Informative Essay On Dental X-Rays

Informative Essay On Dental X-Rays
Pregnancy and dental radiographs, are they safe? If you're a female and you have had an x–ray
before, you have heard the phrase "Is there any chance you could be pregnant?" That is because it
has always been taught that radiation is not recommended while you're pregnant as it can harm the
baby or the reproductive organs, but now a days x–rays are a lot safer. Not getting your x–rays can
result in cavities going untreated, and other dental problems which can negatively affect your baby.
There are many different types of x–rays but I am going to focus on dental x–rays. If you are
pregnant should you be getting xrays done while you're at the dentist? the answer is up to you, but
you should know all the information before you make a decision.
You already know too much radiation is not a good thing, but it has been proven that no diagnostic
x–ray test gives off the amount of radiation it takes to harm a fetus and cause any adverse effects.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dental x–rays can tell the dentist everything from decay on a tooth, to bone loss. Which is important
especially in pregnant women because nearly 40% of pregnant woman have some type of
periodontal disease. This is because when you become pregnant many things are happening to your
body, and many changes are happening, one of those changes happen to be going on in your gums,
causing the percentage to be higher among pregnant women versus women who are not pregnant.
This percentage also goes up if you are a smoker,because smoking weaken the immune system. It is
increased if you are African American, because of genetics. It is also increased if you have poor
dental coverage, because you are less likely to go to the dentist if you dont have dental coverage or
if your dental coverage isn't the best.. If you chose to not get the x–ray, the dentist will most likely
not treat you as they are not able to accurately diagnose a problem without an
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Taking a Look at X-Rays
X–rays have come a long way since 1896; new technology, materials and even machines have
changed the concept of a typical x–ray image since the discovery. New imaging techniques
described in Origin and Development of Medical Imaging apply in computerization to conventional
X–rays images. These images have incredibly improved and can be enhanced by digital techniques
and the extremely great effect of these x–rays is the reduction of exposure to radiation to the patient
(Doby, Alker 118). In the article, "Another Look Inside" quotes
Conventional CT scans are used to shape the place where a dose of radiation needs to be
concentrated in to attack a tumor without damaging any healthy tissue around that area. The scan
and treatment cannot be done at the same time due to interference with each other. But there is no
interference problems with the field–emission X–rays, they can be used to take high–resolution
images while the treatment is starting, which means those who are administering the treatment will
automatically know when to continue and stop (The Economist). In "Another Look Inside", states
the rays are created by the energy of impact. These X–ray machines have progressed over the years.
Tomography, CT scans, scanners that are used in hospitals have collected x–ray images that have
been taken from different angles and converted into three–dimensional images of internal organs of
a patient (The Economist). A prototype machine that has 52 field–emission X–ray sources is

A Brief Note On X Ray Vision Goggles
Abstract
MRI's today are the solution to X–Rays by having radio waves go back and forth transmitting
signals that allow Doctors to see inside the human body. There are not many downsides of MRI's,
however MRI's do not fit in the average waiting room by being circular tube like machines that take
about 1 hour to produce a clear image of a patient's problem. MRI's are great when it comes to
mental disabilities but when it comes to broken bones, it is too time consuming to wait in the
machine for an hour to find out about a torn ligament or broken bone in a patient's body. A new
vision will take away the harmless effects of an MRI but also have it for every day needs in a
doctor's office. X–Ray Vision goggles would allow a doctor to see a patient's broken bone or
ligaments without effects of X–rays. Present Technology
Wilhelm Rontgen, a German physicist, had multiple experiments in 1895 he and found a type of
radiation which he labelled as the letter X, because he did not know what it was. His X–rays were
soon discovered by Doctors which primarily used them to look inside the human body. One original
component that has not changed since has been how they are developed and made.
X–Ray's are used to generate pictures that show the inside of the human body such as finding
broken bones. In Otto Zhou of the University of North Carolina, Dr Zhou and his colleagues are
bringing X–radiography into the world of modern electronics. In doing so, there is a hope to create
X–ray

The Use Of X- Rays, Ultrasound, And Magnetic Resonance...
Alisha Beaumier
Botts 1st
English 4
October 29,2015
Radiologist
What is a Radiologist? A Radiologist is a specialized medical doctor who has had specific
postgraduate training in performing and interpreting diagnostic imaging test and treatments that
involve the use of X– Rays, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging equipment
(InsideRadiology)
A Radiologist has a very hard job. This essay will talk about the basic job responsibilities, required
steps necessary to secure employment, The average salary/ statistics, interesting facts, and
information of what a person in this field knows/ does.
The basic job responsibilities. Radiologists are trained to assist other doctors and specialists to treat
their patients by making a diagnosis and providing treatment using medical imaging. Radiologists
have the medical knowledge to understand and explain medical problems or symptoms through the
images or pictures that are taken of various parts of the inside of the body (InsideRadiology)
Radiologists have many career paths they can go down. The list being from Fluoroscopy,
Ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET, and Nuclear Imaging:
Fluoroscopy is the a study of moving body structures––similar to an X–ray "movie." A continuous
X–ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV–like
monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail.
Ultrasound– is a medical ultrasonography used to visualize soft tissue structures in the body.

The Negative Speech For A Speech On X-Rays
General goal: To inform the audience about X–rays.
Specific goal: For the audience to understand and comprehend the importance, history, and safety
concerns regarding X–rays
Thesis Statement: I am speaking to you today about the importance, history, and safety concerns of
X–rays and the radiation associated with them.
Introduction
1. Attention getter/ Speaker Credibility: I am a sophomore majoring in Imaging Sciences, I initially
became interested in X–rays when I overheard a conversation one day between two X–ray techs
about an X–ray.
2. Listener relevance: I'm sure that most of you have received and x–ray at some point in your life.
If you have been ill, or have had some type of broken bone or injury, or have been to the dentist at
some point in your life, you more than likely received an x–ray.
Body
I. Ordinary X–rays are used to diagnose many conditions and can be used to see a variety of things
in the body,
A.X–rays are quick, easy, and reliable. In most cases it is all that is needed to diagnose various
problems.
1. Ordinary X–Rays can show a wide variety of things such as bones, teeth, bone fractures, and
other abnormalities of bones and other things in the body.
–They can also show joints, the size and shape of the heart, tissues, and collections of fluid
throughout the body.
2. The most common X–ray done is a chest X– ray. Most doctors order chest X–rays to diagnose
conditions such as broken ribs, heart failure, lung cancer, and pneumonia.
Transition: Along with all the interesting things X–rays can diagnose, the history is quite interesting
also. II. X–rays have an interesting history
A. The discovery of the X–ray was a huge medical advancement
1. In 1895 the discovery of X–rays by the German scientist of physics, Wilhelm Roentgen, created
an amazing step forward in the history of medicine. For the first time ever, the inner workings of the
body could be made visible without having to operate.
–The first x–ray Roentgen ever created was an image of his wife's hand. It was so detailed that you
could see her wedding ring.
2. Soon enough after their discovery X–rays were being used widely and was known as a medical
miracle.
–X–rays were first used on a military battlefield,

