Furthermore, light is an imperishable material to use, which decreases
wear and tear and increases lifespan of these appliances. This means that resources are conserved
which is good for the environment. The advanced assembly of optical fibres and linear accelerators
subsequently enhanced their efficiency and robustness.
Additionally, the use of light in these technologies has allowed for the assembly of sleeker and more
convenient products which has facilitated their distribution and lessened their ecological footprint.
Using light has allowed signal transmitters to shrink from giant towers with many cables, to smaller
stations with as little as one thick cable. Similarly, innovations that have shrunken the size of fibre
optic

Investigating The Optical Performance Of Photonic Crystals
abstract Photonic crystal is a composite dielectric with periodic modulation of refractive index that
brings about unique photonic band–gap effect by which light could be totally reflected on the
surface of such material regardless of any incident angle or mode. Such bandgap effect could be
understood by investigating the optical performance of photonic crystals. In this paper, photonic
bandgap calculations are performed for two dimensional photonic crystals using matlab. Plane wave
expansion method is used to solve Maxwell's equations. The effect of lattice constant and refractive
index is investigated.
Introduction Photonic crystals are special class of optical media with periodic modulation of
refractive index by arrangement of dielectric material. They respond to light waves over a desired
range of frequencies by perfectly reflecting them or allowing them to propagate only in certain
directions or confining them within a specified volume. Photons either propagate through this
structure or they don 't. Frequencies that propagate are called modes, and groups of allowed modes
form bands. Disallowed bands of frequencies are called photonic band gaps. This property of
photonic bandgap is utilised to manipulate light propagation. In particular, we can design and
construct photonic crystals with photonic band gaps, preventing light from propagating in certain
directions with specified frequencies By transmitting signals with

Optical Optic Communications Link For Aircraft
ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates a fiber optic communications link for aircraft that utilizes wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) to avionics environment to support multiple analog RF signals
transmission simultaneous over single optical fiber. This paper investigates the simultaneous
transmission of two RF signals over a single optical fiber. The transmission of FM and AM analog
modulated signals, and also FSK digital modulated signals, over a fiber optic link (FOL) employing
wavelength division multiplexing is determined. We present data from measurements of power loss,
total harmonic distortion (THD), signal–to–noise ratio (SNR), delay, carrier–to–noise ratio (CNR),
and bit error rate (BER).The results indicate that wavelength division multiplexing is a fiber optic
technology appropriate for avionics applications.
INTRODUCTION
During flight, aircraft avionics transmit and receive Radio Frequency signals from/to antennas over
coaxial links. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment corrupts proportionately, as the
density and complexity of onboard avionics increases, which prompts diminish in signal–to–noise
ratios (SNRs) and potential safety concerns. Existing coaxial cable–based systems cannot be
implemented for a network with simple, dependable, and lightweight which is free from the impacts
of electromagnetic interference and fit for supporting the broadband communications needs of future
installed computerized aeronautics systems. A

Optical Fiber Lab Report
Introduction
An optical fiber (or optical fiber) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or
plastic to a breadth somewhat thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are utilized regularly
as a way to transmit light between the two closures of the fiber and find wide utilization in fiber–
optic communication, where they allow transmission over longer separations and at higher
bandwidths (information rates) than wire links. Fibers are utilized rather than metal wires in light of
the fact that signals go along them with lesser measures of loss; moreover, fibers are likewise
resistant to electromagnetic impedance, an issue which metal wires experience the ill effects of
excessively. Fibers are additionally utilized for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2) Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Light transmission through optical strands is unaffected by other electromagnetic radiation adjacent.
The optical fiber is electrically non–conductive, so it doesn't go act as a receiving wire to get
electromagnetic signs. Data going inside the optical fiber is invulnerable to electromagnetic
interferences, even electromagnetic pulses produced by atomic gadgets.
3) Low attenuation loss over long distance
Attenuation misfortune can be as low as 0.2 dB/km in optical fiber cables, permitting transmission
over long distances without the requirement for repeaters.
4) Electrical insulator
Optical filaments don't lead power, anticipating issues with ground circles and conduction of
lightning. Optical filaments can be hung on shafts close by high voltage force links.
5) Material cost and theft prevention
Traditional cable frameworks utilize a lot of copper. In a few places, this copper is an target for
robbery because of its worth on the scrap

