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1. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
X - RAY, MRI, CT SCAN

2. Apanay, Pauline
Dominique B.
Baluyot, Lenard Matthew
Gabriel S.
Eligino, Lizette Lapuz, Leigh Jan-yle M. Malabana, Conchitina
Francesca O.
Mulimbayan, Aliah DG. Paduga, Anne
Margarette D.
Quismundo, Ayiesha
Kheana M.
Subido, Kyla Jeanine F.
Viernes, Roslin
Isabelle G.
Votgen, Jessica April
Vanessa D.
MEMBERS:

3. X-RAY

4. History of X-ray
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) announced the
discovery of X-rays in December 1895.
He discovered that the new beam could cast shadows on
solid objects through most materials.
As early as January 1896, medical professionals and
scientists used X-rays on individuals to study the bones
and then the lung and other organs.
The first patient was treated with radiotherapy in June
1896. J.A. The ability of X-rays to ionize gas was
demonstrated by Thomson (Cambridge, U.K.), and
research into this phenomena resulted in the discovery
of electrons in 1897.
X-rays and radioactivity originated a revolution in
physics and science and in the vision of nature.
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y

5. WHAT IS
AN X-RAY?
X-ray:
an electromagnetic radiation type
similar to light, however, x-rays are
more energetic than light and can
penetrate through most materials,
including the body
used to create photographs of the
tissues and structures inside the body
a picture depicting the "shadows"
cast by internal body items will
appear if x-rays passing through the
patient's body also pass through an
x-ray detector on the opposite side

6. TYPES OF X-RAYS

7. Abdominal X-ray
This X-ray checks your
stomach, kidneys, liver,
and bladder. It helps
doctors find issues like
kidney stones and
bladder stones. Some
kinds of abdominal X-
rays like barium enemas
use special dyes to look
at the digestive system.
This helps find problems
in the heart, lungs, and
chest bones, like
pneumonia.
Doctors use this X-ray to
see broken bones,
dislocated joints, arthritis,
bone cancer, or
infections. A spine X-ray
looks at the bones and
tissues in your spine.
Bone X-ray Chest X-ray

8. Dental X-ray
These X-rays help check
your teeth, gums,
infections, and cavities.
Doctors use this to take
X-ray pictures of breast
tissue, to check lumps
and diagnose breast
cancer.
It shows moving images
of organs and tissues like
intestines. Doctors watch
these moving images on
a screen. GI X-ray exams
often use fluoroscopy.
Fluoroscopy Mammogram

9. Contrast material
Some X-rays use contrast material (also called
contrast agent or dye). The contrast material comes
as a liquid, powder or pill. Your provider gives you the
contrast material before the X-ray. Depending on the
type of X-ray, you may receive the contrast material:
Orally (by mouth).
Through an injection like from an intravenous (IV)
shot.
By inserting it into your rectum (enema).
When your provider gives you the dye through an IV
injection, you may feel flushed or warm for a little
while. Some people experience a metallic taste in
their mouth. These side effects go away in a few
minutes.
The contrast agent changes the way soft tissues and
other structures appear on an X-ray study so your
provider can see them in more detail.

10. EXAMPLES

11. Fixed
1.
X-RAY MACHINES AND THEIR VARIETIES
large transformers are needed,
which must be installed and linked
to high-output electrical supply
larger patients and cross-table
investigations may be scanned with
the higher powerful transformer
the range of mobility on the table
and the rotating movement of the
X-ray tube allows you to execute
more treatments
are best suited for teaching and
research institutions

12. 2. Portable
X-RAY MACHINES AND THEIR VARIETIES
don't need to have lead shielding
installed because their transformers
are lightweight and compact
more expensive
the high-quality pictures are
delivered to a laptop, which is
convenient for transferring
maximum output range: 15-35 mA
and 70-110 kV
are perfect for patient-to-patient
transfer
obtaining crisp cross-table views
could be harder

