OSHA's Whistleblower Protection Program Defended

Essay on The Foreclosure Crisis
Foreclosure is one over arching problem facing the United States of America today with no one perfect solution. Each person in the US suffering from
foreclosure has a unique circumstance and situation that has led them to the economic turmoil they face, and that uniqueness therefore requires any
solution to the overall issue of foreclosure to be versatile to a plethora of situations. There is not one faultless way to resolve the crisis, but with a
combination of different measures, the foreclosure crisis can be slowed.
The current foreclosure dilemma can roughly be divided between two main groups: homeowners who cannot afford their mortgages due to either a
raise in the rate for an adjustable rate mortgage or a decreased home value and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main goal of my foreclosure prevention plan is to keep these homeowners in their current homes without foreclosing on them. To accomplish this
task of keeping homeowners' in houses, the United States' federal government needs to create a deal with willing and participating banks; banks must
allow homeowners to refinance to a low rate fixed mortgage at a low refinancing cost, but would have assurance that the federal government would
pay half of the loss if the homeowner either sold or foreclosed on the home before it reached the value of the initial mortgage. Banks would be fairly
receptive to this plan since if the homeowner were to foreclose, the bank would only receive the refinanced value, whereas with this program, banks
would at least recover half of their loss from the federal government. The homeowner would also receive benefits if they chose to participate in the
government's program. Not only would the homeowner be able to stay in the house, but if they were to remain in the house until the house price
appreciated past the value of the original mortgage, they would receive one third of the extra value of the home. Also, partial payment standard would
only be applied to homeowners' credit score during the loan is reconfiguration, and not during the payment of the adjusted mortgage. In short,
homeowners would have the incentives as
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay on Justly Solving the Foreclosure Crisis
For millions of people in the United States, the property boom of the 2000's ended without much warning. All over the country, tent cities are emerging
as the abode of those most unprepared for the collapse of housing prices and the resulting decrease in employment opportunities. The housing crisis'
effect on national economies threatens to plunge the global economy into a malaise unseen since the 1930s, according to Alan Greenspan (former
Federal Reserve Chairman), the International Monetary Fund, Warren Buffet, and a host of economists around the world. In the United States,
financial and real estate sectors' unethical behavior has done much to produce the crisis, and must be addressed for prosperity to be reestablished. In
the spirit of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a collateralized debt obligation is a bond that is issued on the performance of a debt obligation, such as an automobile loan, commercial
or residential mortgage, credit card loan, or student loan. CDOs, backed by real estate, create a number of ethical quandaries: 1) they are contingent
upon the performance of the buyer to fulfill their responsibilities of the contract; 2) they are contingent upon the value of the property; 3) market
appetite for these assets can affect the health of the company, possibly triggering a recall of the very loans the bonds are based upon; 4) they are not
subjected to rigorous regulation by the SEC or other government agency. Some of these bonds were underwritten, or protected from default, by private
banks, while government–sponsored enterprises such as Fannie May and Freddie Mac underwrote the remainder of them.
Banks profit from the joy of rising prices when the value of CDOs rise. The operation of buying and selling these assets yields tremendous profits for
banks and encourages a continuation of the cycle. When times are good, the property owners are ecstatic about the equity gained by rising prices.
Some even choose to take out a second mortgage, creating another opportunity for issuance of a CDO, or similar financial instrument. However, all
good things come to

The Note On The Banking Crisis
The Banking Crisis The Banking Crisis, 2010
Although there are multiple opinions on the causes of the banking crisis, there is one thing on which there is general agreement. If banking were still
practiced as it was by George Bailey in the movie It 's a Wonderful Life, the crisis would not have happened.
To understand why the crisis occurred, it is useful to understand the chain of events that contributed to it and the role each played. This chain
transformed the slightly stodgy, conservative banks of George Bailey 's day to the high–stakes world of Wall Street, where large fortunes could be
made with financial innovation.
The first step in the chain dates back to 1938, when the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The act encouraged banks to lend to low– and moderate–income neighborhoods. While this was an admirable goal, some believe that to meet quotas
established by this act, banks were forced to engage in imprudent lending. In the 1980s, coming off a recession, Congress enacted several laws
designed to promote free enterprise by reducing regulations. One of these laws was the Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982, an act
that permitted the creation of adjustable rate mortgages, balloon mortgages, and negative amortization mortgages. These would be the types of
mortgages that would create what became the subprime crisis, as buyers who did not qualify for standard mortgages, at prime interest rates, would be
attracted to these higher–interest–rate mortgages and eventually default on them.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 eliminated the tax deduction for interest paid on credit cards, but retained the deduction for interest on mortgages. This act
made home equity loans highly attractive to many consumers. Believing that their homes would continue to rise in value, homeowners took out home
equity loans to finance such purchases as cars and home improvement, increasing the amount of debt owed on their homes and leading to an unhealthy
amount of personal debt in the financial system. In 1970, debt was 60 percent of domestic personal income. Debt increased to 134 percent of domestic
personal income by mid–2008.
In 1999,

OSHAВґs Whistleblower Protection Program Essay examples
As a government investigator for this case I do support the Department of Labor's decision in this case.
OSHA implemented the whistleblower provisions of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act and 20 other statutes protecting employees who report violations of
various airline, commercial motor carrier, consumer product, environmental, financial reform, food safety, health care reform, nuclear, pipeline, public
transportation agency, railroad and maritime laws. Under these laws passed by Congress, employers are forbidden from retaliating against employees
who raise various protected concerns or provide protected information to the employer or to the government. Employees who believe that they have
been retaliated against for engaging in protected conduct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In February 2008, Foster had discovered equally shocking activities in investigations in Miami, Chicago, Cincinnati, San Diego, Las Vegas and Los
Angeles.
The report from the Labor Department, mentioned that after the Boston investigation, Foster continued to report fraud to internal sources, including
several executives such as a manager director and a vice president and at the end of 2007 she warned executives the number of fraud incidents in
subprime lending "may be much higher" than reported. Other findings discovered by Foster included employees who reported or had tried to report
fraud at both subprime and prime lending units who "suffered persistent retaliation" (Benoit & Hudson, 2011).
Blaylockon (2011) suggested that instead of accepting a payment of almost $228,000 for her silence, Foster wanted to ensure the corrupt practices at
Countrywide were exposed and that the wrongdoers were held accountable. In September 2011, OSHA agreed that Foster had been retaliated against
in violation of the employee protection provision of the Sarbanes Oxley Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Act of 2002. The Department of
Labor ordered her a payment of $930,000 in damages, which included back wages, interest, compensatory damages and attorney fees.
Dr. David Michaels, the OSHA's Assistant Secretary mentioned that Bank of America used illegal retaliatory tactics

