Competitive Exclusion Principle

Competitive Exclusion Principle
4.
Two species were driven to extinction. The first one was in scenario 5. Species 1 was driven to
extinction due to its high α value. It hit a population of zero (0.42) at time 36. I chose this because
this is the first time the value cannot be rounded up to 1.0.
In Scenario 6, species 2 was driven to extinction due to its lower intrinsic rate of growth, r. It hit a
population of zero (0.47) much later, at time 113.
5.
If resources are limiting, one species, with an advantage, will drive the other to extinction. The
competitive exclusion principle refers to the idea that complete competitors cannot coexist. In an
environment where resources are constant and limiting, one species will always have some sort of
advantage for competing for these resources. For the other species, the only way out of the situation
is to become extinct, or move to another niche. Gause experimented with this theory with two
species of Paramecium, where he kept them competing under constant conditions. One species
would always outcompete the other. The only way for the other to outcompete the first is if the
resources were manipulated.
6.
There is some debate as to who developed the idea of competitive exclusion (Tyus 2011). Gause,
may have been the first to show experimentally that the principle was true, at least in the lab.
Hutchinson, Grinnell, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the beginning of life, there have been uncountable numbers of living organisms and species
across the planet. But what forces are at play to create such diversity. Surely, competition for
resources drives evolution, but there are many styles of obtaining these resources and avoiding
dangers. Interspecific competition comes from two species competing for the same resource. Over
time, these forces push species to obtain these resources differently. This could be from changing the
time or location of getting this resource, to adapting different functions or
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Evolution Of Host Parasite Relationships
Betsy Gladden
Evolution Case Study #1
Dr. Amanda Duffus
The Evolution of Host–Parasite Relationships
Since Darwin's "dangerous" idea in the nineteenth century, the causes and significances of evolution
have been investigated unceasingly. One evident example of evolution is between parasite and host
relationships, in which host and parasite partners maximize their own fitness, by evolving to reduce
the fitness of the other. Parasites are hypothesized to evolve and cause hosts to evolve, as well as
promoting sexual recombination. There are two major hypotheses of evolution pertaining to host–
parasite relationships: the Red Queen hypothesis and the Red King model. The Red Queen
hypothesis claims that there is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientist Van Valen used this as a metaphor for the evolutionary race saying that species keep
running (evolving) to stay in the same place, but if they stop, they become extinct. This theory has
been consistently added to and built upon by G. Bell in 1982, who applied it to host and parasite
relationships, showing how evolution affects genotype frequencies and that changes come from
maintaining sexual reproduction. (Lively, 2010) The Red Queen hypothesis demonstrates how
species rely on competition for initiating evolution, and how there is a domino effect of change
causing change. (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) In studies done by Barnett and Hansen (1996) using an
organizational approach, evidence was found for Red Queen evolution in that organizations
exhibited less failure if there was more competition. The research used banks as a model, and the
results showed that in places only one existed, there was an advantage of a monopoly, but did not
have any experience when exposed to competition. (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) The Red Queen
hypothesis also shows that selection favors hosts that have rare resistance alleles. There also is
research that shows generation time affects selection for sex, in that the longer it takes to reproduce,
the more opportunity there is for evolution. The Red Queen hypothesis suggests that when in regard
to parasite and host relationships, when parasites are low in number, the costs of sex outweigh the
benefits and

Mutualism In John Steinbeck's Of Mice And Men
A childlike adult and a hardworking friend. Dead mice, puppies and a beautiful blonde women.
What do all of these have in common? They are all related to the book Of Mice and Men. Of Mice
and Men is a realistic fiction novella by John Steinbeck set during the 1930's in the Salinas Valley,
California. The main characters George and Lennie are itinerant workers on a ranch who work
throughout the story and experience challenge throughout the book. Living in Sym is an
informational piece explaining many different types of relationships, these relationships which are
also visible in Of ––Mice and Men. Living in Sym and Of Mice and Men connect to one another
through ammensalistic, mutualistic, pathogenic and parasitic relationships. To first understand ...
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Mutualism is illustrated in two relationships throughout Of Mice and Men, the first being through
Candy and his dog's relationship between each other. Mutualism is when both organisms involved
benefit. Candy and his dog benefit from one another because they are companions in a setting where
companionship and friendship are rare. In chapter 3, when Carlson is trying to convince Candy to let
him shoot the dog, Candy says, "No, I couldn' do that. I had 'im too long." (Steinbeck 45) This
illustrates the relationship between Candy and the dog because they are companions to one another.
This relates to a mutualistic relationship because Candy is benefiting mentally from having a
relationship, and the dog is benefiting from Candy by being provided with a place to live, food,
water and a loving owner. Additionally, another mutualistic relationship in Of Mice and Men is the
relationship between Crooks and Lennie. Crooks and Lennie first meet in Chapter 4, when Lennie
ventures into Crook's room looking for company. At first, Crooks does not want anything to do with
Lennie, yet as the chapter progresses, they both begin to benefit from their conversation. Crooks,
being a negro stableboy does not normally have that many people to talk to, therefore, he is
benefiting by forming almost a friendship with Lennie. Lennie, being as slow and child–like, is
benefiting by being able to express his dream with someone that would actually talk to him. When
Lennie attempts to explain his story to other characters in the book, they are dismissive for the fact
that they believe that he is crazy. However, Crooks actually listens to Lennie, and although he
presents an idea of a reality Lennie does not like, Lennie is still benefiting by having someone to
talk to about his "American Dream." This meaning that Crooks and Lennie had a mutualistic
relationship. This is how Of Mice and Men and Living in

Of Mice And Men Relationships
From a mutualistic relationship where the partners help each other or a parasitic relationship where
one partner takes from the other. In of mice and men by John Steinbeck there are many relationships
that connect to the article living in Sym. the three relationships that connect to living in Sym are
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitic. The book Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck tells a
story about Two itinerant Farm workers named George and Lennie and their problems in a ranch a
few miles south of Soledad. The two men have a conflict with society and how they are treated. The
main theme of the book is to remind us how harsh the real world can be and how our dreams don't
always come true. To begin the first relationship

Causes And Effects Of Coral Reefs
Only, due to the constant stream of warm tropical water coming from the Caribbean, South Africa
and the bay of Florida mixing with the waters from the Gulf of Mexico, which also create the
tropical air temperature and humidity can they tolerate this location. When these two significantly,
differently tempered water streams merge they create gyres (spiraling water currents). Kind of like
an underwater hurricane.
Most interesting is that the salt content of the ocean water in the keys region fluctuates between 3.3
to 3.6%. Ordinary ocean water has a salinity of 3.5%. What causes this fluctuation? During the dry
season, the ocean water has a higher salt content, some of the ocean waters evaporate and aren't
replenished by runoff water from rain, which would flow into the ocean during the wet season.
These runoff waters carry pollutants, (like fertilizers) which impact the otherwise nutrition poor
region of the Marine sanctuary. Coral reefs consist of coral polyps, which are animals, disguised as
plants. Although they are, of course not plants, they only look plantlike, especially because they take
root on the oceans ground. Sea anemones are such organisms. They are shaped like cups and have
tentacles looking like thick hair that moves with the waves. Corals can be mistaken for rocks as well
because of their calcified inners. However, unlike plants corals cannot make their own food, which
is an indicator that they are animals. The coral polyp is called an invertebrate ranging