Optical Network Proposal
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW AND MOTIVATION
The great growth in user's demand for bandwidth due to today's network applications stir the
competition between network carriers. FSAN began studies to access needs in late 2010, they
concluded that there is a great gap between user needs and the bandwidth offered by the 10 gbps
capable Passive Optical Network (10G–PON known as XGPON) technologies. A system proposal
for Next Generation– Passive Optical Network (NG–PON2) stage 2 was commenced in 2011.
Among other solutions Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network
(TWDM–PON) technology was recommended at the April 2012 meeting as a primary solution to
design and implement NG–PON2 [1]. This network design achieves ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through the distribution fiber (DF), each output port of RN1 goes to a different remote node 2
(RN2) which includes a power splitter (PS), and then each output port of the PS is connected to a
different ONU by the last mile fiber (LMF). According to the RN1 configuration, we have three
variants of a TWDM–PON architecture: a) Wavelength Selected TWDM–PON with PSs at the RN1;
b) Wavelength Split TWDM–PON with arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) at the RN1; and c)
Wavelength Switched TWDM–PON with wavelength selective switches (WSSs) at the RN1. The
wavelength selected TWDM–PON is a fully flexible solution as the PS at RN1 broadcasts all
wavelengths to all users, but has a high insertion loss and poor security due to the use of only PSs.
The wavelength split TWDM–PON has a fixed wavelength allocation and thus will not be able to
serve flexibility advantages. However, paper [4] shows that the full flexibility is not always required
and a partial flexible solution can already give several advantages of flexibility. Overcoming the
drawbacks of both wavelength selected and wavelength split, paper [5] proposed such a partially
flexible solution with a WSS in RN1, which we refer as the wavelength switched TWDM–PON.
To address some of the challenges related to the future high capacity transport networks, a particular
communication system should mainly focus on three major areas (i.e., impact of traffic locality on
the network infrastructure, cost versus reliability of future

Examples Of Optical Illusions
Optical illusions are fascinating. They trigger a different part of the mind that makes someone think.
As early as a child's elementary years, teachers use optical illusions to get them to participate. They
are used so that a child can see different perspectives and the bigger picture. Illusions are also used
in therapy and psychology. There are various examples of optical illusions that can trigger one's
mind. Popular ones include the café illusion (wherein the lines appear to be crooked but are in fact
quite parallel) and the spinning silhouette (the girl that appears to be spinning clockwise and
counterclockwise). Nowadays, more people are noticing the impact of illusions and are able to
appreciate it as a new form of art. This appreciation of theirs is evident because of the amount of
people who visit Art in Island, a 3D art museum located in Cubao.
Optical illusions are made because our minds are not capable of viewing the two pictures or same
cuts at one time. They use color and light to mess around with our brain, therefore creating the so–
called illusion. It does not really have to do anything with the optics, but it more of the brain itself.
The different responses of the brain attract the observer making them think about the hidden image.
Optical illusions also have been around for a long time. Some examples like W.E. ... Show more
It allows spectators to interact with the art piece by taking pictures. Illusion art is also completed by
with the painting's shadow and the performance of the audience. In Art in Island, there is a wide
array of illusion art. There are two floors full of paintings wherein one could be an angel, a part of a
famous painting, a knight, or even a mermaid. Illusion art does not only entertain, but it also gets a
person's creative juices