The Financial Crisis Since The Great Depression
In 2008 the United States experienced the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression in the 1930s, primarily because of the bursting of the U.S.
housing bubble and increasing default rates on subprime mortgages which caused the price of house to increase once a high amount of loans were
given out by banks to potential homeowners. Securitization played a big role in this because of how risky the regulations are and the giant corporate
companies that are truly fluctuating and controlling the market. At the peak of the financial crisis new specialized mortgage lenders and securitizers
came along unrestricted by government regulations which resulted in an extreme number of foreclosures and the stock market to plummet. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Asset backed – securities, which is the name for securitization of mortgages, is where sub–prime mortgages and securitization had a major role in the
2008 financial crisis. After the year 2000 banks became a lot less strict on who they would grant loans to mainly because they wanted to make more
money. Banks standards decrease a lot so if someone wanted to apply for a loan and buy a house they would not even have to document their incomes
one hundred percent, the client could just state it without full verification. Subprime loans, where banks mortgage loans to people with good or bad
credit, is exactly what happened between the years 2000–2006. When the big private corporate companies are mentioned, those are the banks that
essentially contributed to causing the crisis. Once the recession finally struck in 2007 those loans as subprime loans that were given out to the citizens
with bad credit, they defaulted on those loans eventually leading to the foreclosure of their homes. The banks used securitization during this time to
liquidate the mortgages and put all the pressure on the private investor so they would not have to take the hit once the homeowner defaulted. Because
banks kept relaxing on the loans, mortgages became in demand so citizens kept applying for loans but they did not realize they all that these corporate
banks were

Savings And Loan Crisis Research Paper
Definition: The Savings and Loans Crisis was the greatest bankcollapse since the Great Depression of 1929. By 1989, more than 1,000 of the
nation's Savings and Loans (S&Ls) had failed. This effectively ended what had once been a secure source of home mortgages. Half of the nation's
failed S&Ls were from Texas, pushing that state into recession. As bad land investments were auctioned off, real estate prices collapsed, office
vacancies rose to 30%, and crude oil prices fell 50%. The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) had been created to insure their
deposits, much like the FDIC does today. However, S&L bank failures cost the FSLIC $20 billion, which bankrupted it. In addition, more than 500
banks were insured by state–run... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Senators, known as the Keating Five, were investigated by the Senate Ethics Committee for improper conduct. They had accepted $1.5 million in
campaign contributions from Charles Keating, head of the Lincoln Savings and Loan Association. They also put pressure on the Federal Home Loan
Banking Board, the agency responsible for investigating possible criminal activities at Lincoln, to overlook possibly suspicious activities. What
Caused the Savings and Loans Crisis? Savings and Loans were specialized banks that used low–interest, but federally–insured, deposits in savings
accounts to fund mortgages. However, in the 1980s, money market accounts became more popular by offering higher interest rates on savings.
Consequently, investors became pulling money out of savings accounts, depleting the banks' source of funds. S&L banks asked Congress to remove
the low–interest rate restrictions. In 1982, the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act was passed, which allowed S&Ls to raiseinterest rates on
savings deposits. In addition, the banks were no longer restricted to mortgages, but were allowed to make commercial and consumer loans. Most
importantly, the law removed restrictions on loan–to–value ratios. At the same time, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board regulatory staff was reduced
thanks to budget cuts during the Reagan Administration. This further impaired their ability to investigate possible risky

Essay On Ethics In Mortgage Lending
Ethics in the Mortgage Lending Business
In America each person believes it is his or her right to own a home. Banks believe they should give each person the money to finance a home.
Countrywide was at the forefront for many years in providing loans to consumers. Their ethics were placed into question when homeowners started
losing homes after 2006. Bank of America intervened to assist on home loans affected. Their strong code of ethics, team values, and guiding principles
ensured clients that their loans would be secured.
Ethics
During the time prior to the mortgage crisis, the economy was looking good to the mortgage brokers and lenders in the United States as well as new
homeowners. After all, it is the 'American Dream' to own a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bank of America 's company philosophy is "we believe, very simply, that it is the actions of individuals working together that build strong communities
... and that business has an obligation to support those actions in the communities it serves" (Lewis). As stated on their company website overview,
Bank of America is committed to creating meaningful change in the communities they serve through their philanthropic efforts, associate volunteerism,
community development, and investing, support of the arts, and environmental initiatives (Bank of America, n.d.). Their neighborhood revitalization
and stabilization programs were designed to aid, restore, and invigorate communities suffering from the growing number of foreclosed and vacant
properties. They are further committed to cost–efficient and environmentally sustainable practices that benefit the global community. An example of
this is the Bank of America Tower in New York City, one of the world 's most environmentally
–friendly skyscrapers. Bank of America expects and
actively encourages its employees to act ethically, honor Bank of America's code of ethics, care about one another, and value their communities.
Core Values
Bank of America core values were established to ensure the team of employees is serving their customers' needs. The five core values are short but
strong in words. Established by Bank of America to ensure confidence in consumer's relation, the five values are:

A Report On The Housing Market
This report reviews a number of factors with the housing market, starting with the rent/price ratio, and covering relevant economic events and factors
specific to renting and home ownership.
Rent/Price Ratio Data
The rent/price ratio data over a fourteen–year span from first quarter 2000 through first quarter 2014 tracks the trends of the housing market leading
into the housing crisis that started in 2007 and its rocky path to correction. The start of this period shows a ratio of 4.7 percent, followed by a
downward trend to its lowest point of 3.13 percent in the second quarter of 2006. The high point occurred in the first quarter of 2012, followed by
another albeit smaller downward trend. These downward trends are clearly evident ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Nasdaq, n.d.) Based on the data he was seeing with this bubble and the performance of the housing market, Shiller predicted a looming housing market
collapse. (Brand, 2005)
Housing Bubble Collapse
True to Shiller's prediction, the housing bubble soon collapsed, causing the worst housing crash in American history (DeGrace, 2011) that reverberated
around the world. Let us look at what brought us to this point.
Stock market crash of 2000. Following the stock market crash in 2000, caused by the burst of the dot com bubble (DeGrace, The Dot Com Bubble
Burst that Caused the 2000 Stock Market Crash, 2011), shaky investors turned to the housing market. Interest rates were relatively low. (Whitney, 2007)
New loan options such as adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs), interest–only loans with the principal payment due at a later date ("balloon payments"),
and zero–down loans gained prominence. Banks lowered their borrowing standards and offered subprime loans, and then sold these loans with
undeserved AAA bond ratings to unsuspecting foreign and other investors. Adding to this momentum was the encouragement of the Federal Reserve and
mortgage lenders. This all served to drive up home prices, sometimes at astronomical levels. (DeGrace, 2011)
Housing market collapse. The housing crash came in 2007. Borrowers started going into default on subprime loans they

The Background Of 2007-2008 Financial Crisis
Chapter 2. Background
2.1 Introduction
This chapter is about the background of 2007–2008 financial crisis. The 2007–2008 financial crisis has a huge impact on US banking system and how
the banks operate and how they are regulated after the financial turmoil. This financial crisis started with difficulty of rolling over asset backed
commercial papers in the summer of 2007 due to uncertainty on the liquidity of mortgage backed securities and questions about the soundness of banks
and non–bank financial institutes when interest rate continued to go up at a faster pace since 2004. In March 2008 the second wave of liquidity loss
occurred after US government decided to bailout Bear Stearns and some commercial banks, then other financial institutions took it as a warning of
financial difficulty of their peers. In the meantime banks started hoarding cash and reserve instead of lending out to fellow banks and corporations.
The third wave of credit crunch which eventually brought down US financial system and spread over the globe was Lehman Brother's bankruptcy in
August 2008. Many major commercial banks in US held structured products and commercial papers of Lehman Brother, as a result, they suffered a
great loss as Lehman Brother went into insolvency. This panic of bank insolvency caused loss of liquidity in both commercial paper market and
inter–bank market. Still banks were reluctant to turn to US government or Federal Reserve as this kind of action might indicate delicacy of

