Caught In The Crossfire Sociology

Caught In The Crossfire Sociology
1. I can say it is a huge difference between being victimized by someone known to the victim vs. a
stranger. If it is you are victimized by an individual you personally know, it is possible that you
might come in contact with that individual again and you might question yourself with the intent of
the abuse. You may conceptualize why would they subject you to that type of abuse or what did you
do to deserve the physical abuse. In addition, it might be somewhat challenging to report the
individual for the reason that you may perhaps consider that an individual is a decent person after
all. The victim will retract or just not report the abuse so they will begin to feel sympathetic for the
individual as to make excuses for them by stating "they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, if the judge would look at the wishes of an ex–wife or daughter, it would also cause
someone to leave the room unhappy if it comes to worst (Ng, 2013). People would question the
judge ruling, if the judge would give a suspect slap on the wrist, or maximum sentencing for a lesser
crime, because of the emotional feelings of others.
3.3 A judge should never take into consideration of the victim or family member requests to give a
harsher or lesser sentencing. As I said before the sentencing of a suspect shouldn't be just based off
of granting a request. If the judge were to consider the family's request, though, the fact that it was
Vincent's ex–wife and not his current wife would have made a difference because she could have
bad feelings for him (Ng, 2013).
4. I believe that it had detrimental effects on the offender's family. First of all, the case was all over
the media showing the offender in a negative way, which could cause a lot of stress for the family
members. Everyone felt remorseful for the victim so it could be a tough time for the offender's
family. You can tell that it was a tough time because Matthew Cordle made a video expressing how
sorry he was and how he wished he never killed their family member (Ng,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay on Ideal Victim
An 'ideal victim' is someone who has played no part in their victimisation by an offender who was
wholly responsible for the incident. The public can relate to the 'ideal victims' ordeal and although
they have been through an awful sometimes incomprehensible experience society views the 'ideal
victim' "as pure, blameless (hence passive) people against whom an evil act was omitted by a
depraved individual" (Spalek, B. 2006 p25). Although most people can relate to an 'ideal victim'
there is a 'positivist perspective' in victimology that defines the behaviour and circumstances of
people can have a direct contribution to their victimisation. However, the 'feminist perspective'
would argue that by suggesting a victim had aided in their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
When examining the victim's actions, the differences between a 'positivist perspective' and 'feminist
perspective' become evident. A 'positivist perspective' implies "identifying the factors that contribute
to the non–random victimization pattern, focusing on the interpersonal violent crimes, and
endeavouring to identify the victims who are prone to contribute to their own victimization" (Kostić,
M. 2010 p69). This shows the victim as being the kind of person that they are; this can also include
lifestyle factors such as victims who brazenly display their wealth. 'Positivist Perspective' examines
which social and psychological characteristics of victims make them different from and more
vulnerable than, non–victims. An example of positivist victimology is Marvin Wolfgang's (1958)
study of 588 homicides in Philadelphia. Wolfgang found that 26% involved victim precipitation –
the victim triggered the events leading to the murder (Spalek, B. 2006 p34).
A 'feminist perspective' has "highlighted forms of abuse experienced by women that have largely
been hidden" (Spalek, B. 2006 p42). The defining difference between the 'feminist perspective' and
positivist are clear. Both 'feminist' and 'positivist' perspectives acknowledge the victimisation occurs
as a result of characteristics of the victim, but the 'feminist

Golden Age Of Victimology
The concept and study of victims has three distinct eras. The Golden Age of victimology began
around 2000 B.C. where tribal law was the rules, regulations and collection of laws and there was no
getting around it. Victims would seek revenge and assist in determining the type of punishment,
which usually was compensation. Problems with tribal law was as families grew vendettas could
lead to banishment of families or families were repeatedly victimized. It was an age of a form of
discretionary justice that concluded that this method was not working. The next era was the Dark
Ages of victimology, which began in the middle ages through the 1900's, as a result of a more
structured local government and the development formalized legal statutes,

Comparing Positivist And Radical Victimology Perspective
Compare the positivist victimology perspective with either the radical or critical victimology
perspective. Illustrate your answer with reference to at least one of following: age, class, gender,
race and sexuality.
Introduction
The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the different perspectives within victimology,
specifically focusing on positivist and radical victimology perspectives. In arguing these similar but
contrasting perspectives this essay will also signpost the relationship of the factors age and gender
have to these theories and victimisation. Victimology which is the study between the criminal and
the victim as a discipline was developed during the late 1940's. Dignan and Goodey (2005) cited in
Victimology, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both von Hentig and Mendelsohn are seen in most academic literature as the founders of the
discipline of victimology. This notion of the responsibility and accountability of the victim's
influence of their own victimisation was further developed within the work of Wolfgang (1958)
whom introduced the terms victim precipitation. Whereas Hindelang et al. (1978) introduced the
notion of victim's lifestyle which was in relation to the victims daily routine and activities which
could account towards their personal victimisation. Putting themselves at greater risk of being a
victim of crime was put into the "lifestyle model' which was developed by Hindeland, Gottfredson
and Garfolo (1978, cited in Fattah, 2000). Further research into the victim precipitation and victim
lifestyle was "According to Zender (2002, pp.4201–1), Wolfgang's study Patterns in Criminal
Homicide (1958) and Amir's Patterns of Forcible Rape (1971) continued the theme of victim
precipitation." Positivist victimology was a term coined by (1989:3) he identified what can be seen
as they key characteristics of positivist victimology: "The identification of factors which contribute
to a non random pattern of victimisation, a focus on interpersonal crimes of violence, and a concern
to identify victims who may have contributed to their own victimisation". (Jupp, Davies, and
Francis, 2003) p.g.9 Sometimes positivist victimology can be referred to as conservative

Bullying Victimization And Its Effects
INTRODUCTION
The definition of bullying victimization is most often attributed to Daniel Olweus; who defined
bullying victimization as an act in which a person is exposed to negative actions that are intended to
inflict physical, mental or emotional distress (Olweus, 1994). One of the most significant
consequences of bullying victimization is the observation that it occurs most often in repeated cycles
that can affect the long–term emotional stability of the victim (Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, Ruan, &
Scheidt, 2003 ). Studies indicate that bullying victimization experiences often leave victims prone to
defiant or delinquent behaviors, poor school performance, and anger or aggression problems (Nadel,
Spellman., Alvarez–Canino, Lausell–Bryant, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recognizing the complex variables, researchers have modified existing psychological inventory
tools such as the Rutter scales and the Child Depression Inventory, to better measure and assess the
long–term victim outcomes (Vaillancourt, Hymel, & McDougall, 2003). One area of increasing
concern among researchers is the inadequacy of the survey tools that may be impeding our
understanding of the scope of the victimization, most prior research efforts have relied on survey
based models that were either self–reported or provided by educators or parents, this may have
diminished the sample quality and reduced the validity of the measurements (Hawker & Boulton,
2000). Acknowledging that bullying victimizations extend across a wide spectrum of the population
and is not merely limited to adolescent experiences; researchers are striving to explore a number of
overlapping social environments, including the workplace and social media where these types of
victimizations also occur. Bullying victimizations represent a large class of victims that deserve the
attention and efforts of researchers to minimize the effects of past abuse and help prevent future or
continual abuse. The aggregate of bullying victimizations and its consequences often leave victims
misunderstood and untreated. The next