Mutualistic Symbiotic Relationship In Of Mice And Men And...
A mutualistic symbiotic relationship is where both partners benefit from each other. An excellent
example would be an oxpecker and a rhino. As the rhino grazes in the field, many ticks and other
insects fall upon the rhino. The oxpecker comes in and eats the ticks and other insects off the rhino.
Both partners benefit in this situation because the rhino gets the ticks and insects off of it, the
oxpecker gets its food from the rhino. Just like the oxpecker and the rhino, in the books Tuesdays
With Morrie, Of Mice and Men, and the movie The Mighty, all of these works show a mutualistic
symbiotic relationship between the two main characters. In the book, Tuesdays with Morrie, there is
an evident mutualistic symbiotic relationship between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Kevin was able to help out Max with his mental disability. Max had a mental disability
that was making it difficult to pass school, thats when Kevin comes in. Kevin helps Max by tutoring
him on how to read and to help Max reach his full potential in school. For instance, while struggling
to pass english class, Max couldn't pass the class because he simply was not able to read. However,
Kevin teaches Max word by word to assist his learning ability to read. Kevin would push Max to the
point where Max would become frustrated with Kevin, but he knew that Kevin was only helping
him to thrive in his education. Furthermore, Kevin has a walking disability that deprives him of
being able to walk on his own. In return for tutoring Max, Max helps Kevin out by taking him
places around the city. For instance, Kevin wanted to go see the fireworks at the city park, though he
couldn't walk on his own, but with the help of Max, he could. Max would put Kevin on his
shoulders so that he could take Kevin to the city park and to allow Kevin to see the fireworks
display. After all, Kevin's capability to tutor Max and Max's strength to take Kevin places definitely
shows a mutualistic relationship because Kevin is able to tutor Max and in return, Max takes Kevin
places around the

Symbiosis Vs Mutualism
Symbiosis is when two or more different species live in direct and intimate contact with one another,
and is at the very cornerstone of modern ecosystems. Symbiosis is a fundamental function of our
modern ecosystem, and is responsible for the majority of evolutionary developments. Without
symbiosis, the delicately evolved modern ecosystem would not exist as almost every organism relies
on another organism (Douglas,2010). This development of the ecosystem has resulted in the three
separate types of symbiosis; Mutualism, Commensalism and Parasitism (Sapp, 2004; Reece et al,
2014). Mutualistic symbiosis, or mutualism, is an interspecific interaction between two species
(with little to no genetic similarities) that benefits both organisms. Comm.ensalism is the interaction
between species where one species benefits significantly from the interaction, and the other
experiences neither significant benefits nor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This bacteria consumes,stores and redistributes energy,which leads to an increase in biological
function for both humans and the bacteria itse lf (Backhed et al, 2005). A similar process is
discussed in the Journa l "Sulfide oxidation occurs in the ani:mal tissue of the gutless clam" (Powel,
Somero, 1985) looking at the mutualism between bacteria and the gutless clam. In this case the
clam,which survives within sulphur rich environments, has the bacteria present within the tissue.
This bacteria has evolved to oxidise sulphur for a net release of energy, which is used to produce
ATP and provide the energy for cellular function (Powel, Somero, 1985). These mutualistic
mechanisms primarily result in involved organisms to have a greater range of metabolic attributes
without the need for generations spent evolving the process. Mutualism also results in the organism
relationship having a much greater adaptability ultimately resulting in a greater chance of survival
for both parties (Backhed et al,

Outcasts In John Steinbeck's Of Mice And Men
The best friendships are those that desire mutual dependence is helpful to both parties. In other
words, the relationship is symbiotic, which means the characters are "living together in close
association" ("Living in Sym" par. 2). There are many types of relationships. John Steinbeck was an
American author that was born in 1902 and died at the age of 66 in 1968. His best–known works are
The Grapes of Wrath, The Red Pony, and Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and Men in
1937, and he based it off the events that have occurred with migrant farmers in California. He
discovered and authored what the migrant farmers had to go through the characters within his book.
Two of the characters in the novel, George and Lennie, are migrant workers ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Both mutualistic and parasitic relationships are developed in the plot of the book. Friendships
throughout the novel have a great effect on the characters. Overall, it is important to be a good
friend and have mutual respect for each other. Although friendship requires trust in people, in return
friends get better lives. If you trust someone, the trust can provide someone to talk to when you are
feeling down, someone who you care share any secrets and someone you can just be open with.
Sometimes people trust the wrong people and the relationship that started mutualistic turns

Nutritional Symbiotic Relationship between Dogs and Ticks...
Nutritional Symbiotic Relationship between Dogs and Ticks
A nutritional symbiotic relationship is when two or more species have an interaction with another
that is beneficial to the animal. There are different types of a symbiotic relationship, these include
Parasitism, when one organism is benefited from a host animal who is harmed through the
interaction, Commensalism, when one animal benefits and the other is not affected and stays neutral,
and Mutualism, when both animals are benefited from interaction. Although there are three different
types of relationships, some of them may occur in different places within or outside the body.
Endosymbiosis occurs when a species has a symbiotic relationship within the host's body, such as ...
Although some symbiotic relationships are parasitic many are mutualistic, meaning that both
animals involved in the relationship are benefited. An example of a mutualistic symbiotic
relationship is between a cleaner fish and a moray eel. A cleaner fish usually tends to clean groupers,
pufferfish, but most commonly the moray eel. The cleaner fish will crawl over the fish, who they are
cleaning, and clean there gills, skin, face, and even the throat and mouth, therefore the cleaner fish
has an ectosymbiosis relationship . Many cleaner fish work in groups with their mates, at a cleaning
station type of coral reef. The cleaning fish develop a "cleaning station" in order to provide for their
young and there mates. This process if beneficial to both cleaner fish, eel, or any other fish that
swim by. The Moray Eel, which is benefited from the cleaner fish, can range from four feet to
thirteen feet and can weigh almost eighty pounds. These eels live all over the world in freshwater
areas, and this is where they encountered the cleaner fish. Symbiotic relationships, negative,
positive, and neutral can be found everywhere around the world. Although these relationships may
have negative effects they all have an important role in the environment. Each organism has its role,
even though it could be parasitic role it has its own role and place in nature. Mutualistic
relationships help animals and organisms provide for themselves and thats why they are

Examples Of Symbiotic Relationships In The Bean Trees
A symbiotic relationship is a mutually beneficial interaction between two or more people, in which
both involved gain something from the relationship. The overall symbol of the wisteria vines in
Barbara Kingsolver's The Bean Trees is an example of a symbiotic relationship. By working
together for a shared survival, both the rhizobia and the wisteria vines are able to better thrive in
their environment and achieve a balance that is only possible by the two factors working together.
Kingsolver's symbiotic relationships throughout The Bean Trees show how people can develop
stronger relationships by working together and by developing systems of support for each other,
much like the rhizobia and the wisteria vines.
For instance, the relationship between Mattie and Taylor is symbiotic and leads to the two growing a
deeper connection through their support of each other. One of the first examples of Mattie and
Taylor's relationship is towards the middle of the book when Taylor explains her new working
situation. Taylor states that, "In many ways it was a perfect arrangement. You couldn't ask for better
than Mattie. She was patient and kind and let me bring in Turtle when I needed to" (81). The
characters are developing a symbiotic relationship, because the two both benefit from Taylor's
working situation. While Mattie gains a new employee and Taylor gains a steady job in her new
town, both gain a close–friend in the workplace. Later on in the novel, Taylor and Mattie's
relationship

