The Evolution of Civilization Mural at the Library of Congress

The Study of the Dunbar Cave in Montgomery County,...
This article talks about the study of the Dunbar Cave in Montgomery County, Tennessee to learn
more about the varied ways that the cave was used by people. Many of the artifacts that was in the
cave linked its usage time to be from the Late Paleo–Indian to the Mississippian period. The article
define dark–zone cave art as "the decorations in the areas of the caves that is beyond the reach of
external lights". Mug Glyph Cave art was found in the 12th Unnamed Cave in Tennessee and since
then sixty–nine other caves that had dark–zone cave art were found. The artifacts and chronological
data from these sites indicates that the tradition of cave art began 6000 years ago. In 2005 one of the
author join a group of explorers search for more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The authors said there were signs of human activities in the caves and that there are more
archaeological work that need to be done. The article main idea was to showed the prehistoric uses
of the Dunbar Cave in Montgomery County, Tennessee. I liked the article because the authors gave a
good enough background information so that the reader can understand it. They also define some of
the vocabulary that was used so that the reader completely understand what they were talking about.
The article also included tables and detail information on what the table is talking about. For
example, one of the table is about the Radiocarbon age determination from the Dunbar cave. At first
glance the information is very confusing, but after a while I can see what the authors was referring
to and where they got their information from. One of the problem that the article had was when they
were interpreting one of the pictograph. After reading the descriptions I went back and look at the
image, I could not see what they authors were referring to. I realized that most of the pictures
needed interpretation, but sometimes I feel like the interpretations of the pictographs is a little of to
how the authors wants the readers to see it. Then again, in one of the pictures the authors were able
to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Reading And Reading : The Importance Of Reading
Everyone around me was silently sitting, staring down at their laps. Me, on the other hand, would
just sit there and stare at a wall, while humming to myself. I never understood why all of my
classmates enjoyed reading books. Correction; I actually just did not understand what was wrong
with me, and why I did not enjoy reading like all of the other kids did. Reading never sparked my
interest due to many reasons, including; being distracted, being laughed at, and the books I was
forced to read.
I am perhaps the most easily distracted person I know, especially when I'm supposed to be working
on something. A white wall could distract me for a good five minutes. Once I get distracted, it takes
me a while to come back into reality. That's one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would do this every week during every school year until sixth grade.
It was not that I refused reading and rebelled against it. I went to multiple bookstores with my
brother, who loves to read any book he can get his hands on. My parents would take me to Barnes
and Noble bookstore and let me pick out whatever book that I wanted, regardless of the price. Being
me, I ran up to my parents with the biggest smile, while holding a book. My parents got so happy
that they finally found a book that I would read. They took the book from my hands, and their
smiles turned into frowns because they realized that what I had chosen was a comic book. They told
me to go back and choose a real book to read. This made me furious because it was once again that I
was told that I could not read what I wanted to read. They ended up buying the comic book for me
because they thought that at least it would be the first step to get me to read. It turned out that it was
the first step in order to get me to read. I read the same comic book over and over again, until my
parents gave me a chapter book. Except, this was not just any chapter book. This was a chapter book
with pictures. From then on, I was given books with less and less pictures, until I read normal word–
filled books. The real thing that got me to read, though was my friends. It wasn't them specifically, it
was because of them. During lunch at the cafeteria, they would all

The Importance of Our Writing System through Ancient...
Is the development of the writing system the most important factor that led to the rise of a
civilization? How does our ancestor learned to write when school is not even available? Understand
that writing system that I am referring is not the average of using tools such as ink and paper, but
more of creative tool that has developed over time. In this essay, I will cover seven points on the
importantance of a writing system in the ancient civilization.
Firstly, a writing system enable our ancestor to keep record. Some of the example of such records
are, the amount of goods stored in the storehouse, taxes owned and the composition of work forces.
Record, in another term is known as data. The ability to analyze data become a significant factor in
decision–making. For example, the shortage of food supply in the next month is foresee by the
storehouse manager when he is analyzing his records. He will then be able to inform the purchase
team to take note and ask for the permission to purchase more from the neighbor country. Quipu, a
system of knotted cord used by the Andeans function as a mnemonic device to record information is
one example.
Secondly, the ability to write enable our ancestor to transmit information to people they have not
ever met. Cuneiform in Mesopotamia and oracle bone in ancient Chinese history are evidence of
information that has transmit across time and space. It is a person's words that has been recorded
and read by others – decades, or even