The Root Of The Housing Crisis
Recent figures show nearly 3 percent of all U.S. home mortgages are now in foreclosure, and experts are saying that number will rise for at least
another year. The foreclosures add to the growing pool of unsold homes in a market that has been deteriorating for the past two years. This is
driving down prices of all homes, most of those whose owners have never missed a payment. That's why it is in everyone's interest to stop this wave
of foreclosures and get the unsold inventory off the market as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, the power to solve this crisis is in the hands of very
people who caused much of the problem in the first place: bankers and the federal government. Pressured by federal bureaucrats after passage of the...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no question that federal laws and policies laid the groundwork for the crisis. The effect of these laws and policies was a pressure on banks to
abandon solid, time–tested lending criteria such as a person's income, debt ratio and credit history in an effort to get more minorities into homes.
Banks took these shaky loans, bundled them and sold them off as securities, which seemed safe enough since the government behemoths Fannie May
and Freddie Mac were providing a safety net for everyone involved – everyone, that is, except the U.S. taxpayers. Congress needs to repeal any law
that pressures banks to loosen loan requirements . At the same time, it needs to remove some of the federal guarantees that have encouraged
unsound banking practices. Bad banks, no matter how big, should be allowed to fail. The remaining banks would be shocked back into the kind of
sensible lending practices that would ensure a healthy system for decades to come. Which leads us to the second step: Banks must dump empty
houses fast while taking steps to keep more homes from going empty. The first part of this step is simple. Price the homes to sell, offer Realtors
commissions that are higher than those earned on other properties, and respond within 24 hours to all offers. Banks are going to lose money on these
properties. They will lose less if they move them quickly. The second part will be tougher for banks to swallow, but like all good medicine it will help in

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Bridgewater Bank was founded in November 2015 by Jerry Baack. It is a community bank established in Bloomington, Minnesota. The headquarter
building is the same location as the first branch. According to North Western financial review, Bridgewater Bank merged and acquainted First National
Bank of the Lakes in Orono, Minnesota. Currently, all four branches are located in Minnesota. Although thisbank is Non–member of the Federal
Reserve System, it is regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The main function of FDIC is to provide a maximum amount
of $250,000 insurance coverage for each deposit account. The bank's total asset is about $ 925 million as of December 31, 2015. The bank has a
variety of services, including

1980 Banking Crisis
Since the crisis of 1933 the United States has never been the same, following with the crisis of 1980 and 1990 and relapsing with the crisis of
2008. With banking crisis' the United States economic history isn't the best. Our country's banking and economic status depends on what we do and
don't. Bank crisis' are very rare. Being rare, bank crisis' are very detrimental. Banking crisis' have greatly impacted the economy, destroyed families,
left people homeless, and even destroyed future generations. However, the U.S. has definitely learned a thing or two as well as increased its
preparation and security due to these banking crisis, that can surely allow a efficient recovery and better preparedness if a crisis were to occur again.
One standout... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This almost brought down the world's financial system, and threatened the collapse some of the large financial institutions. Which luckily was
prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but left the stock markets to fend for themselves, thus causing global drop. It took huge
taxpayer–financed bailouts to shore up the industry. Even so, the ensuing credit crunch turned what was already a bad turn out into the worst recession
in 80 years. In 2008 the world economy faced its most dangerous crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The contagion, which began in 2007
when sky–high home prices in the United States finally turned decisively downward, spread quickly, first to the entire U.S. financial sector and then
to financial markets overseas. The American economy is built on credit, and because of this credit went unchecked and got out of control. Many
people were taking out loans, mortgages became simple. Many people got rich and wanted more. Banks made a cut on the sale, then packaged the
mortgage with a group of other mortgages and erased all personal responsibility of the loans. The housing market eventually declined, causing massive
losses in mortgage backed securities. Many banks and investment firms began losing money. This also caused a massive amount of homes on the
market which lowered housing prices and slowed

The Federal Reserve And Its Effects On American Politics...
"Lehman Collapse Sends Shockwave around the World" Reads the British newspaper, The Times, as the world sinks further into the recession in
September 2008. The housing collapse was orchestrated and perpetrated by a system created by investment banks to allow them to make money, by
keep the American people in debt, even when the banks knew the loans would default. The investing banking system was left unchecked by the
United States government because it did not have the regulations as did the depository banks. There was immoral investing in people's retirement,
pensions, and homes where it created at housing collapse, in which thousands of people over paid in their subprime loans and lost their homes in
the process. The federal Reserve is a very selfish and heartless entity in America that has had powerful influence in American politics for decades.
The Federal Reserve must be dissolved and succeeded by a federalized entity that has no obligation to any investors. It must contain checks and
balances to create a fair playing field. It must not benefit one group of people, but the nation as a whole. Finally, the new banking structure must be
solid to keep necessities at steady prices, and must not work on speculation. Prior to "the Fed", two previous central banking systems were in place, but
were limited on how long they influenced (both twenty years) their interest in government, and twice, both banking system were not allowed renewal
because many political figures,

Racial Housing Inequality : The Great Migration
Racial Housing Inequality History
It was 1947, eight years before Mississippi lynched Emmett Till. The Great Migration was a mass exodus of six million African Americans out of the
South that spanned most of the 20th century. Blacks did not journey north seeking better wages and work. Rather, they were fleeing the acquisitive
warlords of the South. They were seeking the protection of the law. From the 1930–60s Blacks across the country had no access to legitimate home
mortgages. This happened through means both legal and extralegal. In 1935, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) asked Home Owners '
Loan Corporation (HOLC) to look at 239 cities and create "residential security maps." The purpose was to show the level of security for real–estate
investments in each city. The resulting redlining caused a large increase in residential racial segregation and urban decay. Redlining denies services to
residents of certain areas based on racial or ethnic criteria. John McKnight, a sociologist and community activist, coined the term in the late 1960s. The
term comes from the practice of marking a red line on a map to delineate the area where banks would not invest. In addition to redlining, many Chicago
Whites employed other measures to keep their neighborhoods segregated and to discourage non–white home buyers, including restrictive covenants
and even bombings. Further, such local measures received broader support, including from a prominent national real estate

The Functions Of Financial Institutions Within A Financial...
Discuss the functions of financial institutions within a financial system and give examples of financial services and products that are traded by these
institutions.
A financial institution is something that has been established that contains financial trades for example investments, getting a loan or putting a deposit
(ABP, 2001). Financial institutions get dealt with on day to day so almost everyone deals with it. Majority of the depositing, borrowing money,
exchanging money contains and must be done through financial institutions.
The functions in financial system contains:
Investment Banks
Commercial banks
Insurance Companies
Investments companies
One of the functions of the financial institutions is Commercial Banks. Commercial banks will accept deposits and provide very good security and
make it suitable for their customers. This is just a normal role for the bank to give their customers money safe so that their customers don't have to
physically keep their belonging in their home or on them (APB, 2001). With having commercial banks there is no need to keep large amount of
money in hand because the banks can handle it such as online banking, checks, debit card or credit card.
Another one is insurance companies, insurance companies protect themselves or their properties such as your phone, your vehicle or your house
anything that you feel should be insured. Insurance use statistical analysis to protect what has been covered by the company, insurance

