COUMPER FUNDAMENTAL for students by suyash

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL
AND C PROGRAMMING
 NAME – SUYASH
 COURSE- B.Sc.(H) { M.S.C.}
 UNIVERSITY- BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY
JHANSI ( U.P.)
1/6/2024

 Father of the computer – Charles Babbage
 Father of the modern computer – Alan Turing
 Basic Architecture of Computer – John Von Neumann
 His computer architecture design consists of a
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU)
• Memory Unit
• Registers and Inputs / Outputs
• This design is still used in most computers produced today.
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 First Programmer – Lady Ada Lovelace (1880)
Augusta Ada King , English Mathematician and
Writer.
 First Electronic Computer – ENIAC (1946)- J.P. Esker
& J.W. Archly at the University of Pennsylvania.
 First Computer for the home user introduced-
IBM in (1981)
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Main parts of computer:-
 Hardware - Computer hardware is what you can
physically touch includes the computer case , monitor,
keyboard, and mouse . It also includes all the
computer case such as the hard disk drive,
motherboard , video card , and many other.
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 Software - The computer hardware itself is not
capable of doing anything on its own. It has to be given
explicit instructions to perform the specific task.
Software is a collection of programs utilize and
enhance the capability of the hardware.
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 Input Devices- In computing , an input device is a
peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment)
used to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or
information application.
 Example- keyboards, mouse, scanner , digital
cameras, trackballs, gamepad, and joysticks.
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 Output Devices- is any piece of computer hardware
equipment which converts information into humane
readable form.
 Example-monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones,
video card and printers.
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Central Processing Unit
 A central processing unit(CPU) is the electronic
circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program by performing the
basic arithmetic , logical , control and input /output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
 CPU- brain of Computer.
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Features of CPU
 CPU is considered as the brain of computer.
 CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
 It stores data , intermediate results and instructions(
program).
 It controls the operation of all parts of the computer .
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CPU itself has following three components.
 Memory or storage unit
 Control Unit
 ALU( Arithmetic Logic Unit)
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Printer
 Printer is a output device for printing text or pictures.
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Storage Unit or Memory Unit
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Monitors
 A monitor is a TV- like display attached to the
computer on which the output can be displayed and
viewed. It can either be a monochrome display or a
color display.
There are two kind of monitor-
CRT Monitor
LCD Monitor
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Primary Memory or Main Memory
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 RAM [ Random Access Memory]
 ROM[ Read Only Memory]
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 RAM- Random access
memory is a type of data
storage used in computer
that is generally located
on the motherboard . This
type of memory is volatile
all information that was
stored in RAM is lost
when the computer is
turned off.
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 There are two types of Random Access Memory:-
> Dynamic RAM- Dynamic indicates that the memory
must be constantly refreshed or it will lose its content .
> Static Memory- A computer memory that contains
fixed information and retains its programmed state as
long as the power is on.
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 ROM- Once data has been written on to a ROM chip,
it can’t be removed and can only be read . Unlike main
memory (RAM) , ROM retains its contents even then
the Computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as
being non- volatile.
 There are three types of ROM ( Read Only
Memory ) –
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
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Type of Read Only Memory
 PROM- Stands for
Programmable Read Only
Memory. This form of
ROM is initially blank .
The user or manufacturer
can write data/ program
on it by using special
devices . However , once
the program or data is
written in PROM chip , it
can’t be changed . If there
is an error in writing
instructions or data in
PROM , the error can’t be
erased . PROM chip
becomes unusable.
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 EPROM- Stands for
erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory . This
form of ROM is also
initially blank. The user or
manufacturer can write
program or data on it by
using special devices.
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 EEPROM- Stands for
Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read Only
Memory . This kind of
ROM can be written or
changed with the help of
electrical devices. So data
stored in this type of
ROM chip can be easily
modified.
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 Cache- A cache is a place to score something
temporarily in a computing environment . Cache
memory also called CPU memory, is random access
memory (RAM).