Bird Species in Belize Essay
This past week in Belize was undoubtedly one of the best experiences I have ever had. In the special
topics biology class, I learned so much about the ecology, culture, and history of the newly
established country. Not to mention, I obtained a new respect for ornithology and a new interest in
birds. About the size of Manhattan and with a population of almost 350,000 people, Belize
surprisingly holds approximately 500 species of birds. We were able to spot 135 species of birds
during our stay and also learned about a few mutualism relationships.
One of the greatest mutualism relationships is between the ants and the bullhorn acacias. The ants
live in the hollow bullhorns and protect the tree, making sure there is no vegetation to harm it. ...
The seeds are in a pod and have a very pungent odor resembling dried, old, sweaty underwear.
Guanacaste seeds can only be planted if their protective covers are punctuated and this is usually
performed by large mammals. Now, there are only cattle and horses to perform this duty in Belie;
thus, seed dispersal is rare.
Mimosa pudica is a touch–sensitive plant that will close its leaflets inward when touched. It is found
on the ground or on plants and is relatively small in size. The tour guide at the Community Baboon
Sanctuary said that the plants were used when slaves were in Belize. Closed mimosas would show
runaway slaves the escape path.
At the Community Baboon Sanctuary, many other plants were noted. Smilax tendrils, also called cat
claw, were used as a form of birth control. Aerial roots are a favorite of the black howler monkeys.
The roots can be smoked and help people quit smoking. The cohune have many uses such as: makes
furniture, rings, wine, massage oil, stops infections and more. The miconia leaves have an orange
substance at the end that is used as a ringworm cure. Purple vervines is used as a treatment of
leukemia. Melastoma leaves are favored by monkeys, very soft and can be a replacement to toilet
paper. The tourist tree, called because its red skin will peel like tourists, is used in gumbo.
Leaf cutter ants have an ant–fungus mutualism. The ants will nurture the fungus by feeding it leaves
and protecting it from pests. If

Mutualism And Mutualism In Canada
Mutualism is when both sides benefit, and in the process of immigration, both Canada and the
immigrants benefit greatly. As a matter of fact, Canada is an extremely popular place to immigrate
to, it is one of the top ten highest immigrated to countries in the world. Immigrants come to seek
refuge, work, their families, or even just a new life. They help us by creating a better and younger
workforce, and we help them to have a home and to be safe. One benefit of this mutualistic
relationship is that we become a more multicultural country. Another perk is that there is growth in
the labor force, and job shortages are filled. The last concept that is gained from this relationship is
that families are reunited. Overall, Canada and immigration are a mutualistic relationship because of
the fact that we are becoming a more multicultural country, the labor force is ... Show more content
Immigration is great for Canada, it has opened up new doors and has created an astonishingly
multicultural country to live in. It is said that Canada doesn't exactly have a food, and that's because
instead of just having "Canadian food", we have food from all around the world.We have so many
different types of cuisine available, Indian, Italian, Korean, Chinese, German, Ukrainian, just to
name a few. The food comes from different cultures and represents the fact that we are multicultural.
For example, even here in small town, Alberta, we have Chinese, Greek, Japanese, Italian,
Vietnamese, and so many more. Another great fact about immigration is that it has provided a way
for two cultures to come together and to learn about each other.When people come as immigrants,
they can teach us many points like their way of life, who they are, what they believe in, etc. For
instance, quite a few of my friends

Predator
Predator – Prey Relationships
The relationship between predators and their prey is an intricate and complicated relationship;
covering a great area of scientific knowledge. This paper will examine the different relationships
between predator and prey; focusing on the symbiotic relations between organisms, the wide range
of defense mechanisms that are utilized by various examples of prey, and the influence between
predators and prey concerning evolution and population structure. Symbiosis is the interaction
between organisms forming a long term relationship with each other. Many organisms become
dependent on others and they need one another or one needs the other to survive. Symbiotic
interactions include forms of parasitism, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parasites are what is called host specific, this means that their anatomy, metabolism, and life–style is
adapted to that of their host(1973). Some parasites react to the behavior of their hosts, an interaction
called social parasitism(1989). More simply put a parasite might take advantage of the tendencies of
a particular species for the benefit of it's own. An example of this is the European Cuckoo. In this
case the grown cuckoo destroys one of the host birds eggs and replaces it with one of it's own(1991).
The host bird then raises the cuckoo nestling even when the cuckoo is almost too large for the nest
and much bigger than the host bird(1991). This is a case where the parasite uses the host to perform
a function and making life and reproduction easier on itself. Parasite and host relationships hold an
important part of homeostasis in nature.(1975). Parasitism is an intricate component in the
regulation of population of different species in nature. Mutualism is another topic at hand in
discussing predator–prey relationships. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both
members of the association benefit(1989). Mutualistic interaction is essential to the survival or
reproduction of both participants involved(1989). The best way to describe the relationships of
mutualism is through examples. We will give examples of mutualism from different environments.
Bacteria

Throughout history, human beings have been motivated by...
Throughout history, human beings have been motivated by self–interest in order to overcome,
succeed, and progress. This has happened so much so that some have argued that greed is an
intrinsic part of human nature, and therefore establishing a society that goes against greed is utopian.
Yet, rejecting human nature altogether is not a viable answer. Others contend that altruism and greed
are equal and dual powers. In fact, history has shown that during the Great Depression it is the
perpetuation of avarice that drives individuals to create a system that sinks thousands into poverty.
In contrast, it is also the idea and action taken by individuals that prove the role of humans to help
each other as a necessity. In The Grapes of Wrath, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Joads, realizing their competitive environment as well as dwindling resources, participate in
mutualism both within and beyond their family dynamic. For example, when landowners overload
the pool of possible farm workers, they pit individual against individual, constructing an
increasingly urgent struggle for existence. However, by the time they begin to move westward,
"each member of the family grew into [their] proper place, grew into [their] duties; so that each
member, old and young, had [their] place ... each member had [their] duty and went to it without
instruction" (Steinbeck 195). The families who become one family know the value of laws to protect
the unit, to protect the bonds that they form. The spontaneous order that develops in the novel
demonstrates a natural survival strategy, a response recommending the merging of the individual
into a greater whole. In short, the Joads realize that in such precarious times, the family consists of
anyone who is in need versus the individualistic–minded thinking. Steinbeck explores the
incorporation of individuals who normally compete for survival into a part of a larger, more viable
whole. At first glance, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck would seem to have little in common
with Out of the Dust by Karen Hesse. However, Out of the Dust tells of the deep misgivings about