The Chinese Writing System
The Chinese language is a diamond amidst the sea of common languages that one can encounter,
more specifically the written aspect of the language. It is considered one of, if not the, oldest writing
system in the world that is still in use today, although now they are altered and simplified the
Chinese writing system and its characters have a very rich history indeed. This writing system is the
same system that China used to compile what is now undisputedly the longest continuous
documentation of a nation's or people's history and continues to progress and evolve even today.
Before the Chinese writing history is discussed in any great depth, the more broad history of writing
should be discussed. The oldest recorded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The simple coins used to identify and categorize farming goods gave rise to the practice of pressing
coins into the clay tablets to make a like image of the coins in the form of raised symbols on the
clay; the coins used to identify farming and manufacturing goods were then used to create a new
format to be drawn on the clay tablets with a tool called a stylus. The marks left on the clay by using
the stylus had a wedge–shaped appearance which is how these images received the name of
"cuneiform" meaning wedge–writing. The earliest known implementation of cuneiform to
symbolize sounds produced by the Sumerian tongue show up on pieces of clay that are estimated to
have been produced around the time of 3100BC. These tablets were discovered around a city called
Jemdet, in ancient Nasr which is located in the same area where Iraq resides today. The steps
towards a complete writing system of the Sumerian language most likely developed around 400 to
900 years after the introduction of the cuneiform tablets mentioned above, this process entails the
transition of using these images as a representation of sounds that the Sumerian language creates
instead of actual visual representations of the objects that they are in reference of or as memory aids.
After the change from images representing objects to the

Story and Truth in Edwin Blashfield's The Evolution of...
In 1894, construction neared completion on The Thomas Jefferson Building, the oldest of the three
buildings which comprise the Library of Congress in Washington D.C.. With the exterior well in
hand, the architects turned their attention to the interior, commissioning extensive murals by well–
known artists. The commissioners of these murals deliberately set out to "personify the ideals of the
[American] people" through the medium of government–sponsored art, and provide a relatively
young nation with a story about themselves –– a visual "literature" which would connect them to the
distant past.1 Among the most famous of these murals is Edwin Blashfield's The Evolution of
Civilization which occupies the massive dome of the Main Reading Room; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In spite of what painters, archeologists, or researchers of the nineteenth century believed about the
ancient world, cuneiform has since proven its historical mettle. As displayed by Darius and his
memorial at Bisitun, the early, crude cuneiform of 5000 B.C.E. adapted itself to culture after culture,
and morphed into the dusty forerunner of our modern alphabet. The Phoenicians, the original
ancient mariners, are responsible for transforming cuneiform into a more efficient writing system by
paring down the somewhat ungainly number of 5,000 cuneiform characters into 29 characters.
Adopted around 1000 B.C.E., the Phoenician alphabet was not a collection of pictographs like many
early forms of writing, but instead a close relative of many modern writing systems.11 The
sophisticated navy and extensive trade network of Phoenicia ensured that this new version of
cuneiform would quickly spread to its ancient neighbors. Phoenicia's alphabet would soon be
adopted by the Greeks, who also refined and perfected this writing system to meet their own needs;
likewise the Romans, eager inheritors of all things Greek, adopted the alphabet for their own use. It
could be said that the highly adaptive descendants of cuneiform formed the basis for the literature of
the Classical world. The Phoenician cuneiform alphabet was also adopted by Jewish culture,
providing a medium for Hebrew narrative and progressive sense of history, another innovation