Is Sexting Politically Common Among Hormones Driven...
Introduction
Sexting is defined as the act of sending or receiving sexually explicit messages through mobile
devices (Temple et al., 2012). The practice is increasingly common among hormone–driven
teenagers who are becoming more sexually curious. Although sexting may seem quick and
harmless, these 14 to 17 year olds do not realize the lasting consequences of their actions. The
reality is that adolescents who engage in sexting are at greater risk of being victimized. Victims of
sexting scandals may be exploited and publicly humiliated if their messages are abused or
misdirected. In the case where a minor is involved, the act of sexting may lead to serious criminal
consequences. Both the minor and the recipient may be convicted of a felony and charged with the
possession, distribution, or receipt of child pornography (Jaishankar, 2009). Additionally, those who
fall victim to sexting scandals may also be at risk of victim–blaming and victim–shaming. Both
approaches hold the victim accountable for his/her own victimization and believe that he/she shares
some responsibility for the harm directed against them. Nevertheless, the act of sexting can cause an
individual to become a victim of bullying, blackmail, unwanted attention, and psychological distress
(Temple et al., 2012).
Research
In recent years, sexting has become more prevalent because of the fact that many adolescents are
being given smartphones with built–in cameras at younger ages (Lorang et al., 2016). Having a

The Victim of Victor Frankenstein's Persistent Curiosity...
In Victor Frankenstein's pursuit to discover "the cause of generation and life", he creates something
that becomes the victim of his self–absorption and irrational manner (Segal). Following some
insight on the creation of life, scientist Victor Frankenstein decides to take science into his own
hands and create a creature out of human cadavers. It is not until the creature comes to life that
Victor ponders the perplexing appearance of the creature that is before him. As Victor looks upon
the creature he has created, he wonders "Why, in that instant, did I not extinguish the spark of
existence" (Shelley 138). With the recognition that the creature truly looks like a monster, Victor
abandons the creature and leaves him to the harsh ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the wickedness of the creature does not dismiss him as a victim because, as the creature
states, "Satan had his companions, fellow–devils, to admire and encourage him; but I am solitary
and detested" (105). Therefore, although the creature commits malicious acts, he is still considered a
victim of Frankenstein's pursuit for knowledge. In addition, it is as a direct result of the creature
"finding myself unsympathesized with, wished to tear up the trees, spread havoc and destruction
around me" (138). This proves that the abandonment the creature feels sparks a rather violent fuse
within him. Frankenstein's decision to go against creating a female partner for the creature confirms
the creature's loneliness and thus his need for affection. The creature claims that the creation of a
companion of "the same species" and "the same defects" would make his existence much less
miserable. The creature declares, "My virtues will necessarily arise when I live in communion with
an equal. I shall feel the affections of a sensitive being, and become linked to the chain of existence
and events, from which I am now excluded" (150). This is the creature's attempt to attain sympathy
from Victor Frankenstein for abandoning him. However, since he previously displayed acts of
violence, his request is later denied. This tortures the creature: "Shall each

Restorative Justice And The Justice Centres
Restorative Justice(RJ) is a process in by which it takes an alternative form from the traditional CJS
and aims to prompt resolution with offender, victims and the wider community in a safe setting. RJ
looks at crime in terms of violation against the community and individual rather than a violation
against the law (Gabbay, 2005). As with the traditional CJS, the voices of the victims and offenders
are very minimal and not adequately addressed to a large extent; restorative justice centres its main
attention on these parties. Since the adoption of RJ practices, there have been different types of RJ
created by various different countries that have also resorted to this practice, such as Family Group
Conferencing (NZ and Australia) and Sentencing Circles (Canada) and victim–offender mediation.
Since, one of the main stakeholders of these conferences are victims, it is vital that their needs and
wants are being heard and met and victim satisfaction is also one of the key restorative values in
these conferences, thus it is important know whether their needs are being adequately met. This
essay will critically discuss the principle of restorative justice, how restorative justice effectively
addresses the concerns of victims using examples illustrated from Canada and New Zealand and the
limitations of RJ in certain crime cases in addressing victim concerns. . The concerns will be based
on the different proponents of RJ and the overall– satisfaction that arises for victims out

Victimology: Criminology and Victim Essay
Explore the advantages and disadvantages of the positivist approach to victimology.
This assignment will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the positive approach to
victimology. It will do this by looking at other victimology approaches such as; Radical, feminist,
and critical victimology. Analysing the different theories within each approach, to highlight the
negatives and positives within the positivist approach to victimology.
"The key characteristics of positivist victimology can be described as, the identification of factors
which contribute a non–random pattern of their own victimisation, a focus on interpersonal crimes
of violence and a concern to identify victims who may have contributed to their own victimisation."
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also "Von Hentig criticised the traditional offender–oriented nature of criminology proposing a new
dynamic approach to the study of crime that incorporated clear recognition of the victim's role in the
crime" Victim precipitation has its advantages, as today it can be used as a case of defence where by
the defendant can plead man slaughter/self–defence due to the victim provoking the defendant
which led to the murder/attack being committed. (Brookman, F2005)
However Mendelsohn and Von Hentig's typology can be criticized due to the fact that they are
merely based on their observations, Rather than a collective study of empirical evidence; or a
reliable source which would consist of, a good amount of qualitative and or quantitative data, to
produce a reliable outcome and source of information.
Also, "Feminist researchers have criticised the above approaches, suggesting that examining victims'
behaviour for its role in the perpetration of a crime may constitute blaming the victim, thereby
holding them responsible for their plight." (Spalek, B 2006). Feminist would also criticize the way
in which the positivist approach uses victim perception to address rape victims. They would argue
that this leads to victim blaming and lack of trust within the criminal justice system, this could then
results in secondary victimisation.

Module 1: The History Of Victimology
Running Head: Critical Thinking Essay Module 1: The History of Victimology 1
Leanna Benson (2017)
The History of Victimology
Word Count: 788
Instructor: Jeffeory Hynes
2
The History of Victimology
About 3,800 years ago in 1780 B.C, an early civilization called Babylonian was the first to
document a set of laws. They were called the code of Hammurabi which centralized on retribution
for victims of crime. Protection for victims was also a meaningful part of the law, which was a head
of its times. It's influenced many societies laws, and Even though these statutes affected ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Connecticut, legislation was made to stop victims from getting retribution on their terms, and
now a district attorney is only permitted to prosecute. The united states embraced common law
knowing it had years of study and hardships to achieve what it does today. By documenting cases
and punishments, we have a basis for sentencing crimes. Then for a period between 1850–1970
victims rights diminished with the belief, society was owed for the offense committed not the
victim. This mindset was most likely because of a drastic change in the system, by outsourcing to
the public. Now serving time is more important than compensation to victims. (National Victim
Assistance Academy) Before 1850s in America, two major changes may have influenced this
decrease in attention to victims rights. The government began turning law enforcement and
prosecution over to public servants, in part because the system of private prosecution favored those
with means. (p.