Nepenthes Rajah Case Study
Background
Nepenthes rajah is a type of carnivorous pitcher plant found predominantly in the hot and nutrient–
deficient soils of the Southeast Asian tropics. Since the soil is nutrient–deficient, N. rajah captures
arthropods that falls into its jug–shaped leaf organ as a source of N and P to grow; similarly to other
pitcher plants. However, unlike other pitcher plants, N. rajah also strangely interacts mutually with
two small mountain mammals: Tupaia Montana and Rattus baluensis. This is different from other
Nepenthes species as they only interact with T. montana. These two mammals feed on the sweet
nectar that N. rajah produces and in return, persistently defecates inside the pitcher. N. rajah benefits
because it consumes the nutrient–rich fecal matter for an additional source of N. This unique
mutualistic relationship between a carnivorous plant and multiple small mammals was investigated
Greenwood et al (2011). The study invested the strength of mutualism between N. rajah and the two
mammals via scat deposition rates. Alongside with that, the visiting behavior of the two mammals
and N. rajah was documented to show possible competition or avoidance between the mammals, and
the similarities and differences between said two mammals. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
rajah and the two mammals in terms of scat deposition rates. Both mammals had a similar frequency
of scat deposits despite the higher visitation rate of T. montana compared to R. baluensis. The
researchers concluded this was due to R. baluensis having a higher degree of accuracy in depositing
the scat inside in pitcher, whereas T. montana had a significantly lower accuracy rate and defecated
outside the pitcher. Regardless of the lower accuracy in T. montana, N. rajah still receives a total N
level from feces that may range higher than 57%– results found in a study containing a Nepenthes
species and T. montana, because N. rajah is involved with two

Literary Analysis : Octavia Butler 's Fledgling
By making use of the cliché vampire tales and transforming them into a unique fictional novel,
Octavia Butler's Fledgling takes the reader into a different world in which pleasure, hatred and
persistence are combined to solve the mysterious life–threatening puzzle of a genetically modified
vampire. Fledgling is a novel that exposes the ignorance hatred can create and the strength survival
can generate. Nonetheless, Fledgling, like many other books, has its downfalls and confusions.
Butler's last novel expresses everything she believed and stood for, and opens the eyes to those who
cannot see our universal issues by placing them in a totally different world. To begin with, Butler
gives the reader more than just a book filled with words, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As the reader begins to understand Shori's unique personality, it becomes apparent that she is not
just an "immortal fictional being" (pg 16), she is a genetically modified vampire whose bite
empowers her over humans. Furthermore, this novel makes the reader question many human
aspects, but one of the most concerning topics is freedom. Unlike any other vampire novel,
Fledgling describes the bites of these "vampires" as enjoyable and even addicting to the victims.
Every bite becomes a "pleasuring" and satisfying" venom that slowly drains the free will of the
human. Every bite creates a relationship between the victim and the predator which eventually
becomes more of a necessity then a desire. Butler's fledgling describes this relationship between the
humans and these vampires as "symbiotic". In other words, the prey needs the hunter as much as the
hunter needs the prey. However, these hunters are not out for the kill, but rather for a lifelong
symbiotic relationship in which they can feed off of them, but never hurt them. As a matter of fact,
these vampires need and protect their "symbionts", and to a deeper extent, they have an intimate
relationship with them. This is the most unique factor of this novel, the concept of freedom and the
motivation of those giving up the power over their being. What is in it for the victims? In the book it
is stated that the saliva of these

American Fundamentalism
The relationship between American Christian Fundamentalism and American culture is symbiotic.
Symbiosis is broadly defined as a relationship, usually long–term, that involves two or more
organisms in close relation with one another. American Fundamentalism can also be broadly defined
and also ambiguous in terms of the differing views within the movement. Within symbiosis are two
main groups of relationships defined as either obligate or facultative. Obligate symbiosis is a
relationship in which both organisms must rely on one another to survive. A Facultative relationship
is when organisms live together by choice. There are many forms of symbiotic relationships, but the
most common and relevant to this argument are mutualism, commensalism, ... Show more content
In the area of education, secularists would states that fundamentalists' continued opposition to
evolution being taught in public schools as detrimental to the overall education of children. In this
way, secularists consider fundamentalism as a deterrent to societal progress. Fundamentalism is a
parasite that is hindering the progression of children into well–educated adults. Others would argue
that fundamentalists are overly hostile and militant towards groups such as homosexuals or
abortionists. Jerry Falwell once claimed that the terror attacks of September 11, 2001, were a
response from God due to the amount of homosexuals and abortionists in the United States. In this
scenario, the secularists become the parasite rather than the host. According to Falwell, Falwell once
said, "The rising tide of secularism threatens to obliterate the Judeo–Christian influence on
American Society." In Falwell's eyes, secularism was the main enemy, and in assistance in his war
combating the enemy, Falwell call on his evangelical brethren to assist him. Along the same train of
thought Falwell also stated, "Throw down the anchor of truth and stop drifting with every new wave
of religious fad. Stop trying to accommodate the gospel to the pitiful philosophies of unregenerate
mankind." However, Falwell does not distinguish cultural norms in great detail, or religious fads.
Perhaps Falwell is referring to the secularization of the gospel. This can be seen through the use of
mega churches and their rock concert vibe, bible styled theme parks, or secularization of Christian
music by contemporary artists. Falwell would argue that some evangelicals have abandoned their
fight against the secularism of America and joined them in order to attract more people to their pews
and offering

Ap Biology Worksheet
1. An individual that plays only part of its role because of competition or other types of species
interactions is said to display a realized niche. Species over time divide the resources they
commonly use by specializing in different ways.
2. Predation: A process in which species hunt, capture, kill, and eat the prey.
Parasitism: A relationship where an organism such as a parasite is dependent on a host.
Herbivory: Animals that strictly rely on plants.
3. Symbiotic Mutualisms: Plant provide energy and protection to the fungus while the fungus helps
the plant absorb nutrients from the soil.
Non–symbiotic Mutualisms: Species don't depend on each other and don't live together.
An example of mutualism in everyday life is our digestive tracts ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
5. A keystone species has a high impact on a community by keeping an ecosystem together. Most
often Beavers, Bears, and Bees are just a couple of keystone species.
6. Primary Succession is starting from nothing and then slowly over years rebuilds into a habitable
place such as starting from bare rock to pioneer species adapt and colonize what was nothing into
something. Secondary succession is a process of recovering from a natural disaster or from human
interaction with the earth such as faming.
7. Invasive species make bad situations into worse situations. Having a species from a different
ecosystem makes them invasive species. Such as a toad or even bacteria being in another ecosystem
other than their natural habitat.
8. Restoration ecologists study the ecological communities before humans had any interaction with
it. The importance of this study is that if the ecosystem can't function we are able to do something
about it.
9. A biome is several communities in one specific area – a large scale ecological unit recognized
primarily by its dominant plant type and vegetation structure. Temperature and precipitation can
predict the type of biome that forms on a