Bear Stearns Bailout
Bear Stearns Bailout "The Fed did not bailout Bear at taxpayer expense, but enabled – as it is mandated – the financial markets to continue to function.
History will call the Fed's action the right move at the right time", says Jeremy Siegel, Ph.D. The Bear Stearns Company began a financial meltdown
in July 2007. By March 2008, it was ready to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Some people believe that the Federal Reserve should not have stepped in to
bailout Bear Stearns because it was rewarding reckless business behavior and Bear should have been left to file bankruptcy. The deal of Bear Stearns
was not a government bailout; it was rather a loan to preserve jobs, homes, savings, the economy, the shareholders of Bear, and the financial... Show
In November 2007, Bear reported $288.5 billion in client accounts, and was selling the company for $30 billion to JPMorgan. The value of Bear
Stearns has yet to be determined. There is no real vauation of their assets; therefore, there are no buyers who are willing to purchase Bear for cash. As
of November 30, 2007, according to the New York Times, Stearns had $46 billion on its books that included mortgages, mortgage
–backed securities,
and asset backed securities. They announced that the annual report showed $29 billion of these assets were generated by a computer model. The other
$17 billion were determined by estimates from internal company developed models. The means by which Bear Stearns estimated their total assests
were calculated gobally, this means that their estimates may not be accurated due to the different financial and banking standards around the world .
This implies that hundreds of billions of dollars in asset–backed securities may be fabricated capital (The Ediorial Board 3).
Several factors could have affected our nation if the Federal Reserve did not step in and bail out Bear Stearns. One factor is our economy. If half of
the Bear Stearns' employees were laid off, the unemployment rate would increase and would affect the working class throughout the nation, and jobs
would become harder to

Money, Banking and the Economy
California State University Los Angeles
Department of Economics
Economics 303
Money and Banking and the Economy
Prof. Giorgio Canarella
Fall Quarter 2012
Midterm 2
Return your work Saturday, November 10, at 1:00 pm
Problem (50 points) Use a blue book.
You are given the following estimates about the monetary economy of the US:
C/D = 0.1; T/D = 2; ER/D = 0.2, [pic], [pic], MB = 1000. Compute the money multiplier, the money supply, the level of currency and checkable
deposits, the level of time deposits and excess reserves, and the level of total reserves and required reserves. Use the model of money supply
determination discussed in class. Show your work.
Multiple Choice Questions (50 points) Use a scantron.
1)
As of 2006, about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B) established the Federal Reserve System. C) separated commercial banking from investment banking. D) put a tax on the issuance of bank notes by
state banks.
13)
The Glass–Steagall Act of 1933

13)
______ A) separated commercial banking from investment banking. B) prohibited branching across state lines. C) forbade the opening of nonbank
banks. D) made bank holding companies illegal.
14)
Regulation Q
14)
______ A) required all banks to hold reserves against demand deposits. B) placed ceilings on allowable interest rates on time and savings deposits. C)
prohibited interstate banking. D) broadened the basis on which the Fed could make discount loans.
15)
NOW accounts were developed in order to
15)
______ A) provide banks with a liquid, interest–earning asset. B) provide banks with a checkable deposit on which they did not have to pay interest.
C) circumvent Regulation Q. D) provide banks with a means of earning interest on the funds in their reserve accounts with the Fed.
16)
The British central bank is known as
16)
______ A) the British Federal Reserve.
B)
the Bank of England. C) the Bank of London.
D)
the Bank of the Empire.
17)
The Japanese central bank is known as
17)
______ A) the Grand Nippon Central Bank.
B)
the Bank of Japan. C)

Credit Crunch in Usa-Causes and Solutions
Contents Credit Crunch in USA2 Causes of the Credit Crunch2 Housing Bubble2 Financial Product Innovations5 Sub Prime and Alt–A Lending5
Shadow Banking System6 Other Factors7 Solutions for the Credit Crunch7 Nationalization7 Regulation of the Shadow Banking System8 Regulations
on Mortgage Lending8 Capital Reserve Requirement9 Government Initiatives10 Conclusion11 References12 Appendix14 Glossary14
Table of Charts Federal Funds vs Mortgage Rates3 USA Home Price Indices4 USA Property Foreclosures 20075 USA subprime Market Share6
Mortgage Foreclosures Factors..............................................................................................................9 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A survey by MBA (2008) showed that 9.2% of all mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure.
The Economist (2009) predicts that up to 9 million homes may enter foreclosure over the 2009–2011 periods leading to a loss of more than $450
billion. Chart 3 shows the U.S. Household Property Foreclosure in 2007.
Chart 3. USA Property Foreclosures Chart 2007(Realty Trac,2009)
Financial Product Innovations
The housing bubble was supported by a variety of financial product innovations such as; 1. Adjustable Rate Mortgages in contrast to Fixed Rate
Mortgages which were more common before. 2. Mortgage Backed Securities. 3. Collateral Debt Obligations. 4. Credit Default Swaps.
The use of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis.
Sub Prime and Alt–A Lending
Sub Prime Lending refers to loans issued to people who have poor credit histories. Owing to government and competitive pressures, the sub–prime
mortgage market exploded during the housing bubble. Most of the major investment banks and government sponsored agencies such as Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac were involved with this high risk lending (Wallison & Calomiris, 2008).
Before 2004, the Sub Prime market accounted for less than 10 % but increased to 20 % by 2006 (Alexander et al, 2008). The relaxation of "Net
Capital Rule" encouraged the investment companies to increase their financial leverage and aggressively promote the Mortgage

The Housing Crisis Of 2008
For decades Americans couldn't help but rejoice when they were able to own their very own home. The image of holding the keys and to quickly step
foot into their home provided Americans with visons of prosperity. Many Americans whether poor, middle
–class, or wealthy could now dream of
endless possibilities when owning their very own home, as well as embracing a sense of accomplishment. These accomplishments or feelings were
great at first; however, the realty for some Americans was that behind the glitz and glamor was a ticking time bomb. Now imagine the United States of
America flourishing in the real estate sector and the US economy from Wall Street to individuals benefiting from the booming housing market.
However, while all this was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is necessary to first explain what Thomas Sowell an economics scholar says "The cast of characters" (Sowell 2). The nature of the housing market
makeup is much more than just a bank issuing loans. The importance is to understand what lies behind the scene and from there comprehend the
causes of the housing crisis. The Federal Reserve System in general regulates banks across the county. The Federal Reserve also has power to "take
action which affect interest rates and the money supply" (Sowell 2). The Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation are "two government–created, but privately owned, profit–making enterprises that buy mortgages from banks" (Sowell 3). The Federal
National Mortgage Association is also known as Fannie Mae, and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation is also known as Freddie Mac.
These Associations as stated above buy loans from banks, which ultimately eliminates the banks wait for 30 years of monthly payments. According to
book The Housing Boom and Bust "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchased more than one–third of all the mortgages in the nation that were resold by
the original lenders." The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is another major entity in the real estate housing market. The U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development is also known as (HUD) and "exercises authority over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,