Essay about X-ray Absorption and X-ray Fluorescence...
X–ray probe production by a synchrotron light source.
To optimize the properties of nano–material and atomic level needs an elemental probe with
resolution of <1nm. The nano scale probe helpful to provide the reproducible control over defects.
The production of x–rays by relativistic electrons in accelerators is about 60 years old. The
accelerator facilities used as synchrotron radiation sources have advanced significantly over the
years, growing in utility to become a premier research tool for the study of materials. The evolution
of these facilities is typically described as a sequence of generations of synchrotron radiation
sources.
Fourth generation sources are currently being designed and demonstrated. Two approaches have
been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Hard X–ray Nano–probe Beam line is a precision platform for scanning probe and full–field
microscopy with 3–30 keV X–rays. The combination of high–stability X–ray optics and precision
motion sensing and control enables detailed studies of the internal features of samples with a
resolution approaching 30 nm. The Hard X–ray Nano–probe is a combination scanning probe and
full–field imaging microscope for fluorescence mapping, nano–diffraction and transmission
imaging. Future improvements in X–ray optics fabrication and precision sensing and motion control
will be incorporated into the beam line to enable imaging at a resolution approaching 10 nm [1].
X–Ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM):
The basic principle behind the X–ray Fluorescence microscopy (XFM) is the exposure of X–ray
beam on the sample. The technique is employed to establish the elemental concentrations for wide
range of samples in multiple locations of cells and tissue samples. It has excellent sensitivity for the
detection of trace elements. This technique is enabling to image the whole cell along with the
quantification of elements on the per cell basis. This is because of the large penetration depth of the
hard X–rays used. Cryogenic approach is used to investigate the samples in their natural or hydrated
state. Due to the third generation synchrotron drastic development was

Did The Military Use X-Ray For Profit Or Health Purposes
X–Ray have been around since the late 1890s. It was created and used for medicine. It is an invisible
ray that can pass through solid matter. X–Ray was perfect for the use of locating broke bones
through the skin of a body. Shortly after it was produced for medicine, the military saw a better fit
for the new discovery. They took this invention, and they thought of a new way to use it. Countries
cannot produce more soldiers, but they can extend the lives of the soldiers they already have. The
advancement of X–Ray was started because of society. People wanting to prevent the deaths of
soldiers with bullet wounds. The actors were the military and doctors. Using STS, did the military
use X–Ray for profit or health purposes? Also, how the early years of 1900s were important towards
X–Ray development? Science, Technology and society is about society and technology working
together to shape, advance, and grow into the future. It is how humans pushed to evolve technology.
In this paper, the technical device we are looking at is X–Rays, and the military and doctors were
the actors to evolve it. Using the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A scientist would need a glass tube with positive and negative electrodes. The tubes were called
cathode tubes, and they were common in the late 1890s. The air leaves the glass tube, and a
florescent glow is produced when a high voltage runs through the tube. The scientist needs to cover
the glowing tube with a heavy, black paper or cardboard. Then the scientist will see the green
colored fluorescent light illuminating from the box. This is known as the X–Rays which energizes
the phosphorescent materials in the room. The newly discovered ray would pass through objects,
and it can cast a shadow of most solid objects. The ray consists of electron passing through the
matter underneath the cathode tube. It can pass through human tissues, but it cannot pass through
bones and metal

X Rays Vs. Fingerprint Analysis
Two scientific methods that could be used to identify me after I have been abducted and killed by a
terrorist group would be x rays and fingerprint comparisons. Since the death and discovery has only
been within the last 6 hours, the postmortem factors would not be a concern. Wild animals would
not necessarily have enough time to start eating important evidence such as fingers for the
fingerprint comparisons. The body would have started to set into rigor mortis but would not have
decomped to the point of not being able to identify. The x ray would show the plate and screws in
the elbow that would match medical records. If the body was not discovered until some time later,
the plate and screws would be visible at the scene from where the body had decomposed.
Fingerprints would be harder to get due to the state of the body. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lightweight, frameless and burgundy in color. Curved at the earpieces. The second identifier would
be the tattoo on my upper right shoulder of a butterfly and a rose intertwined with a teardrop on the
rose. The rose has not fully developed and is in between the budding stage and flower stage. The
butterfly is multicolored and the rose is pink in color. There are 2 lines in greenish blue sweeping
through behind them. The last identifier would be the scar on the outside of my left elbow
approximately 3 inches in length. All of these are fairly easy to spot and would assist in making a
good identification of the body. The tattoo is one that is unique and would be easily identifiable
since there is not another around like

Case Study: Improving The Utilization Of Seventh X-Ray...
Dr. Kellie Leitch, is concerned about several operational aspects of the hospital. Patients are
experiencing long wait times on visits to a health clinic. Dr. Leitch has received several complaints
from clinical staff, as they feel over–extended and under–utilized. Lastly, budgetary pressures from
management to reduce the cost of service has made it difficult to fulfill the request from Radiology
for more advanced equipment.
On average patients spend two hours in the clinic. Visiting a pediatric hospital is already a stressful
and these long wait times further aggravate their angst. In order to further understand the wait times
of patients during their hospital visit, customers were asked to fill out a survey recording the time
they spent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To address this unstable activity, we considered adding another surgeon. To do so would cut the
utilization of the surgeons in half, significantly reducing waiting times at this activity. But this is not
the most efficient solution. While a 55.69% surgeon utilization would address the bottleneck, it
would come at great expense to the clinic (the hiring of another trained surgeon). A less expensive
option would be to take on another Senior Resident and alter the responsibility of the surgeon.
Currently, the surgeon sees new and follow–up patients, while the senior resident tends to all the
follow up patients that the surgeon does not meet with. By assigning all follow–up patients to two
residents, we allow the surgeon to decrease his utilization (–23.53%) while also decreasing the
utilization of the senior residents (–24.71%).4 This is a very inexpensive solution to improve the
system's