Trends Of Optical Communication
Industry Trends
Large, monolithic satellites are slowly being overtaken by Distributed Space Systems (DSS)
comprised of a network or networks of multiple inexpensive, small, smart satellites. Thus,
necessitating the need for intersatellite communications. This trend is primarily prompted by cost
and the commercialization of space. An ancillary by–product of this trend is the push towards the
use of Commercial Off–the–Shelf (COTS) Plus (aka.: upscreened) parts. Foregoing space–rated
parts has been made possible as a result of the standardization and accreditation of the terrestrial
fiber optics industry.
Industry Players and Space Agencies
This paper focuses on the primary players in the public domain, providing Free Space Optical ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is possible this project could provide reference cost information for future CubeSat laser, optic
communications projects, even though this project is not using laser technology for intersatellite
communications but rather for space–to–ground communications. There may be analogous COTS
parts that would be appropriate for multiple uses.
BridgeSat, Inc., an Allied Minds Federal Innovations subsidiary company (AMFI), has co–invented
an optical connectivity system utilizing LEO satellites with The Aerospace Corporation. Allied
Minds and the Aerospace Corporation were working jointly to create a secure, high–data rate,
optical satellite communication network before the creation of the BridgeSat, Inc. subsidiary. Allied
Minds is an American company traded on the London Stock Exchange. The goal of the collaborative
effort between BridgeSat and Aerospace is to commercialize the intellectual property of a U.S.
FFRDC. AMFI is an incubator that has entered into an innovative agreement with the Department of
Defense to commercialize advanced technologies (Koetsier, 2012). BridgeSat is partnered with
Aerospace, Draper Laboratory, NASA, MIT–LL (including the MIT graduate student team at the
Space, Telecommunications, Astronomy, and Radiation [STAR] Laboratory), AstroTerrace, Inc.,
Orbit Logic, The Swedish Space Corporation, Solers, Inc., Surrey Satellite Technologies, and Tesat
Spacecom. The procurement of products and services from incubator type

Optical Sensor Essay
2.8. Optical ring resonator based sensor performance metrics
To compare different kinds of optical RR based sensors, it is necessary to define some performance
metrics. The suitability of optical sensors for a particular application will depend on their
performance across number of sensor requirements. Some metrics such as sensitivity, and sensor
cost, can be defined numerically (either by means of experimental or theoretical calculations). Other
metrics such as portability is more subjective or simply comparable but can have a significant
influence on the commercial success of the methods. In this section a number of metrics that are
typically considered to determine the performance of SOI RR based bio–chemical sensors are
briefly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However for the intensity interrogation scheme it becomes .Where, ΔI and Δn are the intensity
variation and the surrounding effective refractive index. Sensitivity can be divided into two types,
device sensitivity, and waveguide sensitivity.
In practice, the sensitivity of device is defined by the wavelength shift per unit concentration of an
analyte, it depends on its properties which is related to optical parameters longer resonant
wavelength or smaller effective refractive index .The normalized sensitivity of cavity resonator
device operating at different wavelengths is given by Whereas, the sensitivity of optical waveguide
is given by the relation between the variations of effective index with respect to the waveguide
parameter affected by the analyte to be detected. It is related to structure of the waveguide regardless
of the devices type. The surrounding refractive index change is yielded by a refractive index
variation of cover medium or by thickness variation of sensing layer []. It differs with the sensing
mechanism whether homogeneous or surface sensing
SH represents homogeneous, SS is surface sensing, Δnc change in cladding index, Δts change in add
layer, and Δλ change in resonance wavelength
2.8.2. Selectivity
Selectivity is a measure of how specific the response of a sensor is to the

Optical Character Recognition Is Becoming Popular Areas Of...
Project Title:OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING ARTIFICIAL
NEURAL NETWORKS
Abstract: The Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is becoming popular areas of
research under pattern recognition and smart device applications. It requires the intelligence
like human brain to recognize the various handwritten characters. Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) is used together the information required to recognize the characters adaptively. This
paper presents a performance analysis of character recognition by Scale Invariant Feature
(SIF) matrix with a Back Propagation Neural network (BPN). A GUI based OCR system is
developed using Mat lab. The results are shown for the English alphabets and numeric. This
is observed that the perceptron network converges faster, whereas the BPN can handle the
complex script recognition when the training set is enriched.
Keywords:
Character recognition, back–propagation neural network, scale invariant feature
Introduction:
Automatic character recognition is a well–accepted area of research under pattern recognition.
In handwritten character recognition, characters are written by different individuals that vary
drastically from person to person due to variation in the writing style, its size and orientation
of characters. This makes the system difficult to recognize the characters. Artificial Neural