The Federal Reserve System Is A Banking System Of The...
Keyonna Gregory
October 25, 2014
BUS 254
Internet Workshop
Question 1a. Write a one page concise or two pages double spaced summary explaining the Federal Reserve.
Basically, the Federal Reserve System is a banking system of the United States. "It was created in 1913, with the enactment of the Federal reserve Act"
(2014). There are many responsibilities the Federal Reserves has which include, supervision and regulation, monetary policy, payment services and
finally the financial stability. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, into a law. There are also many events that led up to the
signing of the Federal Reserve Act that stuck out to me.
The money and banking systems weren't the same in Colonial America. Colonial banks were not allowed to accept deposits from the public or make
loans. Instead, they issued paper currency backed by metals and goals. Colonists were also limited to using bartering, European coinage as their
primary means of exchange. "The legislation created a uniform national currency and permitted only nationally chartered banks to issue bank notes"
(2014).
There was a period of a free banking era. There was a huge need for a reliable banking system during the civil war. Many banks did not keep enough
money on hand to meet the normal demands. People lost their confidence in the banks and then began to go take their money out. This triggered a
succession of bank failures. The Federal Reserve System had a severe financial crisis, in

History Of Sovereign Bank
Santander Bank, formerly known as Sovereign Bank, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Banco Santander, a Spanish bank. The bank mainly operates
within the North Eastern region of the United States, with its headquarters based in Boston, Massachusetts. Santander bank offers various financial
services and products, among them retail banking, mortgages, corporate banking, capital markets, insurance, cash management, trust and wealth
management as well as insurance. The bank holds over $77 billion in assets, and has 650 branches. It also has over 2000 ATMs and employs 9800
employees.
Banco Santander, the parent company, was founded on May 18, 1857 in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania. Sovereign Bank, on the other hand, was founded
in 1902 as a building and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bank at some point received negative attention for issuing credit to arms companies, including companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, General
Dynamics, Textron, Colbun, BAE Systems and EADS. Some companies within the bank's portfolio have also been involved in environmental and labor
rights violations scandals, for instance Wal–Mart and Total USA. This negative attention may lead to loss of investor confidence in the bank.
Santander Bank has also received enforcement action from the Federal Reserve, with orders to have the bank improve its risk management practices.
Santander has already been struggling with this issue. The bank's capital plan was also rejected by the Federal Reserve during the second phase of a
stress test carried out on the 31 largest US banks, limiting the bank from distributing its profits to shareholders without express permission from the
Fed. This rejection arose from issues in the bank's governance, internal controls and risk

Bank of America Analysis Paper
Bank of America Corporation Analysis
Thomas L. Lowther III
MGT /521
May 16, 2011
Chuck Andre
Bank of America Corporation Analysis
Banking is an important industry that not only serves people on a personal level, but the United States in a global economy as well. First I will
conduct a SWOT analysis for the company I chose which is Bank of America Corporation. Second, I will also identify the company's internal and
external stakeholders. Next, I will describe their wants and needs. And, finally, I will explain how the company is fulfilling those needs.
Strengths
The Bank of America Corp dominates the market in the United States and also uses different strategies to gain a competitive advantage over it ... Show
their management processes, structures and policies help ensure compliance with laws and regulations and provide clear lines of sight for
decision–making and accountability ("Code of Ethics." 2011). These disciplines, though, together represent just one dimension of governance. The
other dimension is corporate culture of Bank of America Corporation ("Code of Ethics." 2011). Bank of America corporation culture must be
championed by leaders and sustained by every associate.
External Stockholders As Bank of America corporation work to serve our customers, clients and communities, and generate returns for our
shareholders, we understand that success is only meaningful when it is achieved the right way, with the right values. Their commitment to this
principle is the key to sustaining the public trust and confidence in their company, and the key to long term [success.
Wants and Needs
Bank of America deliver for their customer, clients, and shareholders the absolute best product and services they can. They share a passion for winning
and serving the financial needs of individuals, corporate clients, and institutional investors (Corporate Governance, 2011). We believe that disciplined
execution will lead to sustainable and long term performance. One way they build and

Financial Crisis Rebirth
Rebirth of the U.S. Economy during the Financial Crisis
Liberty University
July 8, 2016
Rebirth of the U.S. Economy during the Financial Crisis
Introduction A financial crisis is a condition, for various reasons, an organization or organizations lose a vast part of their worth. In many segments of
the economy, a financial crisis happens all the time. The terms financial crisis and economic crisis are not interchangeable. The total economy is
affected by an economic crisis. A financial crisis may only affect one part of the economy and not have any effect on the other parts of the segments.
The financial crisis which began in 2007 was the beginning of a downward spiral for the United State economy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The unemployment rate increased from four and a half percent to nearly ten percent in the United States. The Big 3 automakers, especially GM were
hit hard by layoffs and production globally. Dealerships, worldwide, had to lay off workers as well. From the later part of 2008 to mid–2009,
approximately 38.5 percent of homeowners were not employed. The financial crisis saw the worst unemployment rate since the Great Depression of
1929–1939. More than 15 million workers were unemployed. Approximately 9.5 percent of Americans were employed part time in order to provide for
their families. The highest unemployment rate was recorded in the state of Michigan at more than 15 percent. Unemployment among African
Americans was almost 16 percent; while unemployment among Latinos reached more than 13 percent. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
created nearly two million jobs in 2009. This Act was a part of the stimulus packet signed by President Obama in 2009 to boost the economy. Without
government intervention, the economic recovery could have been more devastating and lasted for many

The False Claims Act
On October 24, 2012 the Unites States of America filed a lawsuit against the Bank of America Corporation for selling toxic mortgages to Fanny Mae
and Freddy Mac which cost the taxpayers more than $1 billion dollars. The lawsuit sought penalties under two laws; the False Claims Act, which is
normally used to target fraud against the government, and the 1989 FIRREA Law. FIRREA does not usually hold up in court, but the government is
once again relying on it because of the financial crisis as a possibility for targeting civil fraud concerning financial institutions. (Viswanatha, Aruna,
2013) (Stempel, Jonathan, 2012) On May 8, 2013, U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff issued a two–page ruling that dismissed the claims in the lawsuit
seeking penalties under the False Claims Act, but allowed the claims that sought penalties under Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and
Enforcement Act (FIRREA) to advance. The relevance of the False Claims Act and the FIRREA Law will be further explored in this case.
(Viswanatha, Aruna, 2013) The False Claims Act The False Claims Act, also known as the "Lincoln Law" is an American federal law that holds
persons and companies accountable for abusing governmental programs. However, the law includes a "qui tam" provision that allows people without
government ties to file actions on behalf of the government. This is also referred to as "whistleblowing". The Act prohibits such measures as
knowingly presenting false claims for payment or approval,