Questions On Biotic Relationships
...This is my nine weeks exam essay on Biotic Relationships.The Biotic Relashionships are
mutalism, commensalism, paristims, predation, and competion.My nine weeks exam essay is also
going to be about abiotic,bitotic,organisms,populations,commuties,ecoysystems,and biomes. As you
read along you can get to understand the Biotic Relationships. ..The Biotic Relationships are
mutualism,commensalism,parasitism,predation,and competition. This paragraph is about
mutualism.What is mutualism? How many host does this relationship need? Do it do any good
affection to either of the host? What are some examples? Mutualism is ⅕ Boitic
Realashionship.Mutaulism is a relashionship between more than one host.In the mutaulism
realshionship both of the host gets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is competition?How many host does this relationship need ? Do it do any good affection to
either of the host? What are some examples?Competition is 5/5 Biotic Relationships.Competition is
a relationship between more than one specie.Competition is a relationship where the animals does
not have any empathy for each other and they can be in the same environment.Competition
relationship is basically saying that the animals in the same environment can't get along. An
example for competition can be a gorillas zebras eagles and etc in the same environment that don't
belong together. Competition is a Biotic Relationship. ..What are abiotic things, Where can they be
found? Abiotic things are dead factors that are part of an environment. Abiotic things are nonliving
things such as water rocks light nutrients ,soil, temperatures,and etc.Abiotic factors are not just
things that you can see it can be things that you can't see like temperatures,and the air. Abiotic things
are nonliving some you can see some you can't. Abiotic things live in all

Symbiotic Relationships : Mutualism, Commensalism And...
Introduction
There are three forms of symbiotic relationships namely mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.
The partners in a symbiotic relationship may either benefit from, be unaffected by, or be harmed by
the kind of relationship that exists between them, (Berg 2007). Mutualism is a symbiotic
relationship in which both the partners benefit from the relationship, (Berg 2007). Commensalism is
a symbiotic relationship whereby one party benefits while the other party is neither harmed nor
benefits, (Berg 2007). Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one party benefits while the
other is harmed, (Berg 2007).
Mutualism relationships
The design phase is very complex and interactive in nature as it aims at incorporating the needs of
all parties involved in the delivery of a successful project, (Sebastian 2007). Such complexity and
interactivity requires the symbiotic relationship among the parties to be mutualistic in nature.
Mutualism relationships enhance the ability to achieve desired outcomes in a manner whereby each
party benefits. For example the architect is able to gain revenues as a result of his architectural
designs while the clients achieve a project outcome that meets their desired requirements, (Energy
Star 2014).
An example of a design project that involved mutualistic relationship is the construction of the
Swiss Re Tower in London. The modern world is embracing the construction of buildings that are
eco–efficient. Architects whose designs fail to meet

Mutualism, Predation, And Interspecific Competition
Mutualism, Predation, and Interspecific competition is different from each other because, Mutualism
is when two organisms interact in a way that's beneficial for both organisms, Predation is when one
species kills and eats the other species so, it's beneficial for one species because, they got to eat but,
it's not beneficial for the other because, the other species is killed, and Interspecific competition is
when different species compete for the same food or other resources and that's not beneficial for
none of the species because, the species won't get to eat because, they are competing for the same
food and there will eventually be no food for none of the species.
– Mutualism affects the interacting population of two species because, for

Rationale And Significance Of Animal Selection Theory
Rationale and Significance
Since Darwin published his theory of evolution, cooperation in organisms from bacteria to humans
has been a difficult dilemma in evolutionary theory. Even Darwin did not fully understand how
altruistic acts in organisms fit into the natural selection theory. Natural selection theory states that an
individual that has inherited a trait that gives them a better chance at surviving, will be naturally
selected for. An explanation as to why a trait that causes an individual to act in a way that is costly to
it persists in groups has confounded scientists for centuries. Since then, scientists like Trivers and
Williams provide theories to explain altruistic acts that still satisfy the natural selection theory.
Williams appealed to kinship to satisfy the behavior, and Trivers appealed to reciprocal altruism
where an altruistic act was conditionally reciprocated (Trivers 2006, Williams 1966). This study
seeks to look at the possibility of three of the main theories; by product mutualism, kin selection, or
reciprocal altruism as explanations to cooperation in the Pied flycatchers. The birds provide a rich
study system in which they form breeding pairs, large amount of social interactions, and societies
are composed of both unrelated and related individuals. Although many studies look at these
explanations separately, this study integrates all the different explanations of cooperation into one
experiment, keeping the species, environment, and individuals

Parasite-Host Relationships
Organisms in an ecosystem have relationships with individuals of their own species, individuals of
different species, and non–living resources. A group of different species living within an ecosystem
is called a community. The relationships within a community of organisms can be grouped into
different types of interactions, including predator–prey relationships and symbiotic relationships.
An animal that hunts and eats other animals is called a predator. The animal that gets eaten is called
a prey animal. Predator–prey relationships involve both adaptations of the predator to catch the prey
and adaptations of the prey to avoid the predator. Population sizes are also connected to this
relationship. When a prey population changes, the predator ... Show more content on
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These are relationships in which individuals live close to each other for extended periods of time.
In a parasite–host relationship, one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism.
Typically, the host organism is not killed by the parasite. A tick attaching itself to a deer is an
example of a parasite–host relationship. The tick is the parasite, and the deer is the host.
In symbiotic mutualism, the two organisms benefit each other. A good example is the relationship
between some ants and acacia trees. Acacia trees have large thorns that the ants can hollow out and
live inside. The trees also excrete sweet nectar that feeds the resident ants. In return, the ants benefit
the acacia tree by attacking any insects that attempt to eat the tree.
Commensalism refers to a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not
significantly affected. The relationship between cattle and birds called cattle egrets is a good
example of commensalism. As cattle graze in grasslands, they disturb many insects that hide among
the grasses. Egrets follow the cattle and eat the insects that are disturbed by the grazing cattle. The
egrets benefit, but the cattle are not significantly affected by this

Describe The Relationship Between Termites And Dermatobia...
1. A phoretic relationship is when two different species, who benefit from one another, travel
together throughout their relationship. An example of phoresis is the species of fly, Dermatobia
hominis. The fly attaches the larvae to another insect such as a mosquito and when the mosquito
travels and feeds on an animal or human, the eggs hatch and the larvae burrows itself into it's skin.
2. Mutualism is when both parties of the relationship benefit from the association. Obligatory
mutualism is when both species depend on one another in the relationship because otherwise they
would not be able to survive alone.
3. The obligatory relationship between termites and gut protozoa is very important. Termites bodies
do not produce the necessary enzymes that are essential in digesting the cellulose in wood. The
protozoa that live inside the gut of the termite, however, secrete the same enzyme that is ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protozoa can reproduce both sexually and asexually and can go back and forth between the two
depending on its environment. With asexual reproduction protozoa reproduce by binary fission.
Some use multiple fission, also known as mergony or shizogony. The resulting daughter cells are
called merozoites. Another type of multiple fission called sporogony where meiosis occurs before
mitosis.
16. When the union of whole cell gametes are similar they are called isogametes. When they differ
they are called anisogametes.
17. Two individual ciliates unite and fuse their pellicles at the point of contact. The macronucleus in
each ciliate disintegrate and then the micronuclei undergo meiosis to produce four haploid pronuclei
and two of four of these pronuclei degenerate. The migratory pronucleus from each individual ciliate
moves into the other to fuse with the stationary pronucleus and restores the diploid status. The cells
then separate and undergo nuclear division to produce macronuclei. The resulting cells are called
exconjugates and are now ready to undergo sexual