13. 3. Mobile
X-RAY MACHINES AND THEIR VARIETIES
a movable machine
bigger transformers found in
mobile X-ray equipment are
usually placed on wheels
these bigger transformers have a
greater output capacity, spanning
40 to 300mA and 90-125kv
optimum uses for mobile X-ray
equipment are at the bedside and
in emergency rooms because of
its ease of mobility across flat
surfaces

14. FUNCTIONS
AND
IMPORTANCE
OF AN X-RAY
It is acknowledged that X-ray imaging tests
are an important medical tool for many
different types of tests and treatments.
They're accustomed to:
painlessly and noninvasively assist in
illness diagnosis and therapeutic
monitoring;
assist in the design of surgical and
medical treatments; and
assist medical professionals when they
treat malignancies, remove blood clots or
other obstructions, or implant catheters,
stents, or other devices within the body.
Functions of X-ray

15. FUNCTIONS
AND
IMPORTANCE
OF AN X-RAY
Detecting Bone Injuries: X-rays help identify
bone fractures and injuries.
Monitoring Healing: They verify the healing
process of bones after injuries or surgical
implants (such as knee or hip replacements).
Monitoring Disease Progression: For
conditions like osteoporosis, X-rays help
monitor disease progression.
Checking Blood Vessels: X-rays can assess
blocked blood vessels.
Examining Digestive Problems: They provide
insights into gastrointestinal issues.
Dental Applications: Dentists use X-rays to
evaluate tooth decay and oral health
Specific Functions

16. FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE
OF AN X-RAY
Importance of X-ray
Early Detection: Medical X-rays enhance our ability to detect
diseases or injuries early, allowing for timely management,
treatment, or even cure.
Life-Saving Potential: When performed appropriately, X-rays can
save lives by identifying critical health issues

17. BENEFITS
Cost
X-raysareoftenlessexpensivethanMRIorCTscans.
01
Availability
X-ray machines are widely available and typically faster to use, making X-rays
a convenient option for many patients
02
Low radiation exposure
03
Real-time imaging
04
X-rays have low ionizing radiation; safe for diagnosis. CT scans use high
radiation which can be risky with repeated exposure for cancer.
Portability
X-rays can happen at the hospital or clinic near the patient's bed, making it a
convenient choice for patients who can't move much.
05
Real-time X-ray machines show moving bones and joints to help doctors
diagnose conditions.

18. Risks and Limitations:
In some cases, X-rays may be less effective than other imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, in diagnosing
certain conditions. Your doctor will determine the best imaging test for you based on your symptoms and medical
history.
X-rays best produce images
of bone and do not provide
detailed images of soft
tissues, such as muscles,
nerves, and ligaments. For
this reason, X-rays may not
be the best option for
diagnosing some conditions.
Limited soft tissue detail
X-rays typically only
produce images from one
or two angles, making it
difficult to fully evaluate
complex conditions or
structures.
Limited views Radiation exposure
X-rays use ionizing
radiation, which can
increase the risk of cancer
with repeated exposure.
This may be a concern for
some patients, especially
women who are pregnant or
trying to become pregnant.

19. PROCEDURE

20. PREPERATION:
Wear loose, comfortable clothing without metal components.
Leave jewelry and metallic items at home.
Inform the technologist if pregnant.
DURING:
Follow the assistant to the x-ray room.
Change into a gown or exam shorts if needed.
Cooperate with the technologist for precise positioning.
Stay still during the procedure.
Use provided support aids if necessary.

21. AFTER:
Resume normal activities post-exam.
Images are digitally stored and sent to the doctor.
Doctor reviews images and recommends treatment.
DURATION:
The duration of the exam will vary, but the average is about 15 minutes.