The Glass Steagall Act Of 1933
In 1999 the United States Congress passed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act which finished off the repealing process of
the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933 (Moffett, Stonehill, & Eiteman, 2012, p. 114). The Glass–Steagall Act had imposed barriers within the United States
financial sector, where commercial banking entities were separate from investment banks. This meant that commercial banks were able to operate in
higher risk activities that were traditionally reserved for the investment institutes. Commercial banks were now able to directly offer their customers a
wider array of loans, including creative mortgage arrangements.
The investment banks, and subsequent stock brokerage firms, was regulated by the Security and Exchange Commission. The banking entities, in this
portion of the financial sector, were used to dealing in high risk business that were structured on the business' equity and debt capital, instead of the
commercial banks' deposits of customers. The activities in this sector of the financial system were underwriting stocks and bonds, insurance markets,
the investments in subprime debt markets and mortgages.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the institute in charge of regulating commercial banks, became burden with an innovative need to assess
the expanding investment activity of the commercial banks. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had previously been assigned the easy task of
assessing the commercial banks, within

Financial Crisis And The Crisis
Summary Mortgage–backed securities and subprime mortgage crisis were generally thought to be the cause of the 2008 financial crisis. This paper
will be discussing the cause of the financial crisis and the relationship between mortgage–backed securities and the crisis. The paper will further
describe the actions taken by the government to recover the securities. The Cause of the Financial Crisis and the Recovery It is believed by many
and known by some that the historical damage in the crisis of 2008, called the "financial crisis" was pushed by the housing bubble. The recent crisis
was the biggest horror around the world since the Great Depression. Prices of houses were rising since the year of 1999 and then rose by 6% and
continued at a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, MBS has a structure where borrowers, or homeowners, pass through their principal and interest payments to the owner, or investor, of the
MBS. The housing market was at all times high and everyone was attracted to invest in this sector. However, there was not enough money for the
public to buy houses at such a high price and as a result, people sought for ways including seeking home loans from local banks. Even people with
bad credit history were motivated to buy houses for the high gains thereafter. The banks and brokers lent out money at the prime lending rate to
people with average credit history, while lending at a higher than prime lending rate to people with bad credit history, without much prior
investigations. At the same time, investment banks offered attractive rates of returns to the investors of MBS. As MBS are often repackaged and
resold as obligations to collateral debts, the lower quality of credit ultimately resulted massive defaults as the housing market declined. Superficially,
the high interest "subprime" loan presents nothing that is devious or illegal, it is simply a case of lender taking on a higher risk and receiving a
higher interest rate in compensation. Yet, nearly half of the loans made in 2006 were of the subprime variety, which increased the risk of borrowers
defaulting on many banks' balance sheets. According to the Brookings study notes, "Prime mortgages dropped to 64% of the total in

Solving the Foreclosure Crisis
The images of the foreclosure crisis are startling: families forced out of their homes, bank executives begging Congress for bailouts, government
officials scrambling to put the nation's financial system back together. Such disarray, however, arises from a very simple moment– when a hopeful
family sits down with a loan officer at their local bank. In that moment, the collective fates of the family, the bank and national financial system are
sealed. For better or worse, the outcome of the meeting determines the fates of all involved. The family can embark on a path of either independence
and homeownership or ruin and dislocation. The bank can either invest in the community or partake in its unraveling. The national financial system can
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alternatively, a borrower educated in the procedures and perils of mortgages may be more likely to take out a reasonable home loan and successfully
avoid foreclosure. By incentivizing borrowers to take this course, regardless of their income level, society will benefit from lower foreclosure rates
across the socioeconomic spectrum.
A second component for borrowers is a web site that helps borrowers calculate key aspects of the mortgage transaction. It would request information
very similar to that requested by a loan officer at a bank such as household income and expenses, current debt burden, employment status and credit
history as well as information about the home in which they are interested, including price, minimum down payment and location. Then it would
provide users with an interactive timeline, allowing users to project futures based on potential changes in employment or income, changes in family
composition, and changes in interest rates or home value. Based on all this information, the website could offer rough estimates of the viability of the
home purchase, when the mortgage would be paid off and what circumstances might result in foreclosure. This website would not be intended to
replace consumer education programs but could provide a more accessible alternative.
The Lenders To avoid offering potentially dangerous mortgages, lenders need to be bound by socially optimal incentives. Short of changing the laws

Solutions for the Economically Troubled in the United...
With our economy in a downslide and increasing numbers of foreclosures worsening our economic problems, it is obvious that there needs to be
some intervention in order to prevent more foreclosures. Home ownership has always been a key portion of the American economy and an integral
part of the American dream. We cannot allow the current crisis to let more people lose their homes and become disenchanted about home buying in
the future. Not only will the defaults on mortgages further destabilize the American economy now, but they will also cause problems in the years to
come as less people decide to venture into home ownership again. Therefore, the obvious solution to these ill repercussions is by keeping people in the
homes they... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will be enough time, hopefully, for these homeowners to get their finances in order and resume paying their debts once again. As amortgage
payment is often one of the greatest debts of a household, the removal of this burden for six months will be a godsend to these troubled homeowners.
In the meantime, banks will not be worried about their most troubled mortgages. They will be getting paid on nearly all their mortgages, either from
responsible, financially secure homeowners who pay their debts on time every month, or from the government on the behalf of the troubled
household. After the six months are over, there is a much higher probability that they will be paid on those troubled mortgages by the homeowners
themselves, who have had six months to save thousands of dollars to pay towards their mortgages. As a result, the income of the banks will be much
more secure, and they are more likely to lend out money to consumers. This will enable consumers to buy homes again––including some of the
bank–owned properties that have been plaguing financial institutions for months. This cyclical effect will make the banks even more stable, and enable
them to lend even more, helping out both consumers and financial institutions in turn. While this plan may seem like it has an enormous price tag for
the federal government, its real cost will be much less than it may seem at the

Causes of the Recession
Over the past few years our country and the rest of the world has experienced an economic crisis. For the United States, it's been one of the worst
economic recessions since the Great Depression during the 1930's. The recession was caused by many downfalls but the majority was caused by the
collapse of the housing market. In the years before the crisis, the behavior of lenders changed dramatically. Lenders offered more and more loans to
higher–risk borrowers, including undocumented immigrants. Lending standards particularly deteriorated in 2004 to 2007. Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac supported the housing industry by providing billions in financing to the mortgage market. Both companies bought safer loans that followed their
guidelines. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This meant that several of the largest lenders of subprime loans played a role in the subprime mortgage crisis by having to claim bankruptcy and
foreclose on loans. The people who now had homes at lower values also had loans larger than the value of their homes and most of the times were
not able to refinance with other lenders. When the countries largest subprime lender, New Century Financial Corporation, declared for bankruptcy
it also caused a large majority of the rest of the subprime lending industry to go global and take its toll on hedge funds and banks around the world.
One of the first banks to show that there was a financial problem besides the subprime loan industry was Bear Stearns. One of the United States
largest investment banks would declare for bankruptcy because 2 of their hedge funds lost almost all of its investor capital. They attempted to use
money from other operations to try to save the company but the loss from the other 2 hedge funds was too large (NPR, 2011). Other banks soon
followed and caused the central banks coordinate to inject liquidity into credit markets for the first time since 9/11. To show this crisis went global, the
U.S. Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, and the Banks of Australia, Canada, and Japan all injected money. The countries largest mortgage
lender reported that foreclosures and mortgage delinquencies, which meant that barrower has not paid back the lender, have risen to