The Discovery of X-Rays Essay
The Discovery of X–Rays
X–rays were discovered by accident in 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
Roentgen was already an accomplished scientist with forty–eight published papers. He had a
reputation among the scientific community as a dedicated scientist with precise experimental
methods. Roentgen had been conducting experiments at the University of Wurzburg on the effect of
cathode–rays on the luminescence of certain chemicals. Roentgen had placed a cathode–ray tube,
which is a partially evacuated glass tube with metal electrodes at each end, in a black cardboard box
in his darkened laboratory. He sent electricity through the cathodre–ray tube and noticed something
strange his laboratory. He saw a flash of light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During an experiment he placed his hand between the source of the X–ray, the cathode–ray tube and
a screen and saw the faint outline of the bones of his hand. It was the first X–ray picture. The more
dense bone absorbed more X–rays then the less dense flesh producing an image of his hand. He
soon learned that photographic plates were sensitive to X–ray as they are to light and was thus able
to make the first X–ray photography. These first "Roentgen exposures" were of various metal
objects that were locked in a wooden case and of his wife's hand.
On December 2, 1895, Roentgen sent his paper titled, "Concerning a New Kind of Ray: Preliminary
Report" to the Physical–Medical Association who published it in their 1895 volume of the minutes
of the association. His report was soon published in several magazines around the world and in daily
newspapers causing a tremendous stir. On January 23, 1896, about a year before the Invisible Man
was published, Roentgen delivered his first public lecture on X–rays at the meeting of the Physical–
Medical Association. During the lecture, he asked a well known anatomist to have his hand
photographed using X–rays. The photo came out good and was passed around. The hall erupted in
applause and cheers for Roentgen for everyone saw the practical uses of this new ray. Less than
twenty days after the lecture, an X–ray machine was used in the United States to locate a bullet in a

Persuasive Essay On The Importance Of X Rays
Taking radiographs on pregnant women, or being the tech taking the x–rays, you should take more
precaution then with a normal patient that is not carrying a child. Also, there are certain amounts of
radiation that is or is not good for the fetus or the women carrying the child. With too much
radiation to the unborn child it could cause organ dysfunction, growth development, and many other
things. X–rays are also safe when you follow the correct precautions. There are also a lot of reason
why not to be around x–rays when a woman is pregnant.
With being the operator of the x–ray you should only be pointed at your head and not your chest,
organs, or even the fetus unless you get an abdominal x–ray but even then the risk of radiation
exposure is lower than the chance of needing an abdominal x–ray. Other precautions you should
take to avoid the scatter radiation is stand be hand a wall or lead barrier if using a wall mount
machine, or if using a hand help(nomad) x–ray machine you should apply a lead apron to you and
your patients. If you are the patient and are getting the x–ray, make sure you tell the dental team that
you are or might be pregnant so that they can make sure they do everything that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, this may be partially true but it is also half false. The reason it is true is because if the x–ray is
of certain areas it will not affect the baby. If it is of the pelvic or womb area, there will be a little bit
of radiation exposed to the fetus. Over a period like an assistant or doctor in this case could cause
the baby to be in harm's way. Also this could lead to several birth defects, disease, or potentially
cancers to the women and the child. These things are not always going to happen but the doctors
always want the best for their employees and their patients. that is why the doctors take certain
precautions to protect employees/patients in and out of the

How Did Henri Becquerel Discovered The Discovery Of The...
Shortly after the discovery of X–rays, another form of strong rays were discovered. In 1896, French
scientist Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity. Many scientists of the period were
working with cathode rays, and other scientists were gathering evidence on the theory that the atom
could be subdivided. Some of the new research showed that certain types of atoms break by
themselves. It was Henri Becquerel who discovered this experience while investigating the
properties of fluorescent minerals. Becquerel was researching the principles of fluorescence,
wherein certain minerals glow (fluoresce) when exposed to sunlight. He utilized photographic plates
to record this fluorescence.
One of the minerals Becquerel worked with was a uranium

How X-Rays Interact With Tissue
There are two major ways in which X–rays interact with tissue. The first is the photoelectric effect,
where a photon uses all of its energy to eject an electron from an atom; that while the electron
moves around and ionizes neighboring atoms, there are no scatter photons. The second major effect
is the Compton scatter, where a photon hits an atom and ionizes an electron but does not use all of
its energy. The photon then scatters in a different direction with slightly less energy, and the free
electron does damage to the body. Scattered photons can travel back towards the X–ray tube, pass
through the patient and hit the detector from any odd angle, or scatter again within the patient. Every
time a photon ejects an electron (ionizes an atom), it creates free radicals that can damage DNA in
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these effects result in decreasing energy deposition from the skin to the back of the patient.
In other words, much of the dose is deposited near the skin. This is why the deterministic effects that
are a large worry for doctors relate to skin injuries. Larger patients, who require higher doses to
penetrate through the larger body parts, are at higher risk of skin injuries. Therefore, it is very
important to understand the intensity of X–rays to avoid serious consequences.
Below is an object irradiated by many X–rays, with their intensity measured with a detector. The X–
rays are passing through an object, and are strongly absorbed so that their intensity is low, while
other X–rays are passing through less of the object, and are less strongly absorbed. This makes their
intensity much stronger and higher. This intensity is measured and recorded at the center of the
detector. In an effective manner, the object creates a shadow of the X–rays, and from that, its basic
dimensions can be

X-Ray Tube Essay
X–ray tube is designed to lower the amount of heat produce, this can be accomplished by the
rotating of the anode which gives off heat. The X–ray tube is designed with the anode attach to the
rotor and cathode on the other side of anode. This design determines the characteristics of X–ray
beam.
The cathode is a normal cathode is made up of negatively charge small coil wire called filaments,
which is housed in focusing cup. The filament is negatively charged coil of wire which becomes
heated when the electrical current passes through and when that energy becomes enough to expel the
electrons from the filament its called Thermionic Emission. The function of cathode is to push out
electrons which are produced by electric circuit and to turn those electron into a beam. The filament
is contained in the cathode, usually design using a material known as Theorated tungsten. This
theorated tungsten allows for a high temperature without the filament melting and there are different
sizes of filament which can help to vary the spaceial resolution according to what is being x–ray.
The anode has two primary functions, one is to convert electronic energy into x–radiation and the
second one is to dissipate the heat created in the process. The part of the x–ray tube where x–
radiation is produced is a large piece of metal that connects to positive side of electric current. The
anode provides a mechanical support for a target, the material of anode enhances the conversion of
energy and

Should Radiologic Technologists Use X-Rays?
X–rays may be invisible waves found on the electromagnetic spectrum which can almost make their
known danger seem of little importance because our five senses cannot measure their activity,
however x–rays must not be taken lightly. Radiologic Technologist must keep in mind the dangers
and gravity of the force that they are working with on a daily basis. Patients should have the right to
their own safety when undergoing a medical procedure that requires the use of x–rays. Radiologic
Technologist are the ones responsible for upholding this safety. They can and must do this in variety
of ways that include, making sure the patient is knowledgeable about the procedure, using correct
collimation to the part under examination, and by shielding the ... Show more content on
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For this reason patients must be aware that there is not a such thing as a safe amount of ionizing
radiation. No matter how small the amount, x–rays produce ionizing radiation which is damaging to
human tissue and therefore all procedures involving x–ray exposure to the patient are considered
dangerous. This being the case, those who administer x–rays should be very knowledgeable about
the energy they are dealing with, sadly this is not always the reality we live in. The article titled U.S.
Technologists' Radiation Exposure Perceptions and Practices states that "Current literature
documents excessive radiation doses from medical uses and a lack of necessary education for
physicians, fluoroscopists (ie, cardiologists, radiologist, neurologists, and others trained to perform
fluoroscopy) and patients concerning the benefits and dangers of medical radiation."5 This is a huge
problem in the concept of patient safety when dealing with the use of ionizing radiation for medical
procedures. If those administering the x–rays do not completely understand their dangers than how
is a patient who most likely knows very little about the subject suppose to be the safest possible
during the