22. DO’S DON’T
Wear comfortable, metal-free clothing
Remove all metal objects and jewelry
Remain still during the procedure
Ask questions about the procedure
Inform the technologist if there's a
possibility of pregnancy.
Follow instructions for positioning
during the exam to ensure clear
images.
Inform the medical team of any
relevant medical history or conditions.
Ask questions if there's anything you're
unsure about.
Wear jewelry or bring any metal objects
into the examination room.
Move during the procedure
Consume caffeine or other stimulants

23. X-RAY PROCEDURE

24. Remove all metallic objects
1.
No preparation is required
2.
Ensure the patient is not pregnant
3.
Assess the patient’s ability to hold their breath
4.
Provide appropriate clothing
5.
Nursing Interventions Before X-Ray
Nursing Interventions During X-Ray
Nursing Interventions After X-Ray
Instruct patient to cooperate during the procedure
1.
No Special Care
1.
Provide Comfort
2.
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS

25. RESPONSIBILITY AS A NURSE
As a nurse, it is important to be aware of the patient’s health
status (i.e. pregnancy) most especially in this procedure
wherein radiation is present to avoid any health
complications. It is also important to provide comfort to the
patient by letting the patient wear a gown and if the procedure
is done while the patient is laying down, carefully reposition
them.

26. NORMAL REMARKS OF X-RAY:
Chest X-ray
Abdominal X-ray
Dental X-ray
Fluoroscopy
Mammogram
Normal lung fields, cardiac size, mediastinal structures,
thoracic spine, ribs, and diaphragm
Normal size, shape, and position of abdominal organs, (-) stones
in gallbladders, kidneys, or ureters, (-) calcification of the aorta
Bone X-ray Bones appear white and soft tissues appears gray
Healthy tooth structure, normal bone levels, no evidence of
periodontal disease, normal tooth eruption patterns, absence of
abnormalities, well-fitted dental restorations
Normal anatomy and function, absence of abnormalities,
adequate contrast flow, no evidence of obstruction, normal
motility or function, symmetry
Normal breast tissue, no suspicious masses or calcifications,
bilateral symmetry, no architectural, no evidence of
lymphadenopathy

27. MRI SCAN

28. WHAT IS MRI?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical
imaging test which uses large magnets, radio waves, and a
computer to create a detailed, cross-sectional image of
internal organs and structures.

29. It was first built by Dr. Raymond Damadian and his invention has
revolutionized doctors ability to diagnose cancer and other illnesses.
From 1972 until 1980, chemist Paul C. Lauterbur began developing
magnetic resonance imaging techniques.
Lauterbur also invented a process called zeugmatography. It combines
spatially defined radiofrequency field gradients with a magnetic field.
It then provides a 2-D representation of tissue proton density and
relaxation times.
Sir Peter Mansfield began working to shorten the time required for
comprehensive magnetic resonance scans. He used a new approach to
capture photographs of a finger in 15-23 minutes. This was the first time
a human body component was successfully scanned using NMR
technology.
HISTORY

30. FUNCTIONS/IMPORTANCE
The MRI scan provides clear and detailed images of soft tissue.
It can not visualize bones very well as it contains less water
compared to the soft tissues which is why if there is any bone
injury or diseases an x-ray is used for the examination

31. TYPES OF MRI MACHINES
CLOSED MRI MACHINES
These machines are large and
cylindrical where in the
patient is placed inside the
machine
It generates a strong magnetic
field and radio waves to create
images od the body
Most common type of MRI
OPEN MRI MACHINES
These machines are designed
to be more open and less
confining
They have a larger opening
which is helpful to the
patients who may be
claustrophobic or too large to
fit in the closed MRI machine.

32. RISKS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Clients with metal implants
They can not undergo an MRI procedure due to the risk of potential migration of implants and
radiofrequency (RF)-induced heating of the implants
01
Noise
The MRI produces a loud noise which may affect the patient. This may require a patient to wear a
special ear protection.
02
Nerve Stimulation
Sometimes a twitching sensation results from rapidly switched fields in the MRI
03
Clients who are Pregnant
Although there is currently no evidence that there is an effect shown on the fetus however it is highly
recommended that MRI scans should be avoided especially on the first trimester as this is where the fetus’s
organs are being formed.
04

33. HOW DO WE
PREPARE OUR
PATIENT FOR AN
MRI?

34. HOW LONG DOES AN MRI SCAN
LAST?
MRI SCANS ARE USUALLY UP TO 20-60
MINUTES DEPENDING ON WHAT PART
OF THE BODY IS BEING ANALYZED AND
HOW MANY IMAGES ARE REQUIRED