The Financial Crisis Of 2007-09
Introduction The financial crisis that happened during 2007–09 was considered the worst financial crisis in the world since the great depression in the
1930s. It leads to a series of banking failures and also prolonged recession, which have affected millions of Americans and paralyzed the whole
financial system. Although it was happened a long time ago, the side effects are still having implications for the economy now. This has become an
enormously common topic among economists, hence it plays an extremely important role in the economy. There are many questions that were asked
about the financial crisis, one of the most common question that dragged attention was ''How did the government (Federal Reserve) contributed to the
financial crisis?'' In this essay, I will briefly explain what happened during the financial crisis of 2007–09, and also discuss the contribution of the
government to the financial crisis. What leads to the financial crisis? The financial crisis did not happen in a day or two, it was triggered by a variety
of events that happened.in years ago. In year 1998, The Glass–Steagall legislation was repealed, it is a legislation that separated investments and
commercial banking activities in the financial sector. This act then allowed banks in the US to act in both the commercial and investment fields, which
allowed them to participate in highly risky business. This is somehow responsible for the mortgage–backed derivatives, which is a main cause of the

Solving the Foreclosure Crisis Essay
The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing real estate crisis and financial crisis triggered by a dramatic rise in mortgage delinquencies and
foreclosures in the United States, with major adverse consequences for banks and financial markets around the globe. The crisis, which has its roots in
the closing years of the 20th century, became apparent in 2007 and has exposed pervasive weaknesses in financial industry regulation and the global
financial system. The collapse of the US housing market has had a devastating effect on the nation, where the housing price boom was particularly
pronounced, and the subsequent decline has been particularly disastrous. Hundreds of thousands of working and middle class citizens are in danger of
losing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To stimulate longer–range expansion in residential construction, Title II of the U.S. Home Loan Bank Act authorized the establishment of an insurance
fund for mortgages on homes built under Federal supervision or purchased after Federal appraisal. Under the U.S. Home Loan Bank Act, as it still
operates, the prospective homeowner applies to a local mortgage lender for a mortgage loan. The loan application includes evidence of the borrower's
credit rating, the plans for the house, and an appraisal of it. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) field office reviews the plans, inspects the
dwelling during construction, appraises the property, and rates the credit risk of the borrower. If it approves the mortgage loan, the FHA will then
insure the loan when made by the applicant lending institution. The borrower pays a ВЅ percent insurance premium, and these insurance premiums are
pooled in an insurance fund maintained by the FHA. If the mortgage subsequently goes into default, the mortgage lender forecloses the property,
turning over title to the FHA. FHA, then, pays the mortgage lender the outstanding balance on the mortgage in debentures and sells the property or
proceeds against the original borrower to recover its losses. FHA mortgage insurance system had many purposes. First, the FHA gave commercial and
savings banks and

The Financial Crisis Of 2008 : Deregulation And Corruption
The Financial Crisis of 2008: Deregulation & Corruption There has been a debate for years on what caused the Financial Crisis in 2008 and if there
was one main cause, or a series of unfortunate events that led to the crisis. The crisis began when the market was no longer funding many financial
entities. The Federal Reserve then lowered the federal funds rate from 5.25% to almost zero percent in December 2008. The Federal Government
realized that this was not enough and decided to bail out Bear Stearns, which inhibited JP Morgan Chase to buy Bear Stearns. Unfortunately Bear
Stearns was not the only financial entity that needed saving, Lehman Brothers needed help as well. Lehman Brothers was twice the size of Bear
Stearns and the government could not bail them out. Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy on September 15, 2008. Lehman Brothers bankruptcy
caused the market tensions to become disastrous. The Fed then had to bail out American International Group the day after Lehman Brothers failed
(Poole, 2010). Some blame poor policy making and others blame the government. The main causes of the financial crisis are the deregulation of banks
and bank corruption. Discussion Deregulation is believed to be one of the major factors that led to the 2008 Financial Crisis. Deregulation refers to the
reduction of governmental influence in an industry in order to create more competition ("Deregulation", 2015). The reduction in government influence
creates a more competitive market that

2008 Financial Meltdown Paper
The cause of the 2008 financial meltdown was caused by many different things that created the "perfect storm". Some of these factors include Wall
Street greed, individual greed, Barney Frank and home–ownership "promoters", mortgage brokers, subprime loans, Alan Greenspan and The Fed, credit
default swaps, greedy investors, speculators, unethical or incompetent rating agencies, Republicans, Democrats, Congress, and Presidents (Terry
2013). There were numerous things that caused the meltdown and we may not even know all the factors. What we do know is that it happened and
it happened fast. When Henry Paulson was sworn in as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and on February 1, 2006 as Ben Bernanke became the
Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve for fourteen years, these two men had no idea the impact that decisions they would make in 2008
would have such a large impact on the world's economy.
It all started with mortgages and mortgage back loans. Credit ratings agencies gave mortgage backed securities AAA ratings. When the borrowers
have good credit and can pay back these mortgage loans, they are great investments. Unfortunately, due to the redlining law that regulated where loans
were being made and the want of lenders to sell more to investors made many subprime mortgage loans which are given to people with bad credit that
were unlikely to be able to pay them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is formally known as the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP). This poured money into the banking system to restore confidence. The Fed
bailed out Bear Sterns and then did the same with Fannie and Freddie May. When the Fed did this, it proved the idea of "too big to fail". When abank
knows that the government will bail them out if something were to happen, they are too big to fail and will take many risks. It wasn't until the
government did not bail out Lehman Brothers that the banks became aware of how big this problem really

Law Case Review of Spangler vs. Federal Home Loan Bank of...
Introduction Spangler v. Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines illustrates at least some of the difficulties for employers in dealing with FMLA
regulations. Due to the Court's interpretation of the FMLA notice requirement, a manager might cope with Spangler differently depending on
when that manager is allowed to manage Spangler. The Court's decision regarding Spangler was a mixed bag, agreeable and understandable in
some respects but unduly burdensome on employers in other respects. In their current state, the FMLA regulations are considerably troublesome
and burdensome for employers. Body As a Manager, What would you do to cope with Spangler? A manager could cope with Spangler in several
ways, depending on when the manager was allowed to manage. After Spangler's call of September 16, 1998 in which she stated that she would
not be in because of "depression again" (Riley, 2002), a conscientious manager would have no choice but to err on the side of caution by treating
her message as a request for FMLA leave (Guerin & England, 2012, p. 298), believing that the Bank must either grant the FMLA leave or seek
certification of her ongoing "serious condition" (Nelson, Spring 2005, p. 619). Despite the fact that Spangler was in no danger of becoming
Employee of the Month, the Bank is held to know that: she suffered from diagnosed depression; she took leaves in the past due to her depression; and
she said it was "depression again" (Riley, 2002). Consequently, at least in the