The 21st Century Business Management Needs
Contemporary management no longer necessitates the use of traditional forms of management. The
age of Taylorism, of Fordism, and of bureaucracy has come and gone. By some ill fate, the only way
now, for organisations to survive, is to become more humane. This is not to be done through
advocating for organisational culture, nor through the adoption of quality management systems, for
at their core, they still personify the concept of centralised power and control. Indeed, what 21st
century business management needs, is to indoctrinate the ideals of industrial democracy, and
mutualism. For in doing so, management is able to address issues of organisational survivability,
equality, and ultimately, the moral malaise that has plagued them for ... Show more content on
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Both definitions were created in reflection of the labour movements that occurred throughout the
world, during early to mid 19th century, which then saw further momentum, during the late 19th and
early 20th century. The main point to note is that industrial democracy, seeks to provide workers
with a voice in the actions of their organisations, along with the human dignity that they so deserve,
bereft of oppression and arbitrary actions in favour of owners desire to maximise returns.
The relevance of industrial democracy is itself undeniable – be it past or present – as long as we
idealize principles of democracy. America was built on a democratic principle, and thus industrial
democracy should be an inherently relevant idea within the political economy. Yet, it wasn't until
mid 19th century that momentum for its implementation arose. Then when the federal government
passed the National Labor Relations Act (1935), which declared in section 7 "[e]mployees shall
have the rights to self organization, to form, join or assist labor organisations, to bargain collectively
through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, for the purpose
of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection" industrial democracy had finally taken its
first steps. However the act did not force management or owners to share power. Consequently, the
participation of employees in

Dependence By Octavia E. Butler
Dependence in Fledgling Dependence is a very broad term that encompasses multiple different
aspects of peoples' lives. It can be defined in a wide range of subjects including, but not limited to,
obsessions–compulsions, material reliance, and financial dependency. However, dependence is most
commonly used in terms of interpersonal relationship and substance addiction. An intertwined
combination of these two types of dependency is explored in Fledgling, a science fiction vampire
novel written by Octavia E. Butler. In her novel, Butler portrays dependence as a natural component
of symbiotic relationships with many varying forms of expression. Based on this, she also shows a
connection between co–dependence and addiction while still ... Show more content on
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Like so, the experience is described as beneficial to both people. After Shori reunites with her father,
Iosif, both Shori and the readers are informed that "human blood is most satisfying to [them] and
fortunately, [they] don't have to injure the humans [they] take it from" (63). Based on this quote, the
Ina–symbiont relationship would be better classified as commensalism, where one organism benefits
while the other is not affected. However, Butler further stresses the mutualistic relationship between
the Ina and their symbionts by noting the other positive effects from the venom injected during
feeding. For example, the venom strengthens their immune system, lengthens their lives by around
100 years, and makes them heal faster. In other words, they will become much "healthier, stronger
and harder to kill than they would be without [their Ina]" (63). In this mutualistic relationship, the
Ina depends on their symbionts as a source of fuel just as much as the symbionts depends on their
Ina for health, but mainly feelings of pleasure and alleviation. However, when Ina misuse their
abilities to use "humans as weapons" and tools, it can be viewed as a parasitism (257). Parasitic
symbiotic relationships involve one organism benefiting at the cost of another organism. For
instance, Iosif bit Raleigh Curtis, a local resident near

Example Of Symbiosis
Year 9 Science Ecology
Symbiosis
Symbiosis
Symbiosis is the relationship between two living organisms. The main types of symbiosis are
mutualism, parasitism and commensalism. The association between the two organisms can be
beneficial to one or two of the species or in some cases be harmful, depending on the type of
symbiosis.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a biological term which is used to describe the relationship between two living
organisms, where in which one benefits from the other without harming it. Commensal species
benefits from its host by obtaining food, shelter, transportation and other support. The host species is
rarely ever harmed by the Commensal species. The term commensalism was founded in 1876 by
Belgian Paleontologist and Zoologist Pierre–Joseph Van Brenden. Commensalisms comes from the
latin word "commensalis" which translates to "sharing a table".
Commensal Relationship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of two animals in a Commensal relationships is the remora fish and shark. The remora
fish being the commensal species, attaches itself to its host's belly using a special sucker disk in its
mouth as seen in IMAGE A. It travels alongside the shark and uses it for transportation. The remora
fish consumes the parasites which build up on their host's body and benefits their host by keeping
the shark clean. The remora fish also eats any leftover food which was previously consumed by the
shark. In short, the remora fish benefits from its host by means of food and the host benefits by
keeping clean and free from

Interdependence Between the Species
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE SPECIES INTERACTION BETWEEN PLANTS AND
ANIMALS: Animals are depending upon plants for their food shelter and also for various things.
ANIMALS HELP PLANTS IN DIFFERENT WAYS 1.Many animals are involved in the pollination
in plants. 2.Fruits and seeds of many plants are dispersed by animals 3.Decomposers convert organic
substances into inorganic substances so that plants can absorb them easily. SPECIES
INTERACTION All types of relationship between organisms can be divided into two 1)Positive
interaction–which is beneficial to one or both partners. These include a) commensalism b)proto co–
operation c) mutualism 2)Negative interaction–which is harmful to one or more of the participants.
These include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Epiphytes and epizoans: Epiphytes are plants that grow perched on other plants only as support
and not for food and water. They are provided with special roots called velamin roots, which can
take up water from the moisture. Epizoans are plants that grow on the body of animals. Eg the green
algae grow on the long, grooved hairs of the sloth. Sucker fish attaches itself to the body of a shark.
A commensal that lives inside the body of the host is referred to as endocommensal. 1.Some
saprophytic fungi and bacteria live within the tissues and cavities of higher plants and animals.
Some microbes are seen in the lower intestines of animals.(Here they are not taking anything from
the host's body) 2.Termite nests provide ecologic niches for more than a 100 species of other
animals such as ants, beetles and millipeds. 3.A oyster crab, Pinnothers ostreum is found in the
mantle cavity of the oyster. In addition to shelter it also gets food from the host molluscs, oyster
without causing any harm. PROTOCOOPERATION :–It is a short step ahead of commensalism and
cooperation. In this relationship, both organisms gain by the association and are mutually
benefited(facultative mutualism) Eg the Red billed Oxpecker form protocooperation with Black
Rhinoceros– the bird feed on the parasites sticking on the skin of the rhinoceros relieving him of the
parasites, and inturn obtaining