Victim Rights
A crime against the state is seen as a violation of the rule of law, while crime against people is seen
as a violation of human rights, and both conditions lead to the punishment of the offender befitting
the crime. In this process of achieving justice, those highly impacted by these wrong actions are
often ignored; the battle between the offender and the Crown often makes the victim, a mere
spectator. The Canadian Criminal Justice System is continuing to do its best in addressing the
dissatisfaction victims feel towards the authorities. However, study of literature shows that although
victim rights have come a long way and are continuing to develop further, they are not successful in
addressing the concerns of the victim. The article, "Crime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Victims often complain about not having enough information about their case and confusion
regarding what rights they are entitled to (McDonald & Grossman, 2014, p. 10). The reason victims
feel this way is because they do not know how to access the programs set in place for them. Proper
measures should be taken to allow clear communication between the Crown, victim, and lawyers.
For instance, Mandi Gray, a sexual assault survivor, demanded eight thousand dollars in restitution
money so she could hire a lawyer because she felt defenseless during the trial. Whereas, the national
criminal lawyers' association were not in favor of the offender paying such amount and argued that
adequate support services are already available for victims (McGillivray, 2017). Incidences like
these are likely to paint a negative picture of victim status in Canadian Justice System and decrease
the number of victims accessing these resources. Moreover, it shows interest towards being more
concerned about protecting the rights of an offender, rather than the victim who has been wronged.
Also, if the information regarding these programs is easily available, it will likely increase the rate
of victims making use of them. Therefore, to eliminate future issues like these, support services
should expand their options available for victims and more counseling services should be provided
to explain victims their rights beforehand. Information is the key towards getting rid of any
confusion and suspicions regarding the fairness of the judicial

Reflection Paper On Self Check
Every day I perform a self–check on myself. I change my routines up, and I always keep a close
watch on my surroundings. I used to leave doors open when I would go directly in and out of my
home, but there is too much crime that takes place to trust people. Any place that used to be a "hot
spot" have been turned into open view areas. The impractical thing I could ever do is let someone let
me be victimized again, especially when I know not to leave doors unlocked. The one person who
has never left me, and that is God. We have an open door policy.
At one time in my life, I took everything for granted because I never had any altercations with
anyone until one morning I decided I would do some spring cleaning before I went to class. Due to
my negligence, I did not lock the door to my house nor to my shop. When I returned back to my
work shop, I became what criminal justice defines as a "victim". Through a lot of counseling and
learning I could not run anymore, I can tell others how to be careful. However, I'm particular with
whom I talk. Since I moved back to Mississippi, I am careful in every aspect of my life. I knew what
I had to do in order to reduce the risk of being attacked, and especially protect my grandchildren.
Every day I change my pattern; especially when I travel. Although I used to travel the backroads,
they are history. I may have to take a detour periodically, but my husband knows my whereabouts all
the time. I also have a tracking device on both of our

The Final Battle In Wuulf's Final Tale Of Beowulf
The death and destruction of three larger than life monsters define Beowulf's legacy. The tradition of
battle provides a sense of purpose for young warriors as they seek to attain acceptance and
acknowledgement for their acts of bravery. Beowulf's final battle offers some controversy because
of the dragon's unusual behavior. In order to fully understand the difference between the final battle
and that of the first two, one must examine the way in which the battle commences. The narrator
introduces the first two monsters rather abruptly, without providing the audience with any context to
Grendel's reign of terror. The dragon's existence differs greatly from Grendel's because his existence
revolves around protecting a treasure hoard void of violence to the townspeople. Grendel's mother
also differs from the dragon because she does not exhibit any signs of reason during her fit of rage.
Furthermore, the narrator provides a different perception of the dragon because he seems to exhibit
human qualities and reacts with a warrior–like mentality. The dragon's tale serves to highlight
Beowulf's inability to resist glory through battle, which in turn, victimizes the dragon whose
existence revolves around protecting his hoard and reclaiming his stolen treasure. The dragon's tale
commences with a story of a forgotten hoard of treasure, which seemingly has no value due to the
death of the warriors who buried it. Furthermore, the dragon's lair, "lay unknown to men," which
suggests that

Bullying Victimization And Its Effects
The definition of bullying victimization is most often attributed to Daniel Olweus; who defined
bullying victimization as an act in which a person is exposed to negative actions that are intended to
inflict physical, mental or emotional distress (Olweus, 1994). One of the most significant
consequences of bullying victimization is the observation that it occurs most often in repeated cycles
that can affect the long–term emotional stability of the victim (Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, Ruan, &
Scheidt, 2003 ). Studies indicate that bullying victimization experiences often leave victims prone to
defiant or delinquent behaviors, poor school performance, and anger or aggression problems (Nadel,
Spellman., Alvarez–Canino, Lausell–Bryant, & Landsberg; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Recognizing the complex variables, researchers have modified existing psychological inventory
tools such as the Rutter scales and the Child Depression Inventory, to better measure and assess the
long–term victim outcomes (Vaillancourt, Hymel, & McDougall, 2003). One area of increasing
concern among researchers is the inadequacy of the survey tools that may be impeding our
understanding of the scope of the victimization, most prior research efforts have relied on survey
based models that were either self–reported or provided by educators or parents, this may have
diminished the sample quality and reduced the validity of the measurements (Hawker & Boulton,
2000). Acknowledging that bullying victimizations extend across a wide spectrum of the population
and is not merely limited to adolescent experiences; researchers are striving to explore a number of
overlapping social environments, including the workplace and social media where these types of
victimizations also occur. Bullying victimizations represent a large class of victims that deserve the
attention and efforts of researchers to minimize the effects of past abuse and help prevent future or
continual abuse. The next paragraph introduces three specific theories of victimology as they are
applied to bullying victimizations.
Since the