Financial Institutions That Make Up The Us Financial...
1. Describe the different kinds of financial institutions that make up the US financial system.
a) Commercial Banks. More than 10,000 commercial banks exist in the U.S.; all banks must be chartered. Seventy percent of all commercial banks are
state banks; most large banks are national banks, chartered by the federal government.
–Diversification and Mergers. These result from numerous other investment options that attract investors.
–Commercial Interest Rates. Banks can set their own interest rates; the lowest rate allowed is the prime rate.
b) Savings and Loan Associations. These institutions accept deposits and make loans primarily for home mortgages.
c) Mutual Savings Banks and Credit Unions. Depositors in these banks are considered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Servicing as financial advisors, banks help customers manage their money by recommending different opportunities and serving as a securities
intermediary.
d) Electronic Fund Transfer. Electric funds transfer (EFT) provides for payments and collections by transferring financial information electronically.
PayPal offer online payments and money transfer among businesses and individuals, nationally and internationally, in various currencies, requiring only
that recipients have an e–mail address.
3. Identify the tools the Federal Reserve System uses to control the US money supply.
a) The Board of Governors. The Fed's bond of governors consists of seven members appointed by the U.S. President for overlapping terms of 14 years.
b) Reserve Banks. The Fed consists of 12 districts. Each Federal Reserve Bank holds reserve deposits from sets the discount rate for commercial banks
in its geographic region. Reserve banks also play a major role in the nation's check–cleaning process.
c) Open Market Committee. The Federal Open Market Committee is responsible for formulating the Fed's monetary policies to promote economic

stability of Governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the president of four other Reserve Banks, who serve on a rotating

Effects Of The Great Depression On Society
American may remember horror stories of the effect the Great Depression had on society. Although devastating it was not the first time workers had the
task to endure the financial difficulties of an impending recession. The Panic of 1792, where two situations occurred almost simultaneously which
produced the first financial crisis. This was the first time which Americans experienced a bank run when US securities and bank stock prices started to
increase. During the Revolutionary war I, the US Government assumed the financial obligations of two states being South Carolina and Massachusetts,
which incurred a debt of $65 million owned, due to the war. Amidst bankruptcies, default mortgage loans and a decline in lendable money, the
economy was at a staggering halt. William Duer and Alexander Macomb used inside information from the treasury; which Duer was previously
employed, hoping that the stock value would increase. William Duer invested in the fall of the stocks and invested Macomb money with hopes the
stock market would rise. Duer either way would make a large profit. Duer plans were intervened when the Livingston family going to use tried to
reduce the price of the New York stock with hopes to purchase securities to fund a bank that would monopolize the stock from the Bank of New York.
There was loan in place to assist American wish to develop industrial and commercial use but little funding or support for farmer; they had the
opportunity for loans. The loans was

My Work As A Mortgage Banker For A Large Bank
My work as a Mortgage Banker for a large bank requires a substantial awareness of contracts and their meaning for the company to protect them
against litigation, for the client to inform them of their rights and protect them against risk of financial loss and myself to comply with federal
regulatory mandates to protect against any legal implications. The work of a loan originator is required to advise the client of what they are signing
and how it may or may not impact them based on any plausible scenarios that may arise during the loan process including the prepayment period. The
bank provides an initial set of contracts consisting of 45 to 65 individual contracts, which the client must sign. As well as a final set of contracts, which
the client must sign with a notary. The clients are expected to read, understand and agree to include topics such as required home insurance,
prepayment penalties, late payments, antidiscrimination disclosures, application fees, costs to get the loan, annual percentage rate, how much interest
they will pay over the life of the loan, what they are required not to do during the loan process and what they will be required to do. These contracts
include the following ten important elements. Contracts should include purchase price, cost, and service exchanged in the agreement Must clearly
specify parties that are subject to the agreement and will be legally bound by the contract. The bank and its client will exchange contracts throughout

Budgetary Emergency Essay
each time a bank makes an advance, new cash is made. In the keep running up to the monetary emergency, banks made tremendous aggregates of new
cash by making advances. In only 7 years, they multiplied the measure of cash and obligation in the economy. Loaning huge entireties of cash into the
property market pushes up the cost of houses alongside the level of individual obligation. Premium must be paid on every one of the advances that
banks make, and with the obligation rising speedier than wages, in the long run, a few individuals get to be not able to stay aware of reimbursements.
As of right now, they quit reimbursing their credits, and banks end up in peril of going bankrupt. This procedure created the budgetary emergency.
Straight after... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Federal Reserve tried to balance out and enhance conditions in monetary markets to restrain the harm to the more extensive economy. The FED
gave liquidity, The Federal Reserve gave transient secured credits to money related establishments. The FED likewise upheld disabled monetary
markets. The Federal Reserve acted to keep impeded money related markets working. The FED naturally upheld systemically imperative budgetary
establishments by giving advances to vexed money related foundations whose disappointment may have promoted undermined trust in the monetary
framework. The FED has made an awesome showing with settling and making a force adjusted managing an accounting framework after the colossal
retreat. The Federal Reserve attempted to restore the wellbeing of the keeping money segment and expand the stream of credit to family units and
organizations. With the expansion of liquidity to the keeping money framework, The Fed gave fleeting collateralized "markdown window" credits to
banks. The Federal Reserve, working with other administrative offices, directed careful examinations of 19 noteworthy banks to guarantee they had the
assets to survive a serious retreat. Upheld systemically imperative

Essay about solution slainas
I. Problem definition:
Ms. Salinas Savings & Loan has bucked the trend of financial and liquidity problems that has plagued the industry since 1985. Ms. Salinas believes it
is necessary to have a long range strategic plan for her firm including a 1 year forecast and preferably even a 5 year forecast of deposits.
Objective:
1.To determine what would be a successful forecasting tool for the strategic plan of Ms. Salinas.
2. To compare different forecasting tool with its Pros and Cons.
II. Review of Background Information:
In this case study, we should also focus the discussion on the 1980s concurrent crisis in the savings and loan (S&L) industry even though it was stated
that Salinas has bucked the trend of financial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the liquidity problems experienced in 1980's, it only took a little of the growth of the company by slowly increasing its deposit during this
time frame. The data also showed an increasing trend both for the GSP of Kansas and the Deposit.
a. Naive Approach:
Answer:
Year
Deposit
GSP
2003
108.9 million
5.3 billion
b. Moving Average:

For Ma =3
For Ma=5
c. Exponential smoothing:
A=.3
A=.5
A=.7
d. Linear Trend analysis
e.
f.
e. Linear regression:
DEPOSIT = –17.64 + 13.596 (gsp)
IV. Alternative courses of action to be taken:
Naive Approach:
Advantage:
1. Easy to do, and not time consuming.
Disadvantage:
1. Too simple, not all factors are considered.
2. Only one value can be forecasted.
Moving Average:
Advantage:
1. Helps to clear out noise from the data and helps the observer make a clearer idea of any changes that are actually occurring in the long term.

2. Discounts the value of the oldest data.
Disadvantage:
1. Can only forecast one value, limited only to the next data set.
2. Too large or too small value can greatly affect the result and also then sometimes significant long term changes in the data could be masked.
Exponential Smoothing:
Advantage:
1.

OSHA's Whistleblower Protection Program Defended

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OSHA's Whistleblower Protection Program Defended