X-Rays: From Discovery to Practical Application Essay
X–rays
This is a scientific report on x–rays, it's history, uses, implications and other relevant facts. More
relevance will be given to its medical uses/ importance as it was the most beneficial trait that x–rays
brought.
X–rays were discovered in 1895 when Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen was doing some experiments with
electron beams in a gas discharge tube and observed a glow in one of his fluorescent screens
whenever the electron beam was on.
It was a fact that fluorescent material usually glowed in reaction to magnetic radiation but the gas
discharge tube was surrounded by heavy black cardboard which was assumed by Roentgen to block
most of the radiation. Confused and curious, Roentgen then put several objects between the tube and
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The denser areas are shown as white while the soft areas appear dark in the film but sometimes
some organs may block x–rays from showing broken or cracked bones and for this reason CAT
(Computer Axial Tomography) was invented. Firstly, the person requiring the scan is put inside of a
scanner, which is a long tube–shaped machine and then x–rayed from all angles, after a computer
puts all of the images together so that doctors can analyse them. CAT are mainly used for head and
brain injuries and appropriate shielded should be provided to cover the areas not being x–rayed.
At the dentist the same principle applies, x–ray film is put in one side of the teeth and x–rays are
shot through the jaw, metal is more absorbent than teeth and bones so any filling on the teeth would
appear lighter in the x–ray film. Fig. 2
Exposure limits exist to prevent exposure and limit chronic exposure to "acceptable" levels because
in fact there is no safe level of exposure as there is always a small probability of exposure being the
cause of some ailments, like cancer. It is then recommended to keep levels of exposure "as low as
reasonable achievable" (ALARA).
A person can safely get up to 300 simple x–rays a year or 5 CAT (Computed Axial Tomography)
scans and the risk of developing cancer would only increase by 1% as in most cases the cells that get
damaged due to radiation die prematurely. The amount of cell damage from an x–ray is many times
less than

How Did X-Rays Change The World
Imagine a machine that made what was once invisible, visible. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the X–
ray in 1895. X–rays impacted the field of medicine greatly. The discovery of X–rays significantly
changed how we could see the human body, treatment options, and how we viewed X–rays.
Wilhelm C. Roentgen was a German physicist. He was born on March 27, 1845, and died on
February 10, 1923. He was married to, Anna Bertha Ludwig. He received education from the
University of Zurich, the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, ETH Zurich and the University
of Strasbourg. He received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1901 for discovering X–rays.
When Roentgen first discovered X–rays, he didn't know what they were. He called them X–rays to
show that it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can help them diagnose, monitor, and treat many medical conditions," (Healthline.com). This
changed the world of medicine. Looking inside a human body using X–rays made diagnosing and
monitoring medical problems easier and more efficient. They no longer have to make incisions, they
can just use X–rays to see what going on inside of your body. Doctors are able to see inside the body
because the way the X–rays react with the density of the organs and bones inside of you. "Soft
tissue, such as skin and organs, cannot absorb the high–energy rays, and the beam passes through
them. Dense materials inside our bodies, like bones, absorb the radiation." (Wonderopolis.org). This
is why we are able to see bones and other things inside our bodies. "Black areas on an x–ray which
is flesh and soft tissue show where the X–rays passed through. White areas on x–rays show where
denser tissues like bones have absorbed the X–rays." (RadiologyInfo.org). The white areas that
show up on the X–rays are what allows the doctors to see the inside of the body. The doctors view
the body because of how the radiation reacts with the differences in density of organs, flesh, bones,

Mammography: X-ray and Breast Tissue Essay
Mammography
Breast cancer is a common malignancy diagnosed in women. In the United States one in eight
women who live to the age of 95 will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Even with the high rate of
diagnosis, it remains the most treatable due to early screening and improved detection methods.
Mammography is the precedent for screening and diagnostic procedures in the breast cancer field.
Its enhancements through the years, together with higher resolution, faster, lower–dose screen–film
combinations, have contributed to earlier cancer detection in women.
Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x–rays while working with a Crookes tube in his
laboratory on November 8, 1895. Eighteen years later mammography got its rudimentary ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Digital mammography has given the physicians the capability to adjust contrast, transmit images,
and to magnify suspicious areas of the breast. This technology has also given the radiologist the
capacity to digitally mark areas of concern directly onto the digitalized image which is conveniently
stored on the computer for easy retrieval for the next mammogram for comparison.
A mammography unit is a rectangular box that houses a vacuum tube in which x–rays are produced.
The unit is designed to rotate to optimally image all angles of the breast tissues. These units are
integrated with a compression device that firmly holds the breast in place. This act of flattening the
breast is extremely important to improve optical density, contrast, and spatial resolution and lower
the patient's radiation dose. Most importantly, to ensure that small abnormalities won't be covered
by overlying breast tissue. In routine screening procedures, each breast should be screened using the
craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) projections; however, there are 13 projections
that can be performed. Once the breast is positioned, a low dose of ionizing radiation is sent through
the tissue from the vacuum tube to produce black and white images of the tissue on x–ray film.
Different parts of the body absorb the x–rays in varying degrees. Bone absorbs much of the radiation
while

Radiology: X-ray and Body Essay
Humanity, constantly learning, growing, and facing more challenges each second of the day.
Whether the challenges are mental or purely physical, we have found more efficient, safer, and
easier ways of doing the tasks we may face. From moving cargo to sending information via the
Internet. Probably the greatest accomplishments we have made, are in the studies of
medicine/treatment; to be specific, the study of radiology. Radiology is the process of working and
viewing inside the human body without breaking the skin. By using radiant energy, which may take
the form of x–rays or other types of radiation, we are able to diagnose and treat many diseases and
injuries. Both diagnostic and therapeutic radiology involve the use of ... Show more content on
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Last of the diagnostic imaging tools is the MRI. MRI, which stands for Magnetic Resonance
Imaging, was a technique developed in the 1950?s by Felix Bloch, and is the most versatile,
powerful, and sensitive tool in use. The process of MRI was originally called NRI, Nuclear
Resonance Imaging, but was found to be to confusing due to the fact that MRI?s don?t use
radioactivity and ionizing radiation. The MRI generates a very powerful electromagnetic field,
which allows the radiologist to generate thin–section images of any part of the body. Also it can take
these images from any direction or angle, and is done without and surgical invasion. Another plus
side to the MRI is the time it takes to perform, where as a CAT scan may take 30–60 min. A MRI
may only take 15 minutes max. The MRI also creates ?maps? of biochemical compounds within a
cross–section of the body. These maps give basic biomedical and anatomical information that
provides new knowledge and may allow early diagnosis of many diseases. The MRI is possible in
the human body because our bodies are filled with small biological ?magnets?, the most abundant
and responsive of these are the protons. The principal of the MRI is that it utilizes the random
distribution of protons, which have basic magnetic properties. Once the patient is placed in the
cylindrical magnet, the diagnosis process follows 3 steps. First, MRI