 Memory units- Storage capacity is expressed in terms
of Bytes. The data is represented as binary digit( 0 and
1).
Hierarchy- Bit<Nibble< Byte< KB< MB< GB< TB<
PB<XB< ZB < YB
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 American Standard Code for information interchange
(ASCII) is the standard code the computer industry created
to represent characters ( more than 64 character)
 4 bit Nibble
 8 bit 1 byte
 1024 B1 KB(210)
 1024 KB1 MB (220)
 1024 MB1 GB(230)
 1024 GB1 TB (240)
 1024TB1 PB (250)
 1024PB1 XB (260)
 1024 XB1 ZB ( 270)
 1024 ZB1 YB (280)
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Secondary memory
 Secondary Memory is a type of computer that is not
directly accessed by the central processing unit (CPU)
of a computer and is usually available as non- volatile
memory.
 One of the most common forms of this memory is the
hard drive of a computer , which is used to store the
operating system (OS) and other programs.
 Other forms of secondary memory include disc drives
for compact discs (CDs) or digital versatile discs
(DVDs), as well as removable flash memory
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 Magnetic Tape-
Magnetic tape used in
recording sound, pictures
, or computer data.
 Flash Memory- A kind of
memory that retains data
in the absence of a power
supply.
 Optical Disk- An
electronic data storage
medium that can be
written to and read using
a low powered laser beam.
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 CD-ROM: Storage capacity is 640 MB. “Read Only”
used for distribution of commercial software.
 CD-R(or CD-WORM) : “Written Once, Read Many”
times.
 CD-RW: Rewritable multiple times.
 DVD: Similar to CD, but with significantly larger
storage capacity (4.7 GB)
 WORM: Write Once Read Many describes a data
storage device in which information, once written,
can’t be modified.
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 Hard Drive- A rigid non
– removable magnetic
disk with a large data
storage capacity.
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MOTHER BOARD
 A mother board is the
main circuit board inside
a computer that connects
the different parts of a
computer together. It has
sockets for the CPU,RAM
and expansion cards (e.g.
discrete graphics cards ,
sound cards , network
cards , storage cards
etc.)… and it also hooks
up to hard drives and
front panel ports with
cables and wires. Also
known as mainboard ,
system board.
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CLASIFICATION OF SECONDARY STORAGE
DEVICES
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Characteristics of a Computer:-
Some major characteristics of
a computer are follows:
 SPEED:-The main
characteristic of a computer
is its tremendous speed. It
can perform very complex
calculation in a few seconds
for which we can take a long
time to complete. The
weather forecasting that we
see every day on TV is the
results of compilation and
analysis of huge amount of
data on temperature,
humidity, pressure, etc. of
various places on
computers. You will be
surprised to know that
computer can perform
millions of instructions or
even more per second.
Therefore, we determine the
speed of computer in terms
of microsecond(10^-6 part
of a second) or nanosecond
( 10^-9 part of a second).
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ACCURACY:-Computer
never makes mistake. In
fact, many of the errors
made by computers are
due to human being and
inaccurate data. Suppose
an individual calculates
faster but commits a lot of
errors so the result is not
advantageous. The degree
of accuracy of computer is
very high and every
calculation is performed
with the same accuracy.
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DILIGENCE:-A computer can work for a long time
without creating any error and is free from tiredness,
lack of concentration, etc. It can perform millions of
calculations with the same speed and accuracy and
speed. This capability makes human being powerful in
their routine work.
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VERSATILITY:- The computer is capable to perform
different types of work. We may use computer in different
types of work. We may use computer in different area such
as mathematical calculation, commercial work, billing
system, inventory management, etc.
STORAGE CAPACITY:- Computer has a very vast storage
capacity to store data and information. These stored
information remain intact for many years. It depends
entirely upon how much data we want to store in a
computer and when to lose or retrieve these data.