Network (ANN) helps to solve the problem of identifying handwritten characters in an
automated manner. ANN is an adaptive

Optical Properties : Aspects And Properties Of Optical...
3.3 Optical Properties
The optical transmittance spectra of all cobalt doped pyrite films were shown in Fig.3. The un–
doped results were also included in both figures as the references. It's observed from both figures
that all samples showed higher transparency in the infrared region than in the visible and near
infrared region. All doped films showed much lower transmittance than the un–doped films over the
whole spectrum, which indicated a better light absorption potential of those doped pyrite films than
un–doped pyrite films.
More detailed effects from sulfurization and cobalt doping could be observed from band gap
calculation and analysis. The direct band gap energy was estimated through plotting (αhυ)2 versus
energy hυ. Corresponding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, some natural impurities may also affect the band gap values such as oxygen impurities
[28].
3.4 Photo Response
In order to investigate the effect of cobalt doping on the photo response of FeS2, the photo
responses of cobalt–doped FeS2 thin films were studied under both standard AM 1.5G and NIR light
source. Two Al electrodes were vacuum thermal evaporated before the measurements. All responses
were collected under room temperature and the illumination period was maintained as 15 seconds
every time. From the results it's proved that both as–deposited and sulfurized films were photo–
sensitive. Compared with our previous results of un–doped films (shown in Table 3 and Table 4), all
Co–doped films displayed a clear improvement on the photo response than the corresponding un–
doped films. Detailed results and discussion among different doping levels are shown below.
The photo responses of as–deposited and sulfurized Co–doped FeS2 films under standard AM 1.5G
illumination were shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6, together with results from relevant un–doped FeS2
films. From those results, it's obviously that all samples performed an immediate response when
light sources were applied. The film resistances started decreasing drastically during the 15 seconds.
After the light was shut off, the film resistances began recovering instantly. The recovery period
included two major steps: first, the recovery started with a rapid jump at the beginning,

Gender And Optical Illusions
Introduction Paragraph
In my science fair project I tested whether gender matter in the way people see optical illusions. I
tested this because it sounded fascinating, and also interesting. Optical Illusions now in day, it's used
in many ways. They can be used as a way to trick people, to learn about sensory perception, and to
learn about how the brain perceives lighter values and dark values.
Research Summary
Optical illusions fool our brains by taking shortcuts, because the brain can't take everything at once.
Our brain is able to perceive lighter values more quickly than dark values. Our sense of light and
dark becomes unreliable during this.
Cognitive Illusions have four different categories of illusions which are Distorting, ambiguous, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other people were not at school because they were sick, which caused me to find other people to do
it instead of the ones I had planned to do it with. Also, sometimes the place I was going to use had
people in it, which caused me to look for another place and sometimes to postpone. And I learned
that putting 5 people in a room is not the best way to do the optical illusions, because some people
talk to each other even though they are not allowed to. If I did this experiment again, I would fix
every single difficulty I had in this

The Physics Of The Optical Brain
The Optical Brain
Did you know about 40% or more of the human brain is thought to involve vision? The brain
controls the vision system and without it, seeing is impossible. Even though the eyes is the only tool
the body has for seeing the world, vision is not always accurate. Accuracy has nothing to do with the
eye itself but how the brain interoperates perception.
Examining inside the tiny window of a living eye help us to fully understand the many parts of an
eye, and how it functions. Museum of Vision describes how light enters the eye when it bounces off
an object creates an image. Only a small amount of image can be seen because the eye has only a
tiny window opening. But with the ability to move the eyes, it gives the mind a broader picture. The
eyes picks up on the highlighted edges of an object. The light continues to pass through the pupil,
making it dilate and the image more focused. Moving towards the back of the eye, a layer that
contains cells sensitive to light is called the retina. Cones and rods are cells that sit on the retinas
outer layer and absorb distinct bundles of energy. Cones help one perceive color and detail, while
rods show black, lights, and whites. Colors make the distinguishing differences in objects when
lighting is not enough for the brain. The use of shadows gives one the ability to see 3D.The retina
takes that image and makes it appear upside–down and backwards. These lighted cells flip, process
the image, and send the information through