The Discovery Of X Rays
X–rays is one of the many discoveries that revolutionized the way the humanity functions
technologically, economically and socially in a fast changing world. This invention was thanks to
Dr. Rontgen. His invention changed the medical and astronomy field drastically and therefore he
was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics. He was awarded this incredible and highly valued
award in the year 1901 after producing, detecting and then discovering these high frequency
wavelengths produced by electromagnetic radiation. This Physicist and scientist later to be
recognized as doctor gave the world the gift of this amazing, invisible and powerful rays that would
change the world for ever. Willhelm Conrad Rontgen was born in March 27 on the year 1845, at
Lennep, in the big city of Remscheid which is located in Germany. He was an only child. His father
was a merchant who sold and manufactured cloth. His mother, Charlotte, came from family in
Amsterdam. When he was very young his family and him moved to the Netherlands. There he
assisted the Martinus Herman van Doorn institute, which was a school. A few years later he entered
another school at Utrecht but was unfairly expelled. As he got older Dr. Rontgen studied at ETH
Zurich which was Sencherman 2. also known as the Federal Polytechnic institute in Zurich. He
started his career as a mechanical engineer. In 1869 he graduated with a Ph.D. from that same
Polytechnic after having and outstanding academic result. Thanks to his immense

Comparison of X-Ray and Ultrasound
X rays and Ultrasound are two of the main imaging techniques used in radiography. For the
purposes of this essay, we will look at conventional x–rays and diagnostic ultrasound. Conventional
x rays are non–invasive diagnostic techniques that are used to capture images of the body's organs
and bones. Diagnostic ultrasounds are high frequency sound waves to create an image of soft issues
in the body such as muscles, joints, and internal organs. As examined below, while both are used in
diagnostic radiography, they have extremely different modalities.
Wave Properties
X–rays use electromagnet waves to produce images. Ultrasounds are longitudinal sound waves with
extremely high frequencies. The below table examines some of the differences ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Radiotherapy – used to treat cancer.
Ultrasound relies on high frequency sounds to image the body. As stated above, ultrasound are
produced by an ultrasound transducer. To produce ultrasound, a piezoelectric crystal has an
alternating current applied across it, this causes the crystal to vibrate at a high speed and to produce
ultrasound as it converts electrical energy to mechanical energy in sound waves. This sound wave
bounces off the object being scanned. This sound triggers the piezoelectric crystal and has its affects
reversed. By measuring the time taken to send and receive the sound the computer can produce
images. Ultrasound poses no health risks while x rays give off varying degrees of radiation.
Exposure to radiation can have long term health although the rates are very low. There are many
different usages for ultrasound. The most common is for * pregnancy scans * examine the heart to
identify abnormal structures * measure blood flow through the hearts and major blood vessels *
examine kidneys blood flow * identify kidney stones * detect prostrate cancer at early stages
Ultrasound Pregnancy * Thyroid ultrasound Scan at approx 12 wks. X–Rays

The History of the X-Rays Essay
During the cold winter of 1895, a German scientist by the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was
working with a cathode–ray tube when he noticed nearby crystals were glowing. When Roentgen
reached for the crystals he was amazed when the shadow cast on the crystal was not of his whole
hand, but just his bones. Roentgen covered the tube with heavy black paper and saw that the crystals
still glowed and the shadow of his hand bones still shown through, he then determined that a new
ray was being emitted that could penetrate through thick materials. (1.) He later found that the rays
could pass through most anything, but would cast a shadow of solid objects; these shadows could
then be captured on film. Among the solid objects Roentgen shot with ... Show more content on
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The Coolidge tube could operate to energies up to 100,000 volts. General Electric went on to make
x–ray tubes capable of operating at energies up to 1,000,000 volts, which gave the x–ray technology
enough stability to become industrialized and mass produced.
With this stability and mass production, x–rays machines became very common everywhere. From
large factories, to doctors offices, all the way to the corner store of small towns, where children and
adults alike could insert a coin into a machine and view the bones in their feet. (3.) Because of their
relative adolescences in the world, not much was known about x–rays or their effects on the human
body. The first theories about the rays' effects on the human body were that they had beneficial
applications. With this being the only theory about their effect, widespread use went on,
unmonitored, and unregulated. This unregulated use led to injuries but because of their slow onset
the injuries were never attributed to x–rays. While some scientists tied certain skin burns to over
exposure of x–rays it wasn't until popular minds of the world like Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla and
William J. Morton expressed that they experienced eye pain when dealing with the rays for extended
periods of time that people began to connect the dots and understand the negative

How Did Roentgen Contribute To The Discovery Of X-Rays
He continued his experiments by using photographic plates, as opposed to screens, which resulted in
the creation of a photograph. Roentgen received quite a lot of recognition for his discovery. In fact,
he received many scientific prizes and awards. Also, many streets were named after him and he was
granted honorary memberships into societies both in Germany, and abroad. However, Roentgen
remained a modest man (Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, n.d.)
The discovery of x–rays revolutionized the entire medical profession, and provided a basis for
diagnostic radiology. The x–ray showed the internal structures of the human body, without having to
resort to surgery. Roentgen's discovery of x–rays was a discovery that would benefit mankind for
years.

X-Ray Patient Observation
On Tuesday August 30, 2016 a Male 63 years of age came into Christus Spohn South Heath Center
with a diagnostic order for chest and rib x–rays. He was being seen because of chest pain on his
right side due to a fall. He had an extensive patient history of x–rays that went as far back as 2014.
For the year of 2016 he received approximately 12 different x–ray series. For example, on January
12, 2016 he received a chest 1 view image and cardiac catheterization. On May 21, 2016 he received
a chest 1 view and a complete 4 view foot. On May 30, 2016 he received a cardiac catheterization.
On June 1, 2016 and again on June 2, 2016 he received a chest 1 view. On June 10, 2016 he
received a catheterization. On August 25, 2016 he received a chest 2 view. On August 26, 2006 an
upper extremity without contrast. The patient also has a history of open heart surgery and receives
dialysis treatments and is on oxygen. The patient was admitted into the emergency room department
and was unable to stand and had a fall risk arm band. In order to take the x–rays we had to move his
bed into the x–ray room. Before we could transport him I checked three patient identifiers; ... Show
We also re–attached him to his oxygen in the wall, plugged his pulse oximeter and blood pressure
cuff back in. He did not have anyone with him but his son was called and was on his way. He asked
for a drink of water and after verifying with his nurse that it was ok we gave him a drink of water
and left his room. I was later able to look up the results of the x–ray series and the diagnosis was no
evidence of displaced rib fracture, pneumothorax or hemothorax; A normal rib series. The chest x–
ray report showed he has cardiomegaly and diffuse bilateral pulmonary opacities compatible with
only edema and congestive heart failure. Pneumonia could not be