35. PREPARATION
THE NURSE WILL ASK THE PATIENT TO WEAR A
HOSPITAL GOWN.
1.
THE NURSE WILL ASK THE PATIENT TO REMOVE
METAL JEWELRY OR ANY ACCESSORIES.
2.
THE NURSE WILL ENSURE THAT THE PATIENT DOES
NOT HAVE ANY ANXIETY OR NERVOUSNESS WHEN
DEALING WITH ENCLOSED SPACES.
3.
THE NURSE WILL ADMINISTER AN INJECTION OF
INTRAVENOUS (IV) CONTRAST TO IMPROVE THE
VISIBILITY OF A PARTICULAR TISSUE.
4.
THE RADIOLOGIST WILL TALK TO GUIDE THE
PATIENT TO THE MRI SCANNING PROCESS AND
ANSWER RELEVANT QUESTIONS THE PATIENT MAY
ASK.
5.
ONCE THE PATIENT IS INSIDE THE ROOM, NURSES
WILL HELP THE PATIENT LIE DOWN TO THE
SCANNER TABLE. NURSES SHOULD ENSURE THAT
THEY ARE IN A COMFORTABLE POSITION ALL
THROUGHOUT THE PROCEDURE.
6.

36. DURING
THE MRI TECHNICIAN WILL
COMMUNICATE WITH THE PATIENT VIA
INTERCOM TO MAKE SURE THAT THE
PATIENT IS COMFORTABLE.
1.
THE TECHNICIAN WILL INSTRUCT THE
PATIENT TO STAY STILL BECAUSE
MOVEMENT MAY DISRUPT THE IMAGE.
2.
IF THE PATIENT FEELS UNCOMFORTABLE,
THEY CAN SPEAK TO THE INTERCOM AND
TELL THE MRI TECHNICIAN TO STOP.
3.

37. AFTER
THE RADIOLOGIST WILL
EXAMINE THE IMAGES TO CHECK
WHETHER ANY MORE ARE
REQUIRED.
1.
THE RADIOLOGIST WILL
PREPARE A REPORT FOR THE
REQUESTING DOCTOR.
2.

38. WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN MRI EXAMINATION?
WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN MRI EXAMINATION?

39. USES
ANOMALIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
TUMOR, CYSTS, AND OTHER ANOMALIES IN
VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY
BREAST CANCER SCREENING
INJURIES OR ABNORMALITIES OF THE JOINTS,
SUCH AS THE BACK AND KNEE
CERTAIN TYPES OF HEART PROBLEM
DISEASE OF THE LIVER AND OTHER
ABDOMINAL ORGANS
THE EVALUATION OF PELVIC PAIN IN WOMEN
SUSPECTED UTERINE ANOMALIES

40. DO’S DON’T
FOLLOW PRE-SCAN
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORM THE
TECHNOLOGIES
WEAR COMFORTABLE
CLOTHING
REMOVE METAL OBJECTS
REPORT IMPLANTS OR
DEVICES
STAY STILL DURING THE
SCAN
WEAR MAKEUP WITH
METALLIC ELEMENTS
BRING METAL OBJECTS
INTO THE MRI ROOM
IGNORE CLAUSTROPHOBIA
CONCERNS
EAT OR DRINK BEFORE A
CONTRAST MRI
IGNORE PREGNANCY
STATUS
DISREGARD METAL IN BODY

41. MRI SCANS:
BRAIN

42. MRI SCANS:
LUMBAR
SPINE

43. MRI SCANS:
FEMALE
PELVIS

44. MRI SCANS:
KNEE

45. PRE AND POST
PRE AND POST
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
NURSING
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
INTERVENTIONS