The Past and Future of Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)...
Synchronous Optical Network or better known as SONET has been around for about two decades,
however the design and development of SONET dates all the back to the early 1980's. It was
introduced as a much needed update to the tried and true T1 technology that was developed in the
early 1960's. Although T1 was ahead of its time in the 1960's, giving users the ability to transmit
voice and eventually data and video traffic at speeds of 1.544Mbps, it was quickly becoming a
technology that needed an update. T1 utilized a basic two wire copper connection that was limited in
both distance and quality of service due to interference. Much like T1, SONET was designed to be a
fast, effective means to transport, multiplex, and switch digital ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Everyone was so busy trying to one up the competition none of the new systems were able to work
together. In 1984, the Exchange Carriers Standards Association (ECSA) proposed a method to
interconnect the fiber optic systems from multiple vendors. (Woods, 2000) Metrobus which was
developed by AT&T's Bell Laps would later turn into a major project that helped pave the way for
SONET. Metrobus was designed to be the first long–haul high–speed optical transport network for
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). Some features that were introduced by Metrobus such as
single–step multiplexing, synchronous timing, point–to–multipoint multiplexing and the ability to
achieve high bandwidth transmission capacity of close to 150 Mbs were all taken into consideration
with the research and development that would eventually result in SONET. Now that we have a
basic understanding of how and why SONET was developed let's take a look at how it works.
SONET was designed to multiplex data and transmit it over a fiber optic backbone, allowing for
interoperability between propriety equipment from different vendors. Multiplexing is the process for
combining multiple signals into one data stream that is then sent over the transmission medium, the
distant end will then demultiplex the data stream and break it back down into multiple signals.
SONET was designed to meet plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) standards,

Analysis Of Atmospheric Effect On Free Space Optical...
Analysis of Atmospheric Effects on Free Space Optical Communication
Eswaravaka Mahesh Reddy#1, A.Brintha Therese#2
#SENSE Department, VIT University Chennai Campus
1eswaravaka.mahesh2014@vit.ac.in
2abrinthathrese@vit.ac.in
Analysis of Atmospheric Effects on Free Space Optical Communication
The Free–space optical Communication (FSO) technology enables high interconnection speed in
next–generation services. FSO uses laser links between the transmitter and receiver and provides a
lesser propagation delay due to the line–of–sight (LOS) path and lower air refractive index. The
performance of the links highly dependent on different weather conditions such as Fog, Turbulence
and Rain. In this paper the combined result of Fog, Rain and Turbulence on FSO links are compared
and the better modulation technique is suggested to increase the spacing between optical transmitter
and receiver.
Keywords– Free–space optical Communication, Turbulence, Fog, Rain, Attenuation, Modulation
ACRONYMS
FSO – Free Space Optical Communication
LOS – Line of Sight
I. INTRODUCTION
The growing demand for high data rates leads to find the new communication technology shift to
optic domain from the electronic domain. One of the popular interconnection technologies is FSO
approach which employs LOS communication from end to end free space. FSO offers several
advantages over optical fiber such as lower delay due to lower refractive index of air. This results in

Three Rivers Optical
The Three Rivers Optical Case
MKT 7850–60
1.1 Introduction
According to Jobson Medical Information, as of 2008 the U.S optical retail market was a $23.5B
industry. This number excludes refractive surgery, reader and sunglasses sales at non – optical retail
locations and contact lens sales by mail/internet suppliers.
Out of the $23.5B independents account for 51% and Optical chains like Wal–Mart, Sears account
for the remaining 49%. Eyeglass sales account for 69% of the U.S optical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This will make it easier for clients to buy from TRO relative to their competition. This scenario of
course assumes that TRO offers superior products to their competition.
TRO by default will increase the number of units sold if they are able to increase the number of
clients and frequency of purchase. But they can also increase the number of units sold by
understanding how to add value. For example TRO can offer existing clients some discount say 20%
if they buy more volume or let clients have their products and let them pay later.
2.2 SWOT Analysis
We have ascertained the three things above that must happen before growth can occur be it in
territories that TRO currently have sales people or territories like Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Denver
and California that Steve is looking to move into.
Steve has to perform a SWOT analysis on the current territories he has sales people to consolidate
before looking to expand to other territories.
What are TRO strengths in the nine territories east of the Mississippi river? Can these strengths be
duplicated in the new territories they want to enter? For example TRO is known for its service and
ability to provide specialized products and not price. So Steve has to be sure that in the new
territories they will find customers that value