Analysis Of Lucky By Alice Sebold
Summary
Lucky by Alice Sebold's is a memoir in which she speaks about her traumatic experience that she
went through during her freshman year at Syracuse University in New York. Alice was beaten and
raped one night when she was walking alone back to her dorm. A black male grabbed her from
behind with a knife and told her that he would kill her if she screamed. The black male took Alice
into a tunnel where he beat her up and forced her to perform oral sex on him. Alice was still a virgin
prior to the rape. After the black male raped Alice, he showed feelings of remorse, he helped Alice
put her clothes back on. Alice lied and told him that it was okay and that she forgave him. Alice
reports the incident to the police and the officer tells Alice that she should consider herself lucky
because a girl had been killed in the same place where she was raped. The rape took a toll on Alice
because she seemed to pretend like it was okay when it was not. She started seeing everything
differently, every black male she came across she would be reminded of her rapist. Alice also
experienced trouble in relationships with men because she did not consider herself to be worthy of
any good guy because no guy would want her since she was a rape victim. Alice expressed anger
towards her rapist when she runs into him again one afternoon and he approaches her and says that
she looked familiar. Alice speaks about wanting to kill her rapist. Alice's rapist is taken into custody
and they have a

The Issue Of Domestic Violence
When we hear about domestic violence, we always assumed that it's about women. Women are not
always the victims, also men, children, elderly or mentally/physically disabled people as well.
Victimology is a topic that has been intriguing to me for a while. It certainly has come a long way
since 1947 when Benjamin Mendelsohn coined the term. According to all the history that has been
provided since that time many improvements have taken place. Such as the accessibility to
information regarding the amount of individuals that are victims of any crime in any specific area at
any time. All the reforms, movements and implementations of theories, laws, rights and programs
that have taken hold since that time period have been very beneficial for society and makes us more
aware of what is out there and how to be prepared for the worst case possible scenario. Out of the
many things mentioned in the book Victimology, Leah E. Daigle/Lisa R. Muftic, I was greatly
intrigued by the prevention section of it. One thing that caught my eye was the fact that many if not
all come to the same conclusion when it comes to crime itself which is, is just simply easier to
reduce/remove opportunities that would put us at risk rather than swaying the motivation of any type
of offender.
Many will argue that victims do get their fair share of compensation, but they really get what they
deserve? Victims have been around for a long time and many if not all individuals have been
affected either personally

Deviant Lifestyle Theory And Lifestyle Theory
Lifestyle Theory
Lifestyle theory shows victims' exposure to their own lifestyle choices. This exposure can lead them
to the criminal attacker and situations with their own choices. Examples of such actions are as
follows: going out at night alone, living in a bad part of town, associate with known felons,
promiscuous, excessive alcohol use, doing drugs, going down a dark alley, etc. Crimes taken place
are not random, but a part of the lifestyle choices the victim has portrayed. This impulsive behavior
or low self–control comes at a high risk for victimization. (2006) This style of life offers more
opportunities for the crime to occur.
Patterns and repetition of the average normal life can also lead to victimization. (Schmalleger, 2015)
People are creatures of habit. An attacker can easily access an individual's weakness through the
repetitious daily activities and the frequency of the transaction. The frequency, type of activity, the
location, and the specific times can open an individual to the high risk of victimization. The next
theory introduces itself because of a specific location.
Deviant Place Theory
The deviant place theory deals strictly with a specific area known as the "bad" areas. Living in a
neighborhood with low income or conditions showing bad reputations exhibits big roles of said
crimes and deviance. These types of neighborhoods have all kinds of individuals that move in and
move out consistently. Because replacements of people occur in this location, then it "fits" the
location itself as being deviant and portraying bad behaviors. These type of neighborhoods involve
the poor, overcrowded, less supervised, higher conflicts, etc. – which forces individuals to manage
relations with one another and to their physical surroundings of the location. (1990) This "bad" area
exposes its own dangerous location and makes an individual more susceptible to becoming a victim
of a crime. This victimization is not coming from the victim itself, but rather the result of being in
such "bad" areas. Gangs are a great example of a deviant neighborhood that would therefore come
with a greater crime rate. The only way not to become a victim of this deviant location would be to
move from said

History and Effectiveness of Victim Rights Legislation...
Victim's Rights Policy
All the components of the criminal justice have the same goal in mind: preventing and fighting
crime. Preventing and fighting crime also includes providing services for the victims of the crimes.
Although the main focus on the criminal justice system is to arrest, prosecute and rehabilitate the
criminal, many forget to focus on the victim. The National Organization for Victims Assistance was
found in 1975 and is the oldest national group providing assistance to victims of crime and crisis.
The Law enforcement community needs to ensure the safety of the victim before, during, and after a
conviction. Many times the victims of crimes are forgotten or left out of the notification process
when the criminal has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A flurry of victim rights legislations began flooding a persistent Congress. In 1982 Congress would
pass the Victim and Witness Protection Act, followed by the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) in 1984.
VOCA was impressive because it created a fund to help states establish victim rights programs in
their areas. The most recent legislation that would pass through Congress in 2004 was the Crime
Victims Rights Act.
From small states to national legislation, the concept of victims' rights has become a growing
concern. The organization VALOR (Victim Assistance Legal Organization) was hard at work for 16
years before gaining national recognition. In 1995, The United States Department of Justice Office
for Victims of Crime awarded VALOR a grant to create the National Victim Assistance Academy.
This academy would train individuals to deal with the emotional and legal needs of victims
(VALOR, 2005). Programs such as those in Summit County, was the base for the legislation changes
brought on in the 1980s. From that development, the county has evolved to teaching law makers,
officers and representatives how to deal with victims rights. Considering in 1970 victims' rights
were nonexistent, the last three decades have been very impressive.
Goals
In criminal justice, two major methods of correction are deterrence and rehabilitation.

Investigating The Victimization Of Persons With Mental...
Abstract
This paper explores two published articles that investigate the victimization of persons with Mental
Retardation (MR). Specifically, this paper examined the differences between MR and mental illness,
the risk of victimization and the nature of victimization for persons with MR, factors contributing to
the risk of victimization for persons with MR, and perpetrators of victimization against persons with
MR. Studies have found several influences contributing to the risk of victimization for persons with
MR including victim–related factors, relationship factors and environmental factors. Together, these
findings suggest that persons with MR are at a higher risk of being victimized.
The Effects of Victimization on Persons with Mental Retardation Mental Retardation (MR) is a
developmental disability along with autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and learning disabilities
(Petersilia, 2001). Specifically, MR is defined as significant limitations in intellectual functioning
and adaptive skills in two or more areas: self–care, social skills, home living and other fundamental
issues for life functioning (Nettlebeck & Wilson, 2002; Petersilia, 2001). Such limitations should
originate before age 18 and are commonly presented at birth. An IQ level below 70 is also used as a
criterion for measuring intellectual functioning in individuals with MR (Nettlebeck & Wilson, 2002;
Petersilia, 2001). Distinctions exist between MR and mental illness. For example, a