46. BEFORE MRI
BEFORE MRI
EXPLAIN TO THE PATIENT THE PURPOSE OF THE TEST
INFORM THE PATIENT OF THE PROCEDURE BEFOREHAND
EXPLAIN TO THE PATIENT THE SAFETY OF MRI
ENSURE THAT THE PATIENT IS NOT CLAUSTROPHOBIC
ADMINISTER PRESCRIBED SEDATIVE IF ORDERED
REMOVE ALL METALLIC OBJECTS AND ASK IF THE PATIENT HAS ANY PROSTHESES
SIGNED AN INFORMED CONSENT FORM
INSTRUCT THE PATIENT TO URINATE BEFORE THE PROCEDURE
DURING MRI
DURING MRI
ADVICE THE PATIENT THAT THEY WILL HAVE TO REMAIN STILL FOR THE ENTIRE
PROCEDURE
PROVIDE REASSURANCE IF NECESSARY
MONITOR THE PATIENT DURING THE PROCEDURE

47. AFTER MRI
AFTER MRI
AS DIRECTED, LET THE PATIENT GET BACK TO HIS REGULAR ACTIVITIES
OBSERVE FOR POSSIBLE ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
PROVIDE COMFORT MEASURES
MONITOR THE PATIENT FOR THE PATIENT’S NEGATIVE REACTION TO THE CONTRAST MEDIUM

48. RESPONSIBILITY AS A NURSE
RESPONSIBILITY AS A NURSE
The nurse should be able to provide a safe space for the patient for this
procedure most especially if the patient is claustrophobic since this procedure
requires a patient to be in an enclosed space. To add, the nurse should be able
to reassure the patient and properly explain the procedure. The nurse should
also be properly monitoring the patient during and after the procedure in case
something bad happens.

49. BRAIN
NORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND
STRUCTURE
(-) BLEEDING
(-) SWELLING
(-) TUMORS
(-) INFECTIONS
(-) INFLAMMATION
LUMBAR SPINE
DISC PATHOLOGY IS NORMAL
(-) LESIONS
(-) INFLAMMATION
NORMAL
NORMAL
REMARKS
REMARKS
OF MRI
OF MRI

50. ABDOMEN
NORMAL SIZE, SHAPE, AND LOCATION OF
ORGANS AND BLOOD VESSELS
NORMAL LYMPH NODES
KNEE
T1- WEIGHTED IMAGING OF FATS AND BONE MARROW SHOULD
APPEAR WHITE AND LIGAMENTS AND CARTILAGE SHOULD APPEAR
BLACK.
T2- WEIGHTED IMAGING IN LIGAMENTS AND CARTILAGE SHOULD
APPEAR WHITE WHILE BONE MARROW SHOULD APPEAR BLACK.
PROTON DENSITY IMAGING FOR FATTY BONE MARROWS AND
HYALINE CARTILAGE SHOULD APPEAR WHITE OR GRAY, MUSCLES
SHOULD APPEAR GRAY, AND LIGAMENTS SHOULD APPEAR BLACK
NORMAL
NORMAL
REMARKS
REMARKS
OF MRI
OF MRI

51. CT SCAN

52. A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray
images taken from different angles around your body and uses
computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the
bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body. CT scan
images provide more-detailed information than plain X-rays do.
The first commercially available CT scanner was created by British
engineer Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Laboratories in 1972.
Hounsfield's development of the CT scanner revolutionized medical
imaging by allowing physicians to visualize internal structures of the
body in three dimensions without invasive procedures.
Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is also known as "CAT
scanning" (Computed Axial Tomography). Tomography is from the
Greek word “tomos” meaning “slice” or “section” and “graphia”
meaning “describing”.
Description
&
History

53. The type of CT scan your doctor orders will depend in large part
on the area of the body they want to evaluate. Some kinds of CT
scan procedures include the following.
CT angiography
CT abdomen scan
CT bone scan
Head CT
CT scan chest/lungs
Cardiac CT
CT neck
Pelvic CT scan
CT scan kidneys
CT scan of the spine
Types of
CT Scan

54. Additionally, some types of CT scans require
the use of a special chemical called contrast,
which helps make soft tissue easier to see on
the images. Although you might have heard
contrast called a dye, it doesn’t change the
color of the organs or soft tissues inside the
body. Instead, it works by blocking the x-rays.
Contrast looks white on the images, making
the organs or other tissues stand out.
Types of
CT Scan

55. MACHINES USED IN CT SCANS
SINGLE SLICE
MULTI-SLICE
ELECTRON BEAM
TOMOGRAPHY
Single slice CT machines are capable of acquiring one
image per gantry rotation (the gantry is the ring the
patient is placed in).
A scanner with more slices allows faster acquisition.
Additional slices enhance diagnostic capabilities and
broaden the range of applications, especially if the
facility will be performing cardiac studies.
EBT allows radiologists to assist cardiologists in the
diagnosis and treatment of heart disease.

56. FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE

57. FUNCTIONS
AND IMPORTANCE
Diagnostic Imaging: CT scans provide detailed images
of bones, organs, blood vessels, and soft tissues to
diagnose a wide range of medical conditions and
diseases.
Monitoring Disease Progression: They track tumor
growth, evaluate treatment effectiveness, and assess
healing of fractures or injuries over time.
Guidance for Procedures: CT scans assist in
accurately targeting areas for biopsies, surgeries, and
radiation therapy, minimizing damage to healthy
tissue.
Emergency Medicine: Invaluable for rapid diagnosis of
traumatic injuries, such as head trauma, internal
bleeding, spinal injuries, and fractures.
Screening and Prevention: Used for early detection of
diseases like lung cancer and coronary artery disease,
leading to prompt treatment and improved outcomes.

58. RISKS/SAFETY CONSIDERATION,
AND BENEFITS

59. RISKS/SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS:
RISKS/SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS: Radiation Exposure: CT scans use X-rays to create images of the
body. While the amount of radiation exposure during a single CT
scan is relatively low, repeated exposure can increase the risk of
cancer. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable, as radiation
can harm the developing fetus.
Contrast Agents: In some cases, contrast agents may be used to
enhance the visibility of certain tissues or blood vessels. These
contrast agents can cause allergic reactions in some individuals,
ranging from mild itching to severe anaphylaxis.(a severe, life-
threatening allergic reaction.)
Renal Function: Contrast agents can also potentially affect kidney
function, particularly in individuals with pre-existing kidney
problems. Patients with impaired renal function may be at risk of
contrast-induced nephropathy.

60. BENEFITS
Diagnostic Accuracy: CT scans provide detailed images of internal
structures, making them valuable for diagnosing a wide range of
conditions, including injuries, tumors, and infections.
Speed: CT scans are relatively quick compared to other imaging
modalities, making them suitable for emergency situations where
rapid diagnosis is crucial.
Versatility: CT scans can be performed on various parts of the
body, allowing for comprehensive evaluation in a single imaging
session.
Guidance for Treatment: CT images can help guide surgical
procedures and other interventions by providing detailed
anatomical information.

61. CT SCAN FINDINGS EXAMPLE

62. FRACTURES (FRACTURE OF THE
TIBIAL PLATEAU)
TUMORS (BRAIN TUMOR)
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WJyb290cy1hc3NldHMiLCJrZXkiOiJfcHVibGljXC9fZmlsZX
NcL3N5c3RlbVwvY2tcL3RyZW5kaW5nXC9rbmVlXzA5ZmI
4NWNiOGZiYzMzNzZmNmUxYWYxYzJjNjdiZjljLmpwZyIsI
mVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZml0I
joiY292ZXIifX19
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamm
ed-Kamil-
8/publication/277132123/figure/fig1/AS:66950
8192710676@1536634600813/CT-scan-
image-of-brain-tumor.jpg

63. HEMORRHAGE (INTRACRANIAL
HEMORRHAGE
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
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hvnJM&w=525&h=413&q=ct%20scan%20Hemorrhage&ved=2ahUKE
wiXko_i6-aEAxVE9jgGHQBXA6oQMygAegQIARBR
https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-embolism-ct#follow-up

64. PROCEDURE
DO’S & DON’TS
DURATION
CT SCAN

65. PROCEDURE
BEFORE
Before the procedure, the radiologist would require the
patient to remove all the jewelries they’re wearing.
The procedure would also be explained to the patient
and questions would be entertained if they have any.
The patient might also be instructed to avoid eating
and drinking a few hours before the procedure,
especially if a contrast CT scan would be used. However,
on some CT scan exams, particularly abdominal CT
scans, the radiologist may require the patient to ingest
fluids or an oral contrast for better visualization of
structures within the abdominal area.
Also, before the procedure, the patient would be
instructed to change into a gown.

