#kashmir #foreign policy

2. FOREIGN POLICY
OF PAKISTAN
KASHMIR ISSUE

3. ALVINA SHAHEEN (271651001)
PRESENTED TO: MAM SOBIA

4. GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW OF KASHMIR
 Kashmir is a region located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. It
includes the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir as well as the Pakistani states of
Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir.
 The region, with a total area of some 85,800 square miles (222,200 square km), has
been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian
subcontinent in 1947.
 Kashmir geographically included the valley region from the Himalayas to the Pir
Panjal mountain range. Today, however, it has been extended to include the
aforementioned areas. Kashmir is significant to geographic studies because its status is
disputed, which often causes conflict to develop in the region. Today, Kashmir is
administered by India, Pakistan and China.

7. INTRODUCTION
 The Kashmir region is predominantly mountainous, with deep, narrow valleys and high,
barren plateaus. he vale, situated at an elevation of about 5,300 feet (1,600
metres), constitutes the basin of the upper Jhelum River and contains the city
of Srinagar. Jammu and the vale lie in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, while the
Punch lowlands are largely in Azad Kashmir.
 after the British withdrawal from South Asia in 1947. By the terms agreed to by India
and Pakistan for the partition of the Indian subcontinent, the rulers of princely states
were given the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or—with certain reservations—to
remain independent. Hari Singh, the maharaja of Kashmir, initially believed that by
delaying his decision he could maintain the independence of Kashmir,

8. COUNTINUED………..
 Although there was a clear Muslim majority in
Kashmir before the 1947 partition, and its
economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with
the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab could be
convincingly demonstrated, the political
developments during and after the partition resulted
in a division of the region. Pakistan was left with
territory that, although basically Muslim in
character, was thinly populated, relatively
inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped.
The largest Muslim group, situated in the Vale of
Kashmir and estimated to number more than half
the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-
administered territory, with its former outlets via the
Jhelum valley route blocked.

13. BRIEF
HISTORY:
The Kashmir dispute dates from 1947. The
partition of the Indian sub-continent along
religious lines led to the formation of India and
Pakistan. However, there remained the problem of
over 650 states.
Because of its location, Kashmir could choose to join
either India or Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler
of Kashmir, was Hindu while most of his subjects were
Muslim. Unable to decide which nation Kashmir should
join, Hari Singh chose to remain neutral.
Hari Singh appealed to the Indian government
for military assistance and fled to India. He
signed the Instrument of Accession, ceding
Kashmir to India on October 26.

18. THE WARS
BETWEEN INDIA
AND PAKISTAN

19. FIRST WAR 1947:
Indian and Pakistani forces thus fought their first war over Kashmir in
1947-48. India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January. In a resolution dated
August 13, 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove its troops, after which India was also to
withdraw the bulk of its forces. Once this happened, a "free and fair" plebiscite was to be held to
allow the Kashmiri people to decide their future.
• In 1957, Kashmir was formally incorporated into the Indian Union. It was granted a special
status under Article 370 of India's constitution, which ensures, among other things, that non-
Kashmiri Indians cannot buy property there
2ND WAR 1965:
Fighting broke out again in 1965, but a ceasefire was established that
September. Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bhadur Shastri, and Pakistani President, M Ayub Khan,
signed the Tashkent agreement on January 1, 1966.
They resolved to try to end the dispute, but the death of Mr Shastri and the rise of Gen Yahya
Khan in Pakistan resulted in stalemate.

20. COUNTINUED…
 In 1971a third war, resulting in the formation of the independent
nation of Bangladesh (formerly known as East Pakistan). A war
had broken out in East Pakistan in March 1971, and soon India
was faced with a million refugees.
 India declared war on December 3, 1971 after Pakistani Air Force
planes struck Indian airfields in the Western sector.

23. World’s view on Kashmir…………….
 Big powers have urged India and Pakistan to solve the Kashmir question
bilaterally…..
 Pakistan has been trying to make the world take notice of the human rights violations in
the Indian Occupied Kashmir and solve the issue according to the UN resolutions.
 World powers like the US and Russia have been reluctant though to play a decisive
role. They have on more than one occasion urged the two neighbours to decide the
matter between themselves.
 While the absence of a direct involvement of the world community on the Kashmir
issue could be a win-win situation for India, Pakistan has been trying its best to
internationalise the issue.
 It was in this context that Pakistan briefed China about the human rights violations in
Kashmir during their seventh bilateral strategic dialogue in Beijing a few days ago.

28. CURRENT SITUATION:…
237 militants, 94 civilians and 81 security
personnel killed in Kashmir this year..
 According to government records, 59 civilians were killed during protests and near
encounter sites, while as 35 civilians—suspected as over ground workers of militants or
informers of armed forces and political workers—were killed by unknown gunmen.
 Prime Minister Imran Khan once again called on India to respect the wishes of the Kashmiri
people and follow UN resolutions on Kashmir while the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
strongly condemned the killing of innocent Kashmiris. No matter how much the world protests,
though, India is unlikely to listen. Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi did sent a letter to the
UN secretary-general and UN high commissioner for human rights asking both to intervene to put
an end to Indian brutality but neither is likely to get involved beyond a few carefully-chosen
words.

29.  This home-grown movement is working to win basic rights
for its people despite Indian brutality and international
indifference. Pakistan’s job is to continue to stand in
solidarity with the Kashmiris and push their case at every
available forum, even if it seems as if the world would rather
avert its gaze from the ugly reality in Kashmir.
Continued….

30. Violation by INDIA…

31. CONCLUSION…
 There will be peace & progress not only in India,Pakistan & kashmir But in the whole
south Asia .
 Kashmir is a religious war. They want 2 b separated from hindu india.. In kashmir
people who are chanting Ajadi have been given all shorts of political independence
except defence,communication and international relation. They elect their own leader
and run their own administration . they have their own flag.. People from outside cant
buy land over there..
 India Should understand that Kashmir's will never accept India because you have very
deeply ,alienated, tourched (which includes inserting heated in males private parts,Mas
kills including judicial killings,especially Mass Rapes which every indian knows How
far its sensitive for muslims to be raped)wounded kashmir's It has been almost 60
years.