Yucca Plants And Yucca Moths
Yucca Plants and Yucca Moths: A Coevolutionary Point of View
Petra Markova
300214198
BIOL 3700: Evolution
Maxence Salomon
Introduction
According to Thompson (1994), coevolution is defined as "the reciprocal evolutionary change in
interacting species". This occurs when one species has a significant effect on the survival or
reproductive success of another species and vice–versa, leading to the gradual evolution of both
species. It is important to study this topic, as it is possible that the evolution of a majority of the
world's life forms was affected by the coevolution occurring between plants and insects (Smith et
al., 2009). It is generally accepted that there are three forms in which coevolution can take place ...
Coevolution in this scenario occurs by selection for those organisms from both taxa which possess
trait which allow them to take the best advantage of this mutualism relative to their conspecifics. An
example of this relationship is the plant–pollinator interaction between yucca plants and yucca
moths.
While the relationship between yucca plants (Family Agavaceae) and yucca moths (Genus
Tegeticula and Parategeticula) can be defined as mutualistic, it is more than an ordinary mutualism
(Sheppard and Oliver, 2002). In a generic mutualistic relationship, both organisms gain fitness
benefits from the interaction, but are not dependent on each other for survival. In the yucca plant–
yucca moth interaction, the yucca moth provides essential cross–pollination services to the yucca
plant, and the yucca plant provides a predator–free location for the yucca moth to lay its eggs, as
well as providing nutrition for the larvae in the form of some of its seeds (Moisett, n.d.). Since the
interaction between these two organisms is necessary for the survival of their species, it is called an
obligate mutualism (Lunau, 2004). The relationship between the yucca plants and yucca moths
serves as the theme for the remainder of this paper.
Objectives
– To discuss the widely–accepted hypothesis for the evolutionary mechanism behind the yucca
plant–yucca moth relationship.
– To discuss the pre–existing adaptations required by these organisms for the facilitation of

Bobtail Squid Symbiotic Essay
Symbiotic relationships are those that evolve between two organisms that interact in a specific
manner with each other. These can range from being facultative, where the relationship is not
required by either organism, to interactions that are obligate and are required by both organisms to
facilitate survival. There are many mechanisms and processes that bacteria and their hosts can use to
initiate and maintain symbiotic interactions and a few examples will be described in this report.
Vibrio fisheri – Euprymna scolopes (bobtail squid) symbiosis
The bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri forms a highly specific symbiotic relationship with
Euprymna scolopes, a species of bobtail squid. V.fischeri will colonize a complex light organ found
in the mantle cavity of the bobtail squid and they use the ability to luminesce as a camouflage
method to avoid predation. The squid uses bioluminescence to match the down welling moonlight
during the night whilst it is active. In return, V.fischeri is provided with a shelter, protection and
nutrients (1). V.fischeri is able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was hypothesised as the Buchnera does not have any motor protein genes in its genome,
however there are many flagella–like structures covering the cell therefore acting as secretion
systems. The regulation of the synthesis of essential amino acids by Buchnera is not understood in
great detail but it is believed that it is controlled by the amount of precursors made available to the
bacteria from the host cell. These precursors include glucose as a carbon source, four non–essential
amino acids, serine, aspartate, glutamate and glutamine, to act as precursors for the essential amino
acids and guanosine nucleotides which are involved in purine synthesis. Varying the concentrations
and availability of these compounds gives the host cell the ability to control and coordinate
Buchnera activity.

The Importance Of Mutualism Between Animal And Animal Species
It is a kind of positive interspecific interaction in which members of two different species favor the
growth and survival of each other and their association is obligatory.
Species A = (+)
Species B = (+)
In this interaction, the members have widely different requirements and so interdependent that they
cannot survive separately. It is an extreme type of symbiosis in which symbionts have permanent
and obligatory close contacts.
1.Mutualism between animal and animal species
Cleveland (1926) reported the presence of a multi flagellate protozoan – Trichonympha Campanula
as a symbiont in the intestine of white ant – termite.
The ant provides food and shelter to the protozoan which in turn secretes cellulase enzymes to digest
the cellulose of wood ingested by the ant. Cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars which are used by both
the partners.
When the gut lining of Termite is ready for molting, Trichonympha undergoes encystment and are
passed out with molting.
To ensure infection, the ant eats its molt. Newly hatched termites lick the anus of the older termites
to ingest the symbiont.
About 11 families and 40 genera of flagellates have been reported from the intestine of termites.
Ant–aphid mutualism
Some kinds of ants pick up aphids or the aphids eggs from the surface of green plants and shelter
them inside their own nest. The ants use the digestive wastes of the aphids as their food while aphids
in return get nourishment from the rootlets of the plants ramifying through

A Report On Ants And The Plant Seed Dispersal Mechanism...
Ants have assisted plants in many ways: providing defense mechanisms to protect the plant, or
providing a dispersal mechanism for plant seeds. Also known as myrmecochory, ants that assist
plants in seed dispersal are essential for spreading out the location of future plants of the same
species and preventing competition between parent and offspring plants, which would result if an
offspring grew too close to a parent plant (Warren et al. 2014). But what causes coevolution between
two species? In some cases, where plants are dependent on ants to provide protection, seed
dispersal, or to improve conditions for the plant, plants would be the obligate mutualists in that
situation (Warren et al. 2014). What incentives do these plants provide to prevent their generous
facultative ant defenders from leaving, and is there competition between mutualists, either plant or
animal, in receiving the benefits from this relationship? Examining two separate pieces of research
peeked into how competition can provoke serious, and sometimes catastrophic ecological changes
(Warren et al. 2014 and Riginos et al. 2014).
Warren et al. (2014) postulates that if seed dispersers, such as ants, were to coevolve with certain
species of plants, selection would "favor plant–based mechanisms that attract mutualistic partners to
their seeds" (Warren et al. 2014). In other words, in order for plants to have their seeds dispersed,
these plants would also need to provide a benefit or an attraction to the

Succession In The Lion King
Ecology is the scientific study of how organisms interact with the environment. Some examples of
ecology include ecological succession, symbiotic relationships, and how organisms in general react
and respond to their environment. In the movie, "The Lion King", something that is shown
throughout the whole movie is ecology. It is shown to be linked with ecology in many places such as
when secondary succession occurs after Scar's death, and also shown due to the symbiotic
relationship between Zazu and the monkeys. The topics being discussed today however deal with
ecological succession, symbiotic relationships, and how organisms respond to their external factors.
Ecological succession, which is also known as predictable changes over time, is categorized ...
Another example that actually portrays a symbiotic relationship well is the relationship between the
monkeys and the bird Zazu. Numerous times throughout the movie, monkeys are eating the bugs off
of Zazu's beak and body. This example portrays a good example of mutualism since while the
monkeys benefit due to the food, Zazu benefits since the bugs will stop irritating him showing how
both benefit. One example in real life that does not however show mutualism is when humans eat
tapeworms. This is an example of parasitism since the tapeworms gets food to eat whereas the
humans lose their nutrients and might get their stomach enlarged due to the tapeworm growing in
size just due to their ambition in losing weight gone wrong. In general, although there are three
relationships, the main relationships shown throughout the Lion King are mutualism another of
which includes the relationship between Timon and Pumba whereas in real life, all three examples
are being used