66. PROCEDURE
DURING
During a CT scan, the patient would be assisted to lie down on a
table inside a large doughnut-shaped machine and instruct the
patient to put their arm over their head. The table will then move
through the center of the CT scan machine, and as it moves
through the scanner, the x-ray rotates around the body of the
patient. The scanner will identify and send to the computer the
x-rays that have been absorbed by the body's tissues. The
information will be converted by the computer into an image
that the radiologist can then analyze and interpret. The patient
would be instructed to not move as it could blur the image. The
patient might also be instructed to not breathe for a short period
of time. It is also normal to hear buzzing noises during the
procedure.

67. PROCEDURE
AFTER
After the procedure, the radiologist will study the images and
share the results with the doctor. The doctor will then discuss
the findings with the patient after a few days.

68. DO’S AND DON’TS
DO’S DON’TS
Remove all jewelry. Any metal should be
removed before the procedure as it can
obscure or affect the image result.
Avoid eating for at least four hours before the
appointment.
Drink only clear liquids such as water or tea
two hours before the appointment.
It is necessary to be honest and disclose your
medical history so they would know if you
could proceed with the procedure or not since
radiation can be harmful to pregnant women.
Do not wear clothes with metal in it. Also avoid
wearing a lot of jewelry before going to your
appointment.
Do not wear makeup since it often has traces of
metals in it.
Do not move while the procedure is on going,
this is to avoid the image being blurry and the
results being disrupted.
Lastly, do not neglect taking your prescriptions.
Do not take any over-the-counter medicine and
avoid gum, candy, and mints.

69. DURATION
The CT scan procedure does not last long. Typically a CT scan procedure
would last approximately 15 minutes. For a CT scan with oral contrast, it could
be longer, taking up to 30 minutes up to 1 hour and 15 minutes.

70. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
BEFORE CT SCAN
Informed consent: Ensure that an informed consent form is properly signed
1.
Look for allergies and get health history: Inquire about any history of allergies to shellfish
or iodinated dye. Inquire also about the patient’s current medications, any recent illnesses,
and any other medical conditions. Whether an IV or oral is necessary depends on the type
of CT scan contrast agent.
2.
Check for NPO status: Tell the patient to refrain from eating or drinking for a while,
especially if contrast material will be used
3.
Provide appropriate clothing: Instruct patient to wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing
during the exam
4.
Inform about the duration of the procedure and provide information about the
contrast medium: Inform the patient that the procedure will take from 5 minutes to 1 hour
depending on the type of CT scan and they will experience a brief, mild pain from the needle
puncture and they will flush from the IV, there will be a contrast medium accessible
5.

71. Nursing intervention during the CT Scan:
Instruct the patient to remain still during the procedure
Nursing Intervention after CT Scan:
Diet as usual: Unless directed otherwise, advise the
patient to resume their regular dietary activities
Instruct patient to increase fluid intake (if a contrast is
given): Encourage patient to increase fluid intake to
promote excretion of dye

72. Responsibility as a nurse
The nurse’s responsibility is to be aware of the patient’s history such as
allergies or any illnesses the patient has. To add, the nurse should also be aware
of the NPO status of the patient so that the patient would not be nauseous
once the contrast is administered.
Comfort of the patient is one of the important things a nurse should take note
when doing this procedure or any procedures that the patient may participate
in. This is to ensure that the patient is reassured or calm before or during the
procedures.
Lastly, it is important to also take note of the patient’s health
most especially their food or liquid intake.

73. Normal Remarks of CT Scan
Normal findings on a CT scan shows bone appears as white areas. Tissues
densities will show as shades of gray, and fat tissue appear as black or dark
gray. Cerebrospinal fluid will appear as black. Air will also look black and
darker than fat

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