X-Ray Analysis Essay
A primary survey of the remains is undertaken, (noting sex, stature, age, unique characteristics etc.)
X–ray analysis will then be performed on the remains through the body bag, to prevent the loss of
evidence. There are different types of imaging techniques, these include multidetector computed
tomography (MDCT) scanning, fluoroscopy, radiography (X–ray) (Wozniak et al., 2015). One
common method for undertaking the secondary survey is radiography. This comprises of examining
the cadavers for any unique characteristics, which may have been noted in ante mortem medical
records. Images should be compared to antemortem imaging and interpreted by a trained
professional. The deceased is searched for any personal effects, which can aid in identification ...
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The macroscopic, microscopic and radiographic appearance of bone must be recorded in reference
to trauma and disease, this may then be compared to ante mortem records. When considering the
pathology aspect of the investigation the type of disease must be contemplated (lytic, proliferative,
deformative, trauma) and the ratio of bone being lost to bone being formed. The type of bone being
formed is also important and how the bone loss and or formation has transformed the size and shape
of the bone. When surveying the remains, it must be acknowledged which parts of the body are
affected and the position of the ailment within each bone. The location in which the symptoms are
manifested may be an indicator as to which condition the deceased was affected by (Ferguson and
Black, 2011).
Bone morphology is another method which may be used for identification, the shape of the bones
are unique and may be used as a "fingerprint" to be compared to ante mortem medical records
(Cattaneo, 2007).
3. Diseases of Bone
Bone diseases affect the remodelling of bones. In healthy bone, bone is laid down (ossified) and
resorbed as needed. In diseased bone, the natural balance of resorption and ossification is affected
leading to there being a net loss or gain of bone. Bone diseases are generally either proliferative or
erosive although there are some, which are a combination of the two (University of Cambridge,
2004, Waldron,

Martyrs To X-Rays
Martyrs To The X–Rays The discovery of X–rays was costly. Many lost their lives in the process
and those who survived with severe physical deformities were considered fortunate. Their
determination is inspiring and their work was a life changer.
The Beginning Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X–rays on November 8, 1895. About 14 days
after Roentgen first noticed radiation activity, a man by the name of Friedrich Walkhoff performed
the first dental X–ray. He did the X–ray on himself first for twenty–five minutes and then on
patients for thirty. Mr. Walkhoff only noticed hair loss on his patients around the exposed area,
nothing he considered significant (Sansare, Khanna, & Karjodkar, 2011, p. 1). Minor effects of
radiation were first noticed in 1896 by Nikola Tesla ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was not until 1904 when William Rollins leaded the tube housing, installed the collimator, and did
many experiments on pregnant guinea pigs to conclude that X–rays can kill fetus'. Rollins was the
first to give many contributions to radiation protection. In 1907 an X–ray manufacturer by the name
of Rome Wagner had the first idea of film badges. He would carry a photographic plate in his pocket
to see if he was getting too much exposure and then develop it each night. Wagner was unable to
perfect his idea because he died six months later from cancer (Kathern, & Ziemer, 1980, p. 3). In the
1920's other methods of protection were introduced. The film badge became a routine monitoring
device. The unit to measure radiation was established and named the Roentgen, and the first
tolerance dose was created (Kathern, & Ziemer 1980, p. 4). One might classify radiation protection
as quite the traveler since its journey transcended through both the Pioneer Era and the Era of
Progress. Today's advancements include a reduction in exposure time to milliseconds and a switch to
digital (Sansare, et al., 2011,

Advantages Of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Adhesion studies Advantages of X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) X–ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique that originated in the photoelectric effect, described
by Einstein way back in 1905 [2]. Its measurements for characterization of solid surfaces are
undertaken under vacuum conditions by retarding field methods. The application of the XPS
techniques has several advantages as discussed in this topic. One of the advantages of this technique
is that, the x–ray sources it employs, which include Al K (1486.6 eV) and Mg K (1253.6 eV)
have very narrow x–ray lines below 0.9ev [1]. Therefore, this sources provide a good energy
resolution hence making this technique applicable in many areas. Also, the electrons of the elements
present in the solid surface are emitted at characteristic energies thus many elements can be
identified easily. Moreover, XPS technique allows identification of all chemical states at any given
element through quantification of the high resolution peaks [2]. ... Show more content on
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Normally, the probing depth is between 4nm to 10nm and may even go to 20nm, indicating that this
technique is sensitive to both surface and near surface layers [4]. XPS is a relatively non–destructive
method of sample characterization, which depends on the nature of the sample and the power
operation of the X–ray tube. Also, it is effective in identifying elements and their chemical states on
surfaces and in quantitative analysis [5]. Further, XPS is able to detect the variance in chemical state
between different samples. Furthermore, the oxidations states of different molecules can be
differentiated in this

Physics Of X Ray Fluorescence
X–Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry
The JSX–3222 analyzer is an energy–dispersive fluorescent X–ray spectrometer developed to
analyze cadmium (Cd) included in plastic and the electric wire film material, etc. promptly. The
range of elements that can be measured is from sodium (Na) to uranium (U).Liquid–nitrogen
cooling for the high performance detector is required only during the analyzing time. The vacuum
and atmosphere are switched to the measurement atmosphere by the operation of one button. When
X–rays (primary X–rays) are illuminated from the X–ray tube to the specimen, fluorescence X–rays
having wavelengths (energies) peculiar to the constituent elements of the specimen are generated
from the elements.
Qualitative analysis can be made by investigating the wavelengths of the fluorescence X–rays and
quantitative analysis by investigating the X–ray dose. The energies are investigated by two methods.
One is to optically separate them and the other is to use the energy separation characteristic of the
X–ray detector. The former is called the wavelength dispersive method an: the latter the energy
dispersive method. The element analyzer employs the latter method. As seen from the figure, since
the energy dispersive X–ray spectrometer has no moving parts employs a simple optical system, its
structure is simple and compact. And since the detector can be installed the specimen, the X–ray
solid angle of collection can be made large, thus offering many features such as

