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3. The Principles of
Language Learning

4. At the end of this presentation students will be having
general understanding about the fundamental principles
of language learning and the utility of these methods to
speed up language learning process.
Learning Outcomes

5. Contents
Introduction
Principles of language learning
Conclusion
Activity

6. Introduction
In Pakistan English is taught both as a foreign language
and as a second language. There are certain basic
principles common to all good language teaching since
these principles are fruitful for teaching all languages
they are called general principles of language teaching.

7. Sr # Principle Sr # Principle
1 Naturalness 9 Gradation
2 Exposure 10 Phonology
3 Habit Formation 11 Interest
4 Using Mother Tongue 12 Learning by Doing
5 Order and Proportion 13 Multiple Line of
Approach
6 Passive and Active
Vocabulary
14 Accuracy and
Correctness
7 Motivation 15 Co-relation with Life
8 Selection 16 Aptitude and
Imitation
Principles of Language Learning

8. 1. Principle of Naturalness
The mother tongue is learnt more easily because a
natural environment exists for learning it (in family and in
neighborhood) but this is not true for foreign language.
Provide the child with a natural environment for learning
this foreign language.
For this following points be considered:
a) Talking to the student in foreign language in the
class, playground etc.
b) Encouraging students to converse only in this
language.
c) Arranging for group discussion.

9. 2. Principle of Exposure
Teacher should try to expose student to an environment
loaded with the foreign language.
a) Distribute pamphlets in foreign language
b) Form a foreign language speaking club in the school
c) Display charts with slogans written in English on walls
etc.
d) Show slides in English.
e) Take students to watch English movies.
f) The use of mother tongue in class room be minimized to
give students maximum exposure to English.

10. 3. Principle of Habit Formation
Language learning is essentially a habit forming process, a
process during which we acquire new habits
In language teaching following habits should be formulates in
students:
a) Habit of listening and distinguishing between sounds.
b) Habit of speaking with proper accent.
c) Habit of imitating.
d) Habit of spelling and repeating.
e) Habit of reading aloud with exact articulation.
f) Habit of silent reading and using correct grammar.
g) Habit of using words in their proper context.
h) Habit of correct pronunciation and consulting dictionary.
i) Habit of reading newspapers, journals, story-books etc.
j) Habit of going to library.

11. 4. Principle of Using Mother-tongue
 According to Roberts Paul
“When we learnt first language we face the universe
directly and learn to clothe it with speech; when we learn a
second language, we tend to filter the universe with the
language already known”.
 According to P. Gurrey
“The teaching of mother-tongue and the teaching of
a foreign language can support and assist each other”.

12. 5. Principle of Order and Proportion
Natural order of learning is made up of learning the four
basic language skills.
1) Understanding (listening)
2) Speaking
3) Reading
4) Writing
No skills should be over emphasized or neglected.
According to palmer
“Items in the whole range of subject and aspects
must receive an appropriate degree of attention so that the
students’ knowledge of them may form a harmonious
whole”

13. 6.Principle of Passive and Active
Vocabulary
To increase vocabulary is one of the objectives of teaching
English. There are two kinds of vocabulary
a) Passive vocabulary
It consists of those words which are recognized and
understood by seldom used in speaking and writing.
a) Active vocabulary
It consists of those words which are understood and
constantly used by the learner while speaking and writing.

14. 7. Principle of Motivation
Motivation is the core of learning. Special teachings are
required to motivate students to learn the foreign language.
These are following
a) Arousing Techniques
Techniques that arouses students from a state
sleepiness, inducting anxiety, frustration and curiosity.
b) Expectancy Techniques
Formulate clear goals before students.
c) Incentive Techniques
Techniques are prize, praise, punishment,
compilation etc.

15. 8. Principle of Selection
These principles are based on the assumption that it is not
possible to teach the whole system of the language within a
short period.
While selecting the teaching matter following points must
be kept in mind.
a) Frequency
Those words or sentences should be selected which
have a high frequency of occurrence e.g. book, pen, table
etc.
b) Range
Every word has its range. Range shows the number
of situations in which a word can be used. For teaching
select the word having a long range.