Hate Crime In America
Hate crime has been an ongoing issue in America. The Federal Bureau of Investigation report
released in 2014 recorded 5928 hate crimes and 7242 victims. Hatred and antagonism are not new to
American society; it's only getting worse and more ingrained gradually. It is striking to know that
the communities America has alienated, such as African Americans and women, have always been
integral elements in its society. To better comprehend victimization, the subsequent aspects will be
analyzed: ethnicity and religion.
Arabs and Islam
The relationship between the United States and the Middle East has not been the best. This has been
as a result of past battles between the U.S and the Middle East. For example the United States led a
34 nation to fight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the most reliable and precise information available to analyze victim types (The United
States Department of Justice). It enlists all the crimes that have been registered but does not display
data on all crimes.
Conclusion
Victimization is a consequence of the weak terrorizing the weaker. Individuals that commit acts of
discrimination, bias or other kinds of isolated mischief bear some form of deficiency. It has been
explained that victims can originate from crime attributed with society, families and peers. They can
usually be identified from the Victimology theory profile. Surroundings, environment and
opportunity are only some of many components that provoke people to victimize others. September
11, 2001 was a black day that America will not easily forget; however, it certainly not licenses
Americans to abuse Arab Americans.
By categorizing them terrorists as a whole, Americans have abandoned their rationale and civility.
The killing or torture of Arab Americans will not undo the loss suffered on 9/11. It is important to
identify the enemy and not to hold the innocent responsible for misdeeds of

The Reality Of Television Shows
Each week, hundreds of thousands of people tune in to watch their favorite television shows. These
people sit down with snacks in hand, waiting for new drama to unfold. A 2015 study found that the
majority of the viewers are women and some of the most popular television shows are based on
crime drama (Parrott 70). It does not matter if the shows are complete fiction or narratives and
reenactments of a real crime that has taken place. The gore, violence, and pure disgust keeps these
viewers coming back week after week. These crime–based television shows portray women in
traditional gender roles, normally a homemaker with no job in the workforce. They also tend to
present women as shallow stereotypes, having them be scantily–clad and unable to be successful at
both work and home. The shows produced by mass media play a part in how women view
themselves and how they believe they should view themselves. The way women are portrayed in
fiction based and true–crime television shows hurts their ability to succeed in the real world.
Fictional crime television shows such as Bones, Blue Bloods, Castle, CSI, Criminal Minds, and
NCSI all present women negatively stereotyped and reflecting conventional gender roles. Popular
television shows such as these often get spin–offs. In a 2009 study of the multiple CSI spin–off
shows, it was found that these series tend to follow a formula which reflects the classic structure of a
nuclear family. A nuclear family is the most basic and

Forensic Victimology Research Paper
Forensic Victimology
April 16, 2018
Stephanie Andres
Marymount University Abstract There different types of definition of victimology. Victimology is
defined as the scientific study of victims and offender, investigators, courts, corrections, media, and
social movements (Turvey, 2014, pp. 1). Then, there is General victimology which is the study of
victimity in the broadest sense, including those that have been harmed by accidents, natural
disasters, war, and so on. There is interactionist/penal victimology is an approach to victimology
from a criminological or legal perspective, where the scope of the study is defined by criminal law.
Lastly, Forensic victimology is the idiographic and nomothetic study of violent crime victims ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This one is more for the advocates of victims for their rights or in relation to certain types of
prosecution. It is when a victim is only those who become such as result of a crime which something
that Van Dijk said in his paper. They become victims if they were involved in a crime that resulted
in them to be a victim in that situation (Turvey, 2014, pp. 1–2). Forensic victimology is the
idiographic and nomothetic study of violent crime victims for the purposes of addressing
investigation and forensic issues. It is a subdivision of interactionist victimology which is defined by
having suffered harm or loss due to a breach of the law. Forensic victimology has purpose goal
which is to empower victims, returning victims to the state they were in prior to suffering harm or
loss, and making them feel more comfortable again and serving justices to the person who s harm to
the victim (Turvey, 2014, pp. 1 and 25). There few criminologists that came up with their own
different types of victims. They are Hans Von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn, Stephen Schafer,
Ph.D., Marvin E. Wolfgang, Ph.D. They all came up with their own victimology and people where
being

The Old Testament Of The Bible
Dating back to biblical times, criminological behavior has always been part of humanity. The old
testament in Christian bibles is a book composed of stories and recollections dating to an era before
the existence of Christ. Though the bible does not include words such as "suspect, crime, criminal,
or victim" there are concepts and descriptions used to describe such a person or behaviors. As the
human race develops through time, advancements in criminology emerge and a better understanding
of victims comes to life. Today, there are many different fields of study that relate to victimology
and many disciplines are working together to better understand and explain why certain crimes
happen to certain individuals. One of the first cases of murder is found in the old testament of the
bible. In the book of Genesis, brothers Cain and Abel, who are children of Adam and Eve, came
together to make an offering to God. At the time Cain was a farmer and his younger brother was a
shepherd. Unfortunately, God was not satisfied with Cain's offering and this infuriated him. Out of
jealously and anger, Cain murdered his brother while they were out in a field far away from home.
This was one of the earliest recordings of "premeditated" murder since Cain intentionally murdered
his brother with forethought and planning. After murdering his brother, Cain denied any wrongdoing
and consequently his denial was countered by God. Further, God exiled Cain and thus the matchup
between shepherd and

The Inaccuracy of National Crime Victimization Survey...
The Inaccuracy of National Crime Victimization Survey Research However consistent the evidence
may be concerning the effectiveness of armed victim resistance, there are some who minimize its
significance by insisting that it is rare.[15] This assertion is invariably based entirely on a single
source of information, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Data from the NCVS
imply that each year there are only about 68,000 defensive uses of guns in connection with assaults
and robberies,[16] or about 80,000 to 82,000 if one adds in uses linked with household burglaries.
[17] These figures are less than one ninth of the estimates implied by the results of at least thirteen
other surveys, summarized in Table 1, most of which have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This sort of bland and spurious even–handedness is misleading. For example, Reiss and Roth
withheld from their readers that there were at least nine other estimates contradicting the NCVS–
based estimate; instead they vaguely alluded only to "a number of surveys,"[23] as did Cook,[24]
and they down played the estimates from the other surveys on the basis of flaws which they only
speculated those surveys might have. Even as speculations, these scholars' conjectures were
conspicuously one–sided, focusing solely on possible flaws whose correction would bring the
estimate down, while ignoring obvious flaws, such as respondents (Rs) forgetting or intentionally
concealing DGUs, whose correction would push the estimate up. Further, die speculations, even if
true, would be wholly inadequate to account for more than a small share of the enormous nine–to–
one or more discrepancy between