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 RELIABILITY:- Computers provide very high
reliability. Reliability is the measurement of the
performance of computer, which is measured against
some predetermined standards for operation without
any failure. The measure reason behind the computer
reliability is that it does not require any human
intervention in its operations. Moreover, computers
have built in diagnostic capabilities, which help in
continuous monitoring of the system.
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AUTOMATION:-
Computer is an automatic
machine that performs
the work automatically
once the user feeds data
into it. It does not need
any assistance with the
user for processing.
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Limitations of Computer System:-
 Computer can outperform human beings in speed,
memory and accuracy but still the computer has
limitations. Some important limitations of a computer
are as follow:
Programmed by Human:-Though computer is
programmed to work efficiently, fast and accurately
but it is programmed by human beings to do so.
Without a program is a set of instructions. If the
instructions are not accurate the working of computer
will not accurate.
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Lack of intelligence or thinking:- The computer can
not think itself. The concept of artificial intelligence
shows that the computer can think. But still this
concept is dependent on set of instructions provide by
the human beings.
Unable in self care:- A computer can not care itself
like a human. A computer is dependent still to human
beings for this purpose.
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Lack of Common Sense:- Computer works just like a
foolish servant. Suppose we ask it to go and buy vegetables.
It will comply with our command. It will go to the market,
buy vegetables but will never return back. Ask why? Can
did answer is that we have certainly asked it to go and buy
vegetables but we had not asked it to come back. It shows
that computer badly lacks common sense.
Retrieval of Memory:- A computer can retrieve data very
fast but this technique is linear. A human being’s mind
does not follow this rule. A human mind can think
randomly which a computer machine can not
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No Feelings:- Computer is an electronic machine
which has no feelings. It detects objects on the basis of
instructions given to it. Based on our feelings, taste,
knowledge and experience; we can make certain
decisions and judgments in our daily life. On the other
hand, computer can not make such judgments on their
own. Their judgments are totally based on instructions
given to them.
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Generation & classification of
computer:-
 Abacus:- It is known to be the first mechanical
calculating device. Which was used to be performed
addition and subtraction easily and speedily. Abacus is
made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted
across with rounds beads sliding on the rod. This
device was a first develop Ed bye the Egyptians in the
10th century B.C., but it was given it final shape in 12th
century A.D. by the Chinese educationists.
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 Pascal Calculator:- In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a
French scientist invented an adding machine called
Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of
digit with the help of gears in it.
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 Napier’s Bones:- As the necessity demanded, scientist
started inventing better calculating device. In thus
process John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating
device, in the year 1617 called the Napier’s Bones. In the
device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting
purpose where some no. is printed on these rods. These
rods that one can do addition subtraction,
multiplication and division easily.
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 Leibniz Calculator:- In the year 1671, a German
Mathmethians Gottfried Leibniz modified the
Pascal calculator and he developed a machine which
could performed various calculation based on
multiplication and division as well.
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Charles Babbage: Analytical Engine 1837:-
 In the year 1833, a scientist
form England knows to be
Charles Babbage
invented such a machine.
This device was called
Analytical Engine and it
deemed the first
mechanical computer. It
included such features
which is used in today’s
computer language. For
this great invention of the
computer, sir Charles
Babbage is also known as
the father of computer.
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Classification on working system:-
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 Analog Computer:- A Computer that operates with
numbers represented by directly measurable
quantities (as voltage or rotations)- compare digital
computer, hybrid computer.
 Digital computer:- Digital computer is the most
commonly used type of computer and is used to
process information with quantities using digits,
usually using the binary number system.
 Digital computer provide accurate results but they are
slower than analog Computer.
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Classification of Computer Based
on size:-
 Super Computer:- The fastest type of computer.
Super computers are very expensive and are emplayed
for specialized applications that require immense
amounts of calculations.
 Mainframe Computer :- A mainframe computer is a
very large computer capable of handling and
processing very large amounts of data quickly. They are
used by large institutions, such as government
agencies and large corporations.
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 Mini Computer:- A Computer with processing and
capabilities smaller than those of
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