Homework report since 13-5-2013

1. (Sent 13/5/2013)
KIJ Tanakrom Pangam
5510539006
Earthquake disaster prevention in Thailand; Pattern II Literature Review
Since the 21th Century, Disasters have increased in higher rate such as
floods, conflagrations, typhoons and earthquakes (Miller et al., 2012). In the past,
the Kobe‘s earthquake was impacted to worldwide as the great disaster. The old
English bank was insolvent when bank debtors’ building and business were
collapsed. Because the majorities of the Kobe’s business had been borrowed
capital from the Singapore‘s branch. The domino effect had been started.
Recently, The Fukushima’s earthquake made more destroyer to constructions and
building than the Kobe did. Previous experiences causing Japan prepared
expediencies to encounter a coming disaster. Therefore Japanese government
prevented with Tsunami breaking walls, strengthening constructions and
buildings under 8 Richter scale simulating. But the conservation was inadequate
to break a damage. After the earthquake and tsunami that occurred on March
11, 2011 causing devastation across Japan.
The earth plates near the Pacific Ring of Fire have frequently been
vibrating and effecting several countries construction material (Chini et al., 2013).
The curious approach that subsiding cavities from ex-oilfields cause seism is
observing. The previous oil borings in Indonesia made depressed to oil dome
structures which support oilfields structure brunt. A great deal of minor
earthquakes in Indonesia and Myanmar were happened resulting in economic
loss. Thailand is preparing preventative measures against earthquakes.
In the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, a great deal of lives have
been missed because of tsunami circumstance, and nearly partial of the lives
missed transpired concerning the 2004 Indian Ocean circumstance. Prospective
tsunami event situations have been imitated in these zone by a numerical
researchers to estimate the risk degree. The risk degree is dependent upon a
diversity of circumstances, as an example of the tsunami height, the flooding

2. area, and the reaching time. Otherwise, the recent estimation of the risk degrees
do not concentrate on the tsunami hazard to a coastal population. According to
(Suppasri et. al.,2011), a recent procedure to estimate the risk to the coastal
population in the zone that embraces the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.
The procedure is uncomplicated and unites the utilization of willingly attainable
tsunami information, far-field tsunami imitation procedure to affect the localized
risk and worldwide population information. An earthquake-created tsunami was
imitated, subsequent an earthquake that had a magnitude greater than 8.5 Mw
and transpired along a possible subduction zone. The 2004 Indian Ocean
circumstance looked as if a “worst case scenario”; otherwise, it has been
evaluated that a probability tsunami transpiring in a coastal zone with a high
population denseness, could produce meaningfully larger fatality.
In Sri Lanka, selective extenuating possible destruction of victims in the
hereafter is hereby primeval informing and speedily voidance unprotected
coastwise residential district of secure regions, and specified voidance
programming is regularly performed supported on flooding maps. Therefore, the
demonstrate report abstract quantitative molding fulfilled to build tsunami
flooding maps on a grid of 10 m resolution of three cities on the south coast of Sri
Lanka. The events provide the tsunami reaching time contours and the spatial
dispersion of the magnitude of flooding. The greatest stream speed in addition to
the hydrodynamic power in these three cities due to an event similar to the 2004
tsunami(Wijetunge et al.,2008).
The probability of earthquake risk map of Thailand and nearing areas is
created. Thailand is situated neighboring the Andaman shove in the west and the
Sunda curve in the south which are the borders intermediate to the Eurasian
plate and Indo-Australian plate. The great deal of energetic geology in this zone
have made happen seismic which pretends Thailand. Earthquakes registered from
1912 to 2006 by the Thai Meteorological Department and the US Geological
Survey are utilized in the investigation. Two diminution pattern for energetic
geology zone which provide positive correlations with factual calculated
increasing speed are utilized in forecasting top level increasing speed in Thailand.
Map of top level increasing speed at stone area with 2% and 50% prospect of

3. overstep in 50 years are created. Because the top level increasing speed due to
10% prospect of overstep in 50 years, the greatest increasing speed are
concerning 0.25 g. in the northern part of Thailand and 0.02 g in Bangkok.
Because the top level increasing speed at 2% prospect of overstep in 50 years,
the greatest increasing speed are concerning 0.4 g. and 0.04 g in Bangkok (Palasri
et. al.2010).
According to Erdik et al. (2011), many factors affect the severity of
earthquake damage including the earthquake source, wave intensity and
transmission, soil characteristics, building structure types, and the population
distribution. When analyzing the building damage in a wide area, examining the
seismic response of individual buildings can be extremely time consuming and
may not reveal overall disaster prevention effects.
An intensive coastal plants belt of Pandanus odoratissimus to decrease the
tsunami force was quantitatively examined by an increase one-factor numerical
form which combine deviation topography and tsunami attribute. The drag and
immobility energy were adopted as the complete hostility produced by the plant
growth. It was discovered that a comparatively minor tsunami swell was further
ruinous proportionately enormous menstrual cycle tsunami wave of the equal
level, despite the fact that impenetrably mature plants impressively decreased
the tsunami force regarding the minor tsunami swell. An extremely moderate
earth incline was in addition further exposed to strike by tsunami swell than a
proportionately extreme earth incline. Furthermore, impenetrably raising coastal
plants on moderate earth incline scattered tsunami force further expeditiously
than the similar plants on proportionately extreme earth incline (Nandasena et.
al. 2008)
To design a retaining wall, conventional Mononobe–Okabe method, which
is based on the pseudo-static approach and gives the linear distribution of seismic
earth pressures in an approximate way, is used to compute the seismic earth
pressures. Pseudo-dynamic approach is used to compute the seismic earth
pressures on a rigid retaining wall by considering the effects of time, phase
difference in shear and primary waves and soil amplification along with the

4. horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations and other soil properties. Design
value of the seismic active earth pressure coefficient is found to increase with
increase in the seismic accelerations, phase difference in body waves and soil
amplification, whereas the reverse trend is observed for the passive case.
Influence of various soil parameters on seismic passive earth pressure is more
significant than that for the active case under harmonic seismic loading. Results
are provided in the combined tabular and graphical non-dimensional form for
both the seismic active and passive earth pressures. Present results are compared
with the available results in literature to validate the proposed non-linearity of
seismic earth pressure distribution.
Examining the seismic reaction of clay pile-raft system with elastic and
cadaver piles utilizing separator and numerical report. Separator reports showed
that interaction between pile-raft and clay will cause a significant softening in the
clay adjacent to the pile-raft which produced a lengthening of resonance period in
near-field soil compared to the far-field soil. The difference of response among
the raft and the soil at both near- and far-field indicates that ground motion at
both near- and far-field cannot be representative of raft motion. There is also
significant difference between elastic and cadaver pile response. It has been
shown in a previous study that, for cadaver pile, the soft clay acts as an inertial
loading medium rather than a supporting medium. For this reasons, the bending
moment diagram extends deep into the soft soil stratum. However, for elastic
pile, the supporting effect of the surrounding clay is much more significant than in
cadaver pile. As a result, the bending moment envelope for elastic pile under
earthquake shaking is very similar to the head-loaded test results, with an active
length of pile below which no significant bending moment occurs(Kang et
al.2012).
According to Ho & Kuang (2012), seismic response spectra are amongst one
of the most important tools for characterizing earthquake ground motions. In
design practice, the response spectra are presented with-out including any load
history, hence the nonlinear analysis of structures based solely on conventional
earthquake response spectra is theoretically unsound, particularly for long-period
or vertically irregular high-rise buildings. In this paper, a concept of seismic

5. damage evolution is introduced and the method of analysis for characterizing the
process of seismic damage to structures under earthquakes is presented. Seismic
damage evolution spectra for analysis and design of high-rise buildings are then
developed as an effective means of describing and simplifying earthquake ground
motions. These spectra are shown to be very useful in selecting the ground
motion-time history and, particularly, validating the equivalent static-load analysis
and design of high-rise buildings under near-fault pulse-like ground motions. Case
studies of the seismic inelastic performance of two vertically irregular, tall
buildings are presented considering the seismic damage evolution spectra.
the effect of the horizontal and vertical components of ground motions
(HGM and VGM, respectively) on the seismic response of Reinforced Concrete(RC)
buildings designed to modern capacity design principles and located in the vicinity
of active faults. Fiber-based analytical models are used to monitor the global and
local response of twelve reference structures, including verifying the response
modification factor and tracing the member shear supply-demand response using
a ductility- and axial force-sensitive shear strength approach. The simulation
models are subjected to near-field earthquake records with increasing severity up
to collapse, including and excluding VGM. The results indicate that the lower the
contribution of horizontal seismic forces to the seismic response, the higher is the
significance of VGM. The fluctuation of axial forces in vertical structural members
significantly increases when including VGM. This not only has direct consequences
on tension and compression response but also has impact on shear capacity. The
diverse range of buildings and performance criteria and large number of
incremental dynamic analyses confirm the importance of including VGM in
seismic design and assessment of contemporary RC buildings, and hence cast
doubts on the reliability of pre-code structures located in the vicinity of active
faults(Mwafy,2012).
The hybrid steel–concrete stringent structure span is created of steel or
mixed supporting beam joining inflexibly to RC platform, and has utility of
humiliate prolongation expense, rapid establishment, and greater hostility and
flexibility throughout an earthquake. According to Nie et. al.(2010), a recent
model of steel–concrete mixed stringent joining is improved and investigated by

6. delimited material examination. The collating with different form of joining
appears that this recent form of joining has a positive constructive execution from
imprisoning of concrete by steel and forbidding the warping of steel by concrete.
An exploratory operation is current to understand the conduct of
rectangular pillars in the process of uniaxial and biaxial bending. According to
Rodrigues et. al.(2012), informing on two pillars investigated under uniaxial
flexure in single crosswise guidance and afterwards surrendered to different
uniaxial investigate in the additional guidance. The investigated outcome
examination concentrated on the donation of binding, fleece and blunder
constituent to the worldwide distortion. The exploratory outcomes were
differentiated with comfortable procedure for pillar reaction. The Park and Ang
damage index is computed and differentiated with the physical damage
observed.
The remained of a great deal of structures in the southern part of Thailand
with lesser structural harm beneath 2-6 m depth under the water surface in the
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami disaster propose that it is essential to adjust the
formulas prescribed by FEMA-55 [2000] for calculating tsunami burdens. The
climate monitoring edifice of the Meteorological station at Takua Pa, Phang Nga is
practiced as the investigated case. The edifice tolerated only lesser structural
harm to the pillars and supporting beams. Otherwise, majority of the
nonfunctional members for example In cartography adobe juries were harmed,
exclude a minority which donated to important retain intensity opposite the
tsunami assail. The FEMA-55 burden is adjusted with the substantial edifice
execution from an area burden examination. The greatest rapidity that transpired
at the location in that occurrence is estimated, and a rapidity appropriate for
calculation of tsunami burden for the southern part of Thailand is
advocated(Lukkunaprasit, 2010).
According to literature reviews, the prevention of earthquake in Thailand is
not a main stream of Thailand constructions because marginal cost of structure.
Otherwise, Seismic study reports perform possibility of harm. The government of
Thailand should support budget or subsidize for the building in the possible risk

7. areas preventing building structure. And Safety standard of Earthquake Act should
be legislate to prevent loss.

8. References
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