Just World Belief
In the article, "On the Psychology of the Belief in a Just World: Exploring Experiential and
Rationalistic Paths to Victim Blaming" by Kees van den Bos and Marjolein Maas, they used two
ways to study the impact of just–world processes on the blaming of innocent victims. In Experiment
1, they assessed stable individual differences in which participants believed that the world is a just
place, and in an unrelated part of the experiment, they examined the influence of those beliefs on
participants' blaming of victims of robbery and sexual assault. In Experiment 2, they built on the
work by Hafer, who manipulated whether threats to the belief that the world is just whether they are
strong or weak. Threats to the belief are strong, for example, when an offender ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Experiment 1, they observed that people with rationalistic mind–sets blamed victims more
strongly when they were strongly predisposed to endorse the belief in a just world. In contrast, in
experiential mind–sets victim blaming did not vary as a function of the strength of this endorsement.
Similar effects were found in Experiment 2, in which they built on Hafer's (2000) notion that
endorsement of the just–world belief is stronger when the belief has been threatened strongly as
opposed to weakly. The findings of Experiment 2 showed that people with rationalistic mindsets
blamed victims more when their just–world beliefs had been strongly as opposed to weakly
threatened. In experiential mind–sets, victim blaming did not vary as a function of the strength of
just–world threats. This study relates to my topic because they specifically tested how a person's
just–world beliefs contribute to blaming the victim in cases of

Crime Is An Age Old Phenomenon
Introduction It is often said that crime is as old as mankind. But if crime is an age–old phenomenon,
it had to be recently that many researchers have turned their attention to the issue of victims of
crime. For instance, the word "victim" did not appear in the English language until 1497. Derived
from the Latin word victima, the word originally did not refer to crime victims but to a living
creature killed and offered as a sacrifice to a deity or supernatural power (Oxford Dictionary, 1983).
The word victim was not used in the sense of a person who was hurt, tortured or killed by another
until 1660. That basically means that the whole concept of victim of crime did not come about until
the 17th century.
I. The Development of Victimology During the twentieth century is when the development of social
concern, protest, activism, intervention, legal, political, and social services, reform, research, and
teaching about victims of crime. In many other countries the victim movement became a significant
political influence, which lead to considerable reforms in many fields. Here in the United States, the
victim movement was initiated in the 1970s. The women's movement along with the civil rights
movement was one of it main inspirations. Another one of its biggest inspirations was the social
concern about the theatrical increase in crime rates here in the United States. Many activists and
politicians were aware that the system of constitutional protections in the United States

Violent And Sexual Victimization Of Women On College Campuses
It is no secret that violent and sexual victimization of women in college campuses occurs at a high
rate. However, repeat victimization, or the occurrence of the same victimization happening more
than once to the same individual, is rarely discussed. Daigle et al., conducted a study to find if repeat
victimization was an issue among the women being victimized violently and sexually on college
campuses. The findings can be related to different theories of criminology and victimology.
Considering the results of the study, effective measures can be enforced to prevent the violent and
sexual victimization of women on college campuses.
Data from two national studies were used for this research. Daigle et al., focused on female college
students that who attended post–secondary institutions in the 1996 – 1997 academic year. Surveys
were administered that asked questions that would reveal victimization experiences that fell within
the applicable time period. For every victimization instance, a separate incident report had to be
filed. The incidents were then classified in order of seriousness. The subjects were then measured by
whether they fit the criteria of being considered repeat victimization victims. Incident–level
characteristics were taken into consideration for this study. The pre–incident measures were: victim–
offender relationship, if alcohol or drugs were involved in their victimization, the location of the
incident, and whether the victim used any self–protective

A New Deal For Victims And Witnesses Essay
The role of victim in the United Kingdom has been debated throughout history. Historically victims
contributed in an engaging part in contrast to their contemporary passive role within the criminal
justice system. This study seeks to underpin the factors which have led to this transformation. This
apparent adjustment was mentioned in the government strategy document, 'A new deal for victims
and witnesses'. This document indicated the need for effective justice and that victims should be at
the heart of the criminal justice system. This shows that the criminal justice system is keen to
rebalance its focus on victims, witnesses and communities (Thomas, 2016). This will be evident
when exploring approaches such as the restorative justice process. As well as providing the social
construction of victimisation; the study will highlight the impact of criminal behaviour in a broader
sense linking with diversity and discrimination. Finally, the more recent approach in working with
victims via various organisations will be assessed and whether this has effectively supported the
victim's needs. There has also been legislation and policies introduced throughout time which has
encouraged wider involvement amongst agencies in light of particular historical events. Indeed
amongst the timeline of events, there will be noticeable changes in the perceptions forwarded by
society, media and organisations that work with victims. However it is imperative to firstly
understand the social

victimology
Table of contents
SECTION A
– Definition of Secondary Victimisation
– Secondary Victimisation in the court process
– Article
– Discussion of article
– Conclusion
P.3
p.3
p.3
p.4
p.6
p.6
SECTION B
– Introduction
– Definition
– Victims rights in terms of victim impact statements
And the legal provision made for them in South Africa
– Conclusion
p.7
p.7
p.7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
p.9
2
p.7
p.8

SECTION A
Definition of Secondary victimisation"
Secondary victimisation can be defined as the insensitive, victim–blaming attitudes, behaviours and
practices held by institutions and community service providers resulting in additional trauma for an
already traumatised victim of crime, especially for those who are victims of a sexual crime such as
rape ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"For example, there has been a lot of research looking at how violence against women puts them at
risk of contracting HIV. Now we are looking at it from another angle: how does being HIV positive
put women at risk of violence?"
Kwezilomso says the Zuma case raised numerous issues about HIV, sexuality and culture and helped
members of the campaign to see that not only should they continue but that they needed to broaden
their approach. "Just because the other eight women don't follow the justice system route, it doesn't
mean they are not speaking out in other ways."
In a society that has normalized the abnormal and which appears complacent about the
extraordinarily high level of violence against women and children, the members of the campaign are
determined to keep speaking out. "Its important that we having voices that point out that this is not
an acceptable state for women to be living in. It also helps survivors by affirming that this is not
normal. At the same time we are aware of the consequences of women speaking truth to power and
are careful not to endanger members of the campaign."
4
One in Nine is a member–based campaign that does advocacy in a variety of ways,
from

The Importance Of School Violence In Detroit Public Schools
For over thirteen years, I have witnessed an enormous amount of change in education. When I
started teaching in New York City back in 2003, I remember being told, "whatever you do, don't
wind up of the cover of New York Post". The room erupted in laughter and my stomach erupted in
panic. Shortly after that announcement our principal handed out an enormous book of our district
policies. –As I flipped through book of policies and regulations I thought to myself how could there
possibly be this many rules about teaching.
After the meeting I asked one of my colleagues about how to digest all this information. He told me,
"there are only three rules you need to follow when you teach in New York City. Number one, do
not hit a student. Number two, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I engage in these conservations on a weekly basis with my students. I have noticed an improvement
in their behavior. Sadly, so many of my students have experienced a no excuse policy of discipline
in their lives. When they have acted out in classroom they often thrown out of class. It is from these
experiences they developed feelings of anger and resentment toward school. These feelings lead
them to act violently towards teachers and other students. As a result, they become turned off from
learning and develop a fixed