Badger Vs Coyotes Essay
Cheater
As species evolved over time they become adapted to the environment in which they live in. Some
species become supreme at one trait that was passed down to them by their ancestor. This trait
assists them to survivor in the environment in which they live in. When hunting for a meal,
sometimes it could be difficult for a predator to catch a prey. For an instant, in a coyote–badger
relationship, a coyote eats other species such as prairie dogs and ground squirrels, the coyote can
locate the prairie dog as well as run fast to catch them, however, the prairie dogs could easily escape
away in one of their numerous tunnels. The badger also eats prairie dogs and ground squirrels, but it
can dig way much faster than the coyote to catch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This increase their chances of catching more prey. According to "Ecology Letter", the term cheater
refers to an organism that obtains a benefit at the cost of another organism, a cheater also associated
with mutualism. Natural selection does favor cheaters because a cheater that cooperate with another
organism can, will expand its chances of survival. For this assignment, I choose to write about the
relationship between the badgers and coyotes. Although both only hunt together in a certain region
they both work together so well that they catch more prey when they are together than when they are
hunting by themselves or with their own species. According to "Coyotes and Badgers,
Incorporated", coyotes hunting with badgers, succeed 30 percent more on catching prey and have to
work less than unaccompanied coyotes in the same area. The coyote does not eat the badger, the
behavior each other are more like a business they both understand the mutual relationship between
them. Their relationship facilitates for both to capture more prey. The coyote doesn't have to work as
hard as it needs to work when it's alone hunting or when it's hunting with other coyotes, the badger
does all the digging. This makes the coyote a cheater because it benefits

Super Bowl Ad Analysis Essay
Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company and Preventing Avoidable Accidents Nationwide Mutual
Insurance Company's Super Bowl advertisement, "#makesafehappen" released on February 1st,
2015, has received negative attention because of its morbid yet practical depiction of a young boy
who has passed away due to a "preventable accident" before experiencing the life in which a teen or
young adult would otherwise. The advertisement also uses the death of a young child to appeal to
parents; especially the mothers, largely using pathos to raise awareness of deadly accidents which
could otherwise be preventable. Logos and ethos, although weak in this advertisement, also raises
awareness on preventing avoidable accidents. Before discussing ethos, pathos, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The emotional appeals utilized in the video are both heart–warming and worrisome due to the
language and tone the boy uses throughout the advertisement. The repetition of the phrase, "I'll
never get to", creates empathy for the boy through people who were able to accomplish the things
the boy was not due to his "preventable accident". This sympathy for the boy then creates
acknowledgment, especially for parents, of the "preventable" dangers that lurk in the world;
bringing about, the success of the "makesafehappen"

Victor Franklear
The application of perceiving the value of others through the action of love may be one possible
tactic in protecting one's self against a subliminal decision, such as Tate's. In support, Victor Frankl
claims that through loving another, one enables the "beloved" to "actualize" his/her own
"potentialities" (111). This process assists in the transition to mutualism because by "making [the
beloved] aware of what [he/she] can be and of what [he/she] should become" both sides thrive (112).
An antithesis to this phenomenon is King Lear's mistake of relinquishing his kingdom to his two
daughters who love him least, but flatter him most. Through his oversight, he estranges the daughter
who loves and honors him, yet refuses to flatter him (Shakespeare). ... Show more content on
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. . and the extent to which that [importance] is . . . able to be promoted" (Watt 226). For the
transformation to mutualism to occur, society's highest socioeconomic classes should be pushed to
realize their subliminal stereotyping of minorities or lower socioeconomic classes. The conundrum
of this call to action is: how do we realize our subliminal treatment or condemnation of others,
especially if we have lived our whole lives being conditioned to think a certain way? A simplistic
start may be to discern that if human lives are indeed endowed with equivalent worth, then one
cannot assess his/her life at an elevated value and should, therefore, treat each human being as

Compare And Contrast The Relationship Between Milkweed...
Symbiotic relationships are referred to a special type of partnership between a lot species. These
relationships can sometimes be beneficial or sometimes even harmful. These kinds of cohesion are
essential for many ecosystems and organism today. They provide a working balance that can only be
achieved by working with each other. When two different species somehow finds a way to coexist
and it's beneficial for both sides, is often referred to a mutualistic relationship. A good example of
this in Mother Nature is the relation between a milkweed flower and a monarch butterfly. If we
compare it to human relationship we usually can compare it to the relationship among men and their
call girls. Why do they have so much in common? How is the relation between a milkweed flower
and a monarch butterfly mutualistic? Adult monarchs often look for a milkweed flower to lay their
eggs, and when they find a place usually they leave their eggs ... Show more content on
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Women who get into the field of sexual services or at this point, prostitution are there for many
reasons. A lot of women finds out about how much money they can make while there are still young
and gets obsessed with money. Others see it as a way to pay for something, like education or loans
that need to be paid back. A lot of women leave the business after their reach their desired goal. For
many of them they see themselves as rescuers, giving men something they want and need. Despite
being about the money, a lot of other women do it because it's the only way to survive. From drug
addicts to girls involved in human trafficking. So they really don't have a choice, because it's the
only way to make a living and not die. So all in all women do it because they want the money and
men want the sex, kind of a win and win situation right here. You may call it a mutualistic
relationship, both sides understands what they need and what they want, there are both benefitting
from this

Predation Vs Parasitism
In the comparison of the types of two–species interactions, Predation and Parasitism are the most
similar by far, since both of them have a +/– interaction pattern, where one part benefits and one is
taken from. Examples of Predation would be a fox hunting a rabbit, as the fox benefits by gaining
food and the rabbit is disadvantaged by dying, or being seriously/ fatally injured; another example
would be a cheetah hunting an antelope in the same respects of the fox and the rabbit. Good
examples of Parasitism, would be bacterias in an organism, or a mosquito drawing blood from an
animal. With bacteria, it benefits by taking the resources that the host organism needs, as the host
doesn't benefit by their resources being used by the bacteria. In

PC Relationship In The Pc Relationship
Often the scarcity of social resources and access to social services induce clients to seek a patron.
This vantage point suggests that the PC relationship is built on the concept of dependency. Usually
clients are the ones who rely on a patron for the access to social services. However, patrons also
depend on clients for political support, a spotless public reputation, services, respect, and obedience
(Soctt, 1972a; Roniger, 1983 & 2015). This means that this relationship is based on reciprocity. In
addition to the reciprocity, Durmmond's (1989) argument is that the PC relationship also has
voluntary nature. Scott (1972a) theorizes the four voluntary options clients could have prior to
committing to a potential patron. First, clients may reciprocate with services which patrons require
immediately in order to restore the balance of exchange. This option means that clients highly
depending on patrons for social resources. Second, the need of clients is great and there is
competition among patron suppliers. In that case, "the cost of patron–controlled services will be
less" (Scott, 1972a p.93) meaning that clients have option to receive social services from other ...
Millett (1989) argues that the PC relationship is "conducted along lines determined by the party of
superior. It is this that opens up the way for the exploitation that is so common in patron–client
relations" (p.16). I argue that the superiority in this relationship is directly connected to a magnitude
of dependency of clients on a patron. A high dependency of clients on a patron hints a dominance of
the patron. This further implies that the PC relationship is open for the exploitation. On the other
hand, a low dependency of clients on a patron indicates that the patron may have, in some ways,
equal relationship. This suggests that the PC relationship might not be exposed for the

Competitive Exclusion Principle

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Competitive Exclusion Principle