Multiplexing Optical Oam Modes Of A Ring Fiber
Multiplexing optical Oam modes in a Ring Fiber The Multiplexing OAM modes in a ring fiber are
conceptually, LP Modes of higher order are composed of two fiber Engine Modes with different
propagation constants. These two Modes Departs (Walk off) while propagating along the fiber,
resulting in a highly Distorted Mode profile at the Detection End. In Contrast, when we combine
two fiber engine modes properly the OAM Modes Can be Obtained. Compared with LP modes,
OAM modes can better maintain the mode profile after propagating through a certain length of fiber
due to the reason, these two fiber Engine Modes have the same propagation Constant, they will not
undergo any intrinsic mode Walk off. Redundant Radially higher order modes can easily be excited
in Multi–Mode step Index fiber, thus raising a strict restriction to the mode coupling. Changes in
Launching Condition like mode Spot size or deviation from the center, Variation of angle, can excite
higher order modes in radial direction, resulting in serious cross–talk. On the Contrary, a properly
designed high–index single–ring fiber can support only the radially fundamental modes. It leads to
the potential Reduction of the crosstalk induced during mode excitement. To multiplex multiple
OAM modes simultaneously, the number of the Eigen modes supported by the fiber should be
increased by increasing either the core radius or the refractive index difference between the core and
cladding. In this Theory, one dimensional mode

Optical Fiber Sensors Essay
Optical fiber sensors are very important devices to detect and monitor ionizing radiation in nuclear
based technologies such as industrial radiography, nuclear medicine, spacecraft and satellite
instrumentation, and also in nuclear power facilities. Reliability of other conventional radiation
detectors in space and terrestrial application is much affected by electromagnetic interference and
exposure to fire and explosion potential hazards. However the functionality of optical fiber at
extremely high dose radiation still a challenge where radiation induced attenuation can be increased
for permanent damage of the sensor. There is a need to develop a new sensing material with small
dimension and low mass such as single mode silica optical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
2013). There is a need to replace 3H–based sensor to detect neutron in context of nuclear
nonproliferation(Runkle 2011) and silica optical fiber with better resistant to radiation damage (Xue
et al. 2012) is the other very close a safe cheaper possible neutron sensor to be considered. In
addition, its other characteristic of having low attenuation losses provides a wide bandwidth for
long–distance wireless communication so that the exposure of radiation to workers can be avoided
during radiation detection and monitoring operation.
Ionizing radiation such as x–ray, gamma, alpha, beta and neutron radiations, are not only harmful to
human health(Azzam et al. 2012) and environment(Mothersill&Seymour 2014), but also can
damage the electronic devices(Wang et al. 2014). The source of these ionizing radiations are from
radioactive materials, x–ray tubes, particle accelerators such as ion beams, nuclear weapons and
reactors, cosmic rays from space and from natural rocks and minerals. Exposure of extremely high
energy electromagnetic radiation such as x–ray can lead to failure in silicon sensors(Klanner et al.
2013). The increasing radiation induced attenuation can lead to permanent damage of optical
fiber(Kovačević et al. 2013). So there is a need to develop better sensors with good radiation
resistance such as Ge doped optical fiber sensors in radiant environment.
SiO2 and plastic type optical fiber are two types of material used in any research and development
of

Essay On Optical Denoising

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Essay On Optical Denoising

Similar to Essay On Optical Denoising (13)

More from Tasha Holloway

More from Tasha Holloway (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Essay On Optical Denoising