Liberal Victimology
Victimology is a main subsection of the study of crime, Criminology. Specifically, victimology is
the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders,
victims and the criminal justice system, and victims and other social groups and institutions (Legal,
Inc. US). As researchers continue to learn more about victimology, the amount of subjects it covers,
broadens. As victimology expands, so do the ideological tendencies related to victimology (Gadek).
According to Karmen, an ideology is a coherent, integrated set of beliefs that shapes interpretations
and leads to political action. Many criminologists have identified three main ideological tendencies
that lie within in the domain of victimology: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory states that it is quite evident that those who fall under this category show little to no
responsibility for what happens to him or her (Gadek). The theory goes on to say that these people
tend to blame others for being victimized and rely heavily on the government to provide many
different treatment programs for victims (Hegger). The liberal ideology tends to include white collar
crime and crimes that include a lot of victim and offender involvement. One of the top pros of the
liberal approach is the help given to those victimized, they may not receive assistance under the
conservative view; children, the elderly, the mentally disabled, and people with disabilities are all
included. One con placed upon the liberal ideology is the lack of preventative measures taken
because of the aftercare provided. This point of the liberal tendency brainwashes the victim to place
blame upon everyone else, as opposed to taking responsibility for his or her own actions (Hegger).
An example given by Hegger, is an unlocked car, parked in a high crime neighborhood, and left
unattended. The victim may blame the police for not patrolling the area, if the car was stolen.
Another example would be for a victim of identify theft to blame the bank for not administering
enough identity theft

The Sweet Hereafter Analysis
When someone you know passes away, people feel alone and lost. However, everyone's journey to
recovery will be unique. In the novel The Sweet Hereafter by Russell Banks, everyone in the town is
victims of the accident. However, Billy victimizing himself because of losing his wife, kids, and
indulging in thoughtless activities.
Before the accident, Billy was a very noble man and a respected man. Once he experienced the
death of loved ones he turned to alcohol to relieve his pain. This was noticed at the start of the novel
when his wife died. "I don't close my eyes a whole lot now. Unless I'm drunk and I can't help it –
therefore a frequently desired state, you might say" (Banks 38). The reader learns that Billy chooses
a pathway will lead to further complications in his life. Furthermore, we learn that after the accident
Billy gave up on himself recovering "I saw he was carrying a small paper bag with a bottle in it, and
then I realized he was drunk."(233). The readers know that Billy is not going to stop drinking
because of his losses. However, he thinks drinking is the only solution that helps him carry on with
his life. He does not understand that he is, degrading himself in the society. Therefore, the readers
know that Billy's mental state is not improving because of his ineffective methods which victimize
himself.
Once Billy lost his children he could not control his emotions. He kept pushing people away which
will eventually make him alone. Moreover, we see this side of

The Case Heard At Manchester Court
The case was heard at Manchester Crown Court on 2 December 2014. The defendant was convicted
of causing grievous bodily harm to the victim, contrary to s 47 of The Offences Against the Person
Act 1861. The victim held a party where there was a fallout which led to a bottle being thrown by
the defendant which injured the victim. The defendant denies deliberately harming the victim and
therefore it was left for a jury to decide upon whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty. This
report examines the victimology in this case including the victim impact statement; it then considers
the suspect and what rights the suspect may have.
In its most simple form, victimology is the study of the victim or victims of a particular offender. It
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case at hand the victim was accused of agitating and shouting at the offender before the
throwing of the bottle. However, there has been much debate and criticism concerning victimology
as it can provide arguments which blame victims for their fate. The fact subjects of crime are called
victims even could imply passivity, or their cooperation. In early publications by Mendelsohn, it is
clear that he has the intention to partially defend the offender and transfer the blame partially onto
the victim for their actions, by drawing attention to the victims involvement .This attitude towards
victimology can create an overlap of victims and offenders, resulting in victim blame. In a study
carried out by Kris Henning and Robert Holdford in 2006, they investigate the attributions of blame
in the crimes of 2,824 male probationers convicted of a domestic assault against a partner . Two
thirds of the men attributed greater blame to partner characteristics, rather than their own. This is
frequently seen in the case of sexual abuse cases, where the victim's characteristics are seen to be an
attributing factor to their abuse. In a daily mail survey , it was found that a third of Britons believe a
woman who acts flirtatiously is partially or completely to blame for being raped, with over a quarter
believing that if a woman is wearing sexually provocative clothing or is drunk, they are partially to
blame for it. The increasingly blurred lines between victim and

Bullying In Larry King
In the documentary I witness a young boy named Larry King been a subject of bullying for being
gay. First, I will examine the concept of bullying. Next I will discuss about hate crime and how this
act was a hate crime. Lastly, I will examine about victim blame.
Bullying always includes 3 elements, imbalance of power, intent to harm and threat of further
aggression. "Bullying is the intentional infliction of injury or discomfort on another person
repeatedly over time when there is a power imbalance between the perpetrator and the victim"
(Daigle, Muftic 2016, pg. 241). As mentioned in the textbook, bullying can be both direct and
indirect. Direct bullying involves both physical and verbal actions in the presence of the victim.
Indirect bullying is more subtle and harder to detect. For instance, King being a bi–racial, and being
gay made him an easier target of bullying. "Males experience greater rates of victimization at school
than do females" (Daigle, Muftic 2016, pg. 239). King was a subject of bullying for being gay. He
would have people call him names because he was open about his sexuality. According to teachers,
classmates and themselves felt very uncomfortable with King dressing up like a girl, and wearing
make up, and wearing heels. Having teachers disagree with the way King represents himself to the
point that they did not allow him to express himself freely. A teacher send King to the office because
he came dressed as a girl with make up and did not find it

The ' Beware Of Dog ' Sign Posted At Cupcakes For Kids
The "Beware of Dog" sign posted at Cupcakes for Kids is an absolute defense that will likely
remove Plaintiff from any liability if the Defendant files a counterclaim. According to Florida
Statute § 767.04 (2015), an "owner is not liable, except as to a person under the age of 6 . . . if at the
time of any such injury the owner had displayed in a prominent place on his or her premises a sign
easily readable including the words 'Bad Dog.'" It is essential that the "Bad Dog" sign or equivalent
wording must be easily readable as well as posted in a prominent place. Carroll v. Moxley, 241 So.
2d 681 (Fla. 1970). The sign must be easily readable meaning that the sign is legible and capable of
being read, not necessarily that the injured party must have been able to actually read and
understand it. Registe v. Porter, 557 So. 2d 214 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990).
In order to be relieved of liability, an owner must have a prominently placed "Bad Dog" sign that is
easily readable. In Carroll, the court held that the purpose of having a prominently placed sign that
is easily readable is to give actual notice of the risk of a bite to the victim. Carroll, 241 So. 2d at
682. The owner of the store in Carroll had a "Beware of Dog" sign beside the counter of the
hardware store. Id. As the victim stood at the counter, the unseen dog lunged out and bit her on the
face. Id. The victim filed suit against the dog owner and the court found that there was no liability
because a "Bad Dog" sign was posted.