16. Principle of Selection..
c) Availability
The word is convenient to teach as table, chair, book
etc. because of their availability in class room. If The word
is useful as plate, spoon, cup etc. because of their
indispensable characteristics. Words with these
characteristics i.e. convenient to teach and useful should be
selected.
d) Coverage
Words having more covering capacity should be
selected. E.g. the word ‘cereal’ has a capacity to display
‘wheat’, ‘rice’, ‘pulse’ etc.

17. Principle of Selection..
e) Teach ability
Words which can be taught easily by making use of
different devices.
f) Learn ability
The age of students be kept in mind the the choice
be made keeping in mind the learning ability of students.

18. 9. Principle of Gradation
Selected words and structures are put in suitable order for
teaching. This is called gradation. These are as follows
a) Principle of grouping
According to it the material selected is
grouped on the basis of sound, situation, sentence
structure, meaning.
i. Phonetic grouping
The material is grouped on the basis of sound e.g.
go, row, sow etc.

19. Principle of Gradation..
ii. lexical grouping
If the basis of grouping of words is situation then it is
called lexical grouping e.g. father, mother, brother, sister
etc.
iii. Grammatical grouping
If the basis of grouping of teaching material is
sentence structure then it is called grammatical grouping.
iv. Semantic grouping
If the material is grouped on the basis of meaning.

20. Principle of Gradation..
b) Principle of Sequencing
Three types of sequencing
i. Grammatical sequence
Structures having subject, verb, object should be
taught first.
ii. Lexical Sequence
It is concerned with the fact which word follows
which e.g. or follows either nor follows neither etc.
iii. Semantic Sequence
According to it words of same or rather same
meaning are taught one by one.

21. 10. Principle of Phonology
Oral speech is the quickest way of learning a language.
 According to Wren states
“There was speech in the world a long time before
there was writing”.
 According to Prof. Kitson
In his book “theory and practice of learning
teaching” writes, “learning to speak a language is always
by far the shortest road to learning to read it and to write it”.

22. 11. Principle of Interest
To arouse interest in the students teacher can made the
use of following
a) Audio-visual aids, pictures, charts, records etc.
b) Relating the material to everyday life.
c) Undertaking various activities such as speaking, reading,
writing etc.
12. Principle of learning by Doing
It places more emphasis on acquiring the skill by doing.
For foreign language acquisition written work, pronunciation,
reading, writing, spelling, hearing are necessary activities.
Students be given a good practice of these.

23. 13. Principle of multiple line of
Approach
According to R.N Safaya, “The term multiple line implies
that one is to proceed simultaneously from many different
points towards the one and the same end. Various
approaches that may be used as follows.
a) Social
b) Functional
c) Cultural
d) Behavioral
e) Phonetic
f) Situational
g) Structural

24. 14. Principle of Accuracy and
Correctness
Accuracy means to make use of right of exact words.
a) The selection of words should be right.
b) Use of words should be economical.
c) Expression should be impressible.
15. Principle of Correlation with life
Teacher should make efforts to relate the subject-matter to
life, customs, traditions and characteristics of society to
which the student belongs.

25. 16. Principle of Language Aptitude
and Imitation
Aptitude
Carrol and Spoon, who are specialists of language have
opined that for learning a language. Language aptitude is
needed.
a) Phonetic coding: Ability to code sounds in such a way
that it can be remembered.
b) Grammar: Ability to handle grammar.
c) Rote memorization.
d) Inferring linguistic rules, patterns etc.

26. Principle of Language Aptitude and
Imitation...
Imitation
Good speech is the result of imitating good models of
speech. Teacher must provide a good model of speech
before the students.

27. Conclusion
Above principles must be follow in the
teaching of English if the teacher wants his
teaching to be fruitful, if he wants the rate of
learning to be accelerated.