The Negative Impact Of X-Rays On The Human Body
l
.
Abstract X–rays are commonly assumed to be dangerous and a cause for cancer, but how much
exposure is actually dangerous to humans? Every year 7 out of 10 Americans receive at least one X–
ray, and each X–ray exposes the patient to a small amount of radiation. People are also exposed to
naturally occurring radiation that comes out of rocks and from outer space. Over time, radiation
exposure builds up, and a patient can eventually have an increased risk of cancer, after a certain
threshold is reached. The cell damage is not easy to control, and can be deadly once it becomes
cancerous. Is exposure to X–rays it worth it? X–rays are incredibly helpful medical tools, and can be
safe and important for diagnosing some injuries and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The World Nuclear Association has recorded that most of the earth receives about 1.5– 3.5
millisieverts of radiation a year. The Kerala and Madras States in India receive about 15
millisieverts a year, the highest naturally occurring rates anywhere on earth. This natural radiation is
caused by sand that contains thorium, a radioactive element. Parts of Brazil and Sudan also receive
large amounts of radiation, due to their geology. Natural radiation is safe, most of the time, and most
of the radiation comes from rock, (even the granite in a counter top) or from space.
What are Health Impacts?
Large amounts of X–ray radiation can cause mild effects such as headaches and vomiting, but they
can also cause more severe effects such as hair loss, low blood pressure and even death. Depending
on how much radiation people are exposed to and how long of a period people are exposed to it,
their symptoms will vary greatly.
How is the Body Impacted?
Large quantities of radiation can affect the body in many ways, and one of

X-Ray Research Papers
Using X–rays for medical imaging is one of the most useful pieces of medical technology available
when trying to determine and locate, the type and severity of a particular injury. X–rays are a form
of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light. However, unlike visible light x–rays can pass
through most objects, including the body (NIBIB, n.d). The radiation hits a detector on the other
side of the patient and the image produced is a shadowed representation of the tissues and structures
in the body (NIBIB, n.d). However, due to the type of radiation being superimposed over the body it
is worrying knowing that this form of radiation can, in some cases, cause some very life threatening
mutations. The term used to describe the effective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A translocation is when segments in chromosomes, and the genes they contain, change location.
This translocation can occur a segment of the chromosome breaking off and re–joining at another
location (Cancer quest). The ionizing radiation can cause cells to die, but sometimes it can lead to
cancer later on. The amount of damage caused in the cell is related to the dose, frequency, a position
on the body in which the x–ray is taking place determines the extenet to which thesse mutations can
occur. The damage can take place in a matter of seconds or it can take years to develop. (American
Cancer Society)
Sub issue 2: What other side effects can x–rays have? Not only does the radiation cause mutations
and further, other related illnesses, the process itself and other process related to the conduction of
an x–ray can result in side effects. When taking x–rays, doctors can inject with a contrast dye to help
improve the quality of the images. However, this dye, which contains iodine, can cause some side
effects (e.g. nausea, itching and hives) (Krans, B. n.d.). The iodine injection can also cause pre–
existing kidney issues to worsen further, which can ultimately result in the failure of kidneys. (Inside
radiology, 2009) Sub Issue 3: Is there an equally cost effective and efficient way to produce medical

The Discovery Of X Rays By Wilhelm Roentgen Essay
While the discovery of x–rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 was a major breakthrough in medical
diagnosis and treatment, it was not without its own problems. The cancer–related deaths of earlier
scientists like Pierre and Marie Curie, and Thomas Alva Edison who were directly exposed to
radiation from their discoveries on radium and calcium tungstate respectively, were the proof of how
dangerous the new breakthrough could be when handled without the necessary precautions. The
work of Martha S. Linet, Kwang Pyo Kim, Donald L. Miller, Ruth A. Klienerman, Steven L. Simon,
and Amy Berrington de Gonzalez traces the history of cancer risk in medical workers through the
years from the early discovery of radiation. According to the findings done by Linet et al, recent
research has found that cancer risk per dose of medical workers when measure is the same as that
from the survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bombs. Apart from the research done mostly on the
survivors of Japan's Hiroshima atomic bomb, very little research has been done specifically to fully
comprehend the scope of the devastation that comes along with a life time career as a medical
radiation worker. Given this limitation, the research studies done by Linet et al focuses primarily on
the impact on radiologist and radiologic technologists. Nevertheless, the limited research findings
report a substantial decline in the number of cancers related deaths amongst medical radiation
workers over the years. Linet et al's research

Polarization of X-Rays
Polarization of X–rays was first demonstrated by Barkla. He was performing experiments on the
secondary X–ray radiation phenomena (C. G. Barkla 1905). He used a block of graphite that scatters
the primary X–ray beam from an X–ray tube. The scattered intensity of the X–ray beam was
measured in two mutually perpendicular directions. He denoted the scattered intensity in a parallel
direction to the tube axis I_pand the one scattered at right angles I_s. The degree of polarization for
X–rays emitted at an angle θ to the direction of the electron beam is given as (Agarwal 1991):
P_(pol(θ))=(I_s–I_p)/(I_s+I_p )
Barkla found that for θ=90°,I_p was larger than I_s by ≈20%. This discovery that X–rays can be
partly polarized proved that they are transverse electromagnetic waves. However, Barkla actually
studied and measured the polarization of the bremsstrahlung (continuous) radiation.
When electrons emitted from a heated cathode filament are accelerated by a potential difference U
and impinge onto an anode target (for example tungsten), the motions of the electrons with in the
target are influenced by the strong Coulomb fields of the atomic nuclei. As a result, the electrons are
decelerated within small distances and; consequently, a broadband bremsstrahlung or continuous
radiation is produced. Figure 2.3. PENELOPE simulated spectrum of a bremsstrahlung from a
tungsten metal for 20 keV electron beam energy
The intensity distribution of the emitted broad radiation continuum

Crooks X-Ray History
The science behind the x–ray goes back to a chemist called Sir William Crooks. He was born June
17th 1832 in England. Crooks developed the Crooks Tube in 1870. This was an important invention
for scientists to come, among them was Wilhelm Roentgen who in 1895 was credited with the
discovery the x–ray. Back when the x–ray technique was new, people didn't realize the damage
radiation could cause. This changed soon when it was discovered how people were severely injured
from the exposure, as they were not wearing any protective shield. In the beginning the doctors or
physicists worked and operated the x–ray machines themselves, but as the demand grew, the need
for actual x–ray machine operators were needed. The Crooks tube, the discovery of the ... Show
One of the reasons could be the amount of time it took for an injury to occur after exposure.
However, more and more frequent cases describing skin irritation associated with a bad sunburn
started to occur. One scientist by the name of Elihu Thoms decided to expose his little finger under
radiation 30 minutes a day, for several days. The results were pain, swelling, erythema and
blistering. This convinced him, and others the dangers of radiation, and by 1900 the majority of the
medical and the scientific community, were familiar of the dangers of over exposure. The decrease
of exposure time and incidence was the most evident ways to limit the amount of radiation, or dose,
to a patient. They were even experimenting with enclosed tubes and distances to protect themselves
from the exposure. Filtration to the x ray beam was actually encouraged before the 1900's and so
was the size of the beam. Some other methods used to minimize patient exposure was using
intensifying screens and higher x–ray generating voltages. Even though ex–ray protection was well
known by 1905, it would still take many years for it to be universal. Even as late as the 1940's it was
not uncommon to find x–ray units without any safety measures at all. There are three distinctive
periods of radiation protection. The evolution of x–ray protection is split into three