Which Gender Influences Patterns And Processes Of...
This essay will discuss the ways in which gender influences patterns and processes of victimisation,
identifying key victimological perspectives and typologies. It will consider key authors in the
discipline and offer definitions of terms used. The essay will identify three issues which may impact
on gendered victimisation before acknowledging the argument that radical victimology offers a
more balanced approach to gendered victimisation than positivist or critical viewpoints.
The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2013) defines victimisation as "...a term originally used to
designate an area of study concerned to address the relationship between the victim and offender." It
should be noted however that since the late 1970s, the term has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In response to this movement, more support services were established for victims and measures
were provided allowing victims greater involvement in the criminal justice process through a variety
of means. This increased the need for research into the effects of crime on victims and how best
their needs can be met.
Victimology draws together academics, activists, and policymakers from a variety of backgrounds
and identifies three main victimological perspectives. Positivist victimology dates back to the
emergence of victimology as a discipline in the 1940s. It looks to understand the process of
victimisation and why people become victims of crime by examining the relationship between the
victim and offender through an agency lens. Newburn (2013) identifies positivists such as Miers
(1989) who see victimisation as being causal in nature and identify three key features:
Identification of factors (individual or environmental) which produce patterns of victimisation.
They focus mainly of interpersonal crimes of violence.
The identification of victims who contribute to their own victimisation.
Positivist victimology has made a fundamental contribution to the study of victimology by ensuring
the development and refinement of quantitative victimisation. It emphasises the role of the state,
criminal justice agencies and the voluntary sector in responding to the needs of victims of crime. It
is however

Classicism, Positiveism Adn Social Construction
Sharlin Janar
K208
With reference to the learning activities in Week 2, discuss the purpose and functions of the youth
justice system in England and Wales in terms of your own practice and experience.
Introduction
In this assignment I am going to discuss the purpose and functions of the Youth Justice System. I
will start by exploring the build up to the legislations that underpins the Youth Justice System which
is the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. I will also discuss the purpose and functions of Youth Justice
System and how my role contributes to their declared objectives. Finally I will conclude by
indicating the effectiveness of the Youth Justice System.
Discussion
In 1996 a report was published by the Audit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When assessing a young person's needs, I use 'The Scaled Approach' framework' Asset, created by
the YJB. Asset is a structured assessment; it provides a concise perception into the welfare of young
person, identifying needs and risk to the public and the probability of re–offending. With this
information I am able to identify and address specific risk factors, creating effective intervention
programmes, building on protective factors. This contributes to the youth justice systems objective
to prevent the likelihood of re–offending.
In order to create and deliver structured interventions tailored to individual needs, I provide young
people with a 'What Do You Think' form (questions directed at their personal life) to gain an
indication of their views. I use a VARK (Visual/Aural/Read/Write/Kinaesthetic) questionnaire which
helps me identify their learning styles. For interventions to be effective and to reduce the likelihood
re–offending, I build on protective factors such as interest's, hobbies and establishing future goals to
help young people focus on positive areas of their life.
Panel meetings allow me to incorporate the main aims of the Youth Justice System. Prior to the
meetings, I liaise with Victim Support to ascertain whether the victim or a representative would like
to participate in the process of restorative

Margaret Atwood Surfacing Essay
The Black and White World of Atwood's Surfacing
Many people elect to view the world and life as a series of paired opposites–love and hate, birth and
death, right and wrong. As Anne Lamott said, "it is so much easier to embrace absolutes than to
suffer reality" (104). This quote summarizes the thoughts of the narrator in Margaret Atwood's novel
Surfacing. The narrator, whose name is never mentioned, must confront a past that she has tried
desperately to ignore (7). She sees herself and the world around her as either the innocent victim or
the victimizer, never both. Atwoods use of opposing characters and themes throughout the novel
serves to support the narrators view of life as "black and white," things that she can ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
David victimizes Anna by degrading her, by seeing her as a piece of flesh that he married. She
pretends that the relationship is ordinary, perfect, all the while secretly despising David. When
David forces Anna to strip so that he can film her for "Random Samples," the narrator remains on
the steps, watching. "I wanted to run down to the dock and stop them, fighting was wrong, we
weren't allowed to, if we did both sides got punished as in a real war" (136).
This scene proves to be the turning point in the eyes of the narrator, for the masks that David and
Anna had worn were slowly crumbling. Anna runs off and sleeps with Joe, leaving David alone. She
has become the victimizer. Conversely, David sees himself as the victim. "You don't know what she
does to me," he said with a slight whine. "She asks for it, she makes me do it" (138). Like Anna, he
continues to put up a front to maintain his status in the relationship. Because they have both grown
comfortable in their assumed roles, pulling themselves out of it becomes too difficult, too painful.
The narrator sees this and can identify. This may be why she chooses not to intervene on Anna's
behalf.
Atwood places great emphasis on the narrator's feelings towards both Americans and Canadians. In
the novel, America represents the great victimizer, while Canada represents the victim. Author
Robert Lecker notes that "The narrator is under the illusion that both

Crime and Victimology Essay
Introduction
From the beginning of time there have always been crimes against persons. People went by the
saying "An eye for an eye". You stole from your neighbor, they stole from you. You hurt someone,
they hurt you. It wasn't until the 1940's people started taking a closer look into these crimes against
person, which they later called victimology. This paper will look into victimology and their theories
as we go back into the past and how victimology is now.
Victimology: A Look into the Past
The study of victimology dates back to the early 1940's. Marvin Wolfgang was one of the first
victimologists. To fully understand victimology is to understand what a victim is. A victim is a
person that has suffered physical or emotional harm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A medium risk victim are really lower risk victims but was in the wrong place at the wrong time. A
medium risk person could be a person that could be at the bank during a hold–up.
Low risk victims are victims with a lifestyle that would not normally put them in danger. Low risk
victims do not engage in risky behavior such as doing drugs, they are aware of their surroundings
and stay away from danger.
Equivalent group hypothesis suggests that victims and offenders are one and the same. That they are
both part a high–risk lifestyle.
Proximity hypothesis says that victims who live near crime are putting themselves at risk of
becoming a victim. Someone who makes a little more than their neighbor can easily be a target of
some sort of theft.
The last theory, routine activities, has three variables. The first variable is the availability of target,
the lack of guardianship, and the presence of motivated offenders. This means that there are
offenders out there and their victim will be those who are unsuspecting and those without any sort of
guardianship.
Victim offender–relationships are defined as the victim and offender knowing each other before the
victimization occurred. Most of these types are usually associated with rape and domestic abuse
cases. The offender is probably a husband/wife, mother/father, sibling or close family friend.
Victim–criminal justice system relates to how the

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