X-Rays: The First Radiology
One of the first radiology departments was created at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1896. Dr.
John Macintyre, head of radiology at Glasgow, created the first x–ray of a kidney stone, an image
showing a penny in the throat of a child, as well as an image of a frog's legs in motion. An American
physiologist experimented with x–rays in order to trace food as it traveled through the digestive
system (Waters, 2011). In 1896, Dr. Hall–Edwards became one of the first physicians to use x–rays
to diagnose a patient, when an x–ray revealed that a needle was embedded in the patient's hand. X–
rays quickly became a vital tool used by doctors, to diagnose patients (Roentgen's discovery of the
X–Rays, 2006). In 1897, x–rays were first used to locate bullets

Development of the Periodic Table, X Rays and the...
Chemistry has been the way of life for millions of years! It helps us develop new concepts of
thinking and finding solutions to our problems. Did you know that fire was the first chemical
reaction humans learned to use and control? (worldbook.com) Chemistry has helped our world come
up with new, advanced technology to benefit us all. Chemistry played a role in developing the
periodic table, x–rays, and the telescope. Primarily, the Periodic Table of Elements was primarily
thought to be developed by Dmitri Mendeleev. However, "Antoine Lavoisier first established the
modern concept of the element in the late 1700s" (worldbook). Mendeleev published his version of
the periodic table in 1869. Also, many scientists before Mendeleev ... Show more content on
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If it weren't for x–rays, how would doctors be able to detect abnormalities within a patient? The x–
ray was accidently discovered by physicist Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. He discovered it when he
was experimenting with electric flow currents in a cathode– ray tube and saw a piece of barium
platinocyanide giving off light while he was working with the tube. His theory was that when the
electrons of the cathode–ray tube hits the wall of the tube an unknown radiation, went across the
room and hit the chemical, and then caused a fluorescence.(paraphrase, Encyclopedia Britannica).
Also, he thought since he couldn't find any light refraction or things similar to light, that this new
found thing was unrelated to light. He named it X–Radiation, this is also known as Rontgen
Radiation. (Fun fact: Roentgen can be spelled without the first e.) Rontgen also experimented
further and learned that paper, aluminum, and other metal things were transparent with this new
invention. His first x–ray was of his wife's hand. He looked at the bones in her hand and he looked
at the insides of metal objects with his new found machine. Also, Roentgen received a Nobel Prize
for his discovery. However, Roentgen wasn't the only man to discover something in chemistry
history. Who invented the telescope? It's currently a controversial topic amongst astronomers of the
world. Some say Galileo Galilei invented the

X-Ray Technician Application
In my 30–plus years in the X–ray profession, I have performed thousands of X–ray examinations.
The technology and its contribution to patient care still fascinate me. X–rays – or radiography, as it
is known in medicine – allow for looking inside a body and identifying everything from broken
bones to swallowed objects. The tool is vital to the ability to diagnose and treat injuries. Radiologic
technology encompasses a wide spectrum of specialties, from radiographers (who produce 3–D and
2–D images of bones, organs and vessels) to radiation therapists (who administer customized forms
of radiation to treat cancer and other diseases). After working at several Columbus–area hospitals, I
became a radiologic–technology professor – and now work with students at the University of
Cincinnati. My students will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While traveling during the summer, I experienced severe abdominal pain and went to the emergency
room of a St. Louis hospital. The physician ordered a CT (computed tomography) scan of my chest,
abdomen and pelvis. Four large tumors were found in my uterus. When I returned home to
Pickaway County, I underwent additional imaging exams so the medical team could get a clear look
at the growths. I had an ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging at OhioHealth Riverside
Methodist Hospital. Based on the results of those tests, I was scheduled for surgery in early
September. I was extremely frightened, of course, because I didn't know whether the tumors were
cancerous – nor did I know what to expect. The role reversal felt strange. After having spent more
than three decades taking X–rays and preparing students to enter the profession, I was suddenly
relying on the expertise of other radiologic technologists. And I looked to them for guidance and
comfort, as I was in a place I hadn't anticipated

The Effect Of Inverse Square Law On A Beam Of X Ray Photons
Experiment 1
Introduction:
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of the inverse square law on a beam of x–ray
photons. The inverse square law states that the intensity of an x–ray beam is inversely proportional
to the square of the distance (Ball, J.L., Moore, A.D. and Turner, S., 2008). Similar triangles
(Appendix A– Image 1) are a proof of the inverse square law as it shows that if the distance from the
beam is doubled, the intensity falls to one–quarter of its original value. If it is trebled the intensity
falls to one–ninth and at four times the distance it is one–sixteenth its value, etc (Holmes, K.,
Elkington, M. and Harris P., 2013). The formula used to calculate this is:
This law only applies if the radiation is from a point source, the radiation of the beam is
homogenous (the photons must all have the same energy) and if there is no attenuation between the
source of radiation and the detector (Holmes, K., Elkington, M. and Harris P., 2013). However, the
x–ray beam cannot satisfy these three conditions of the inverse square law. This is because the x–
rays produced are not emitted from a true point source as the focal spot has a finite size. They are
not emitted equally in all directions as the anode heel effect causes the intensity to vary across the
beam and the absorption and scattering of the x–ray beam occur as it passes through the air
(Graham, D., Cloke, P. and Vosper, M., 2012). Despite this, the inverse square law can still be
applied

X Rays History
X–rays Science Assessment 9B
History
X–rays are used for medical purposes. They are a form of radiation named electromagnetic waves
(EM Radiation). They are used to take pictures of the insides of the human body which come out in
black and white. The X–ray was first developed in 1895 by a man named Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen. While He was working with a cathode–ray tube in his laboratory, Roentgen observed a
fluorescent glow of crystals on a nearby table close to his tubes. The tube that he was working with
consisted of a bulb with positive and negative electrodes enclosed within it, when the air inside of
the tube left and when a high voltage was applied to it , the tube produced a fluorescent glow.
Roentgen then shielded the tube with heavy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(14/3/2014). What are the risks and benefits of X–rays?. [online] Available at:
http://www.nps.org.au/medical–tests/medical–imaging/for–individuals/types–of–imaging/x–
rays/for–individuals/risks–and–benefits [Accessed 12 Mar. 2016].
Why was it reliable: Because it gave me the tight facts that were relevant to the topic I was
researching. It is an Australian sight used by Latrobe university students. It was referred to me by
my cousin who is taking a course in Science.
Royal Institution of Australia. (13/11/2015). History of the X–ray – Royal Institution of Australia.
[online] Available at: http://riaus.org.au/articles/history–of–the–x–rays/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2016].
Why was it reliable: Reliable because it is a royal intuition of Australia sight developed and used by
highschools, primary schools and colleges.
Newman, T. and Newman, T. (1/4/2016). X–Ray Exposure: How Safe Are X–Rays?. [online]
Medical News Today. Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219970.php
[Accessed 12 Mar. 2016].
Why was it reliable: It was reliable and trustworthy because it is a medical news sight that is very
popular. It provided me with relevant facts to do with my

Informative Essay On Dental X-Rays

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