Analysis Of Proust And The Squid By Maryanne Wolf
# Essay 3
*Proust and the Squid,* by Professor Maryanne Wolf, unveils and celebrates reading, "one of the
single most remarkable inventions in history." (3) While it might seem absurd today, reading was
invented only a few thousand years ago, and consequently it has had an undeniably colossal
influence on humanity. Imagining a world without text seems unbelievable now, but for the better
part of humanity this medium of communication was nonexistent. In this book,
> [Wolf] hope[s] to push [the readers] gently toward reconsidering things [they] might long have
taken for granted–such as how natural it is for a child to learn to read. In the evolution of our brain's
capacity to learn, the act of reading is not natural, with consequences both ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Far from being a one–dimensional action, reading depends on hundreds of interweaving threads and
neurons in the human brain. In an infinity loop, whenever a new experience occurs, the human brain
constructs new connections among already existing structures. These new structures enhance the
action of doing the original, causative experience; then those same structures strengthen, and so
forth. This positive feedback loop in known as *neural plasticity,* and is, in short, "the basis for
much of who we are, and who we might become." (3)
Reading is an intellectual feat of monstrous proportions. It changes the brain, and thus "[it is a]
powerful mirror of... how the brain learns anything new." (4) To better comprehend its magnitude,
Wolf divides her work into three topics: the history of reading, how a modern child learns to read,
and the case when a child struggles to learn to read. These three sections, when taken together,
provide a holistic and nuanced view of the act of reading, making the reader appreciate the things
once taken for granted. Out of the three sections, it is the beginning section, which illustrates the
invention of reading in history, that is most

How Writing Is Important For The Creation Of Organized...
There is no doubt, that writing is one of the greatest innovations of all time. I would also argue that
writing was essential for the creation of organized societies. Although languages have existed long
before this great invention, writing offered a superior view in transferring even the most complex
information of ideas, beliefs, and concepts from one person to another and to larger groups. The
Bronze – Age is where writing first emerged. Pictograms, cuneiform tablets and hieroglyphs are just
some of the very first forms of writings. In brief, pictograms, which later evolved into ideograms,
used a pictorial symbol to convey a word or phrase. Cuneiform scripts used wedged–shaped
characters impressed onto clay tablets. Lastly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cuneiform tablets allowed farmers to keep track of the quantity of produce cultivated and traded.
The temples, which were usually the heads of certain civilizations, also used writing to control the
flow of goods that were taken into and distributed out to its peoples. In a sense, this recording of
information kept order in the city. It gave temple workers a purpose to continue their jobs and a
clear understanding of what they would get in return for their efforts. Trade was not only enhanced
within the city but with other distant territories as well. Several trade routes were formed and city–
states began to turn into empires. One ancient trading port that formed near the Mediterranean was
Ugarit. Ugarit was located in northern Syria (south of present day Turkey). The people of Ugarit
spoke a Semitic language written in a cuneiform alphabet. Early writing systems assisted with the
trade Ugarit had with other regions such as Cyprus and Egypt by writing down the transactions.
Ugarit even developed its own alphabet – the Ugaritic alphabet. Throughout history, Greek, Hebrew,
and Latin alphabets would later take some of the roots of the Ugaritic alphabet. Unquestionably,
writing was a key part in the regulation of trade in the early city–states. Another important change in
the political structure was the ability to write laws. Laws made governments much more organized,
efficient, and manageable. It also allowed the thing we love paying today – taxes.

Egypt Alphabet Research Paper
The alphabet is what we use to write and read, and it is very important to us. But sometimes people
wonder "Where did the alphabet come from?" I am going to find out.
The alphabet started in Ancient Egypt, where they used a system called hieroglyphs which were
signs that represented syllables in their language.
(n the Middle Bronze Age an apparently "alphabetic" system known as the Proto–Sinaitic script
appears in Egyptian turquoise mines in the Sinai peninsula dated to circa the 15th century BC,
apparently left by Canaanite workers. In 1999, John and Deborah Darnell discovered an even earlier
version of this first alphabet at Wadi el–Hol dated to circa 1800 BC and showing evidence of having
been adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs

St Dyfrig Research Paper
Today is the feast day of Saint Dyfrig St Dyfrig or Dyffryn (in Latin, Dubricius) was one of the
great Celtic saints prominent in the history of Wales in the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries of Christianity.
The earliest account of his life appeared in the twelfth century, some five hundred years after his
death. According to this account, he was thought to be the son of Eurddil, daughter of Pebia
Claforwg, Prince of Ergyng, which is now part of modern Herefordshire; he was born at Madley on
the River Wye. As a child he was noted for his intellect, and by the time he was a man he was
known as a scholar throughout Britain. He founded a college at Henllan (Hentland in Herefordshire)
to which great numbers of scholars, including St Illtud, came.

Learning How to Read and Write Essay
Being the second youngest in my family out of five children, you would think that reading would be
easy for me growing up. But learning how to read was a challenge. It was something that I never
thought I would be able to do without a lot of help from my father. Being brought up with my father,
a single parent we had our ups and downs. My father was a very hard working man. He tried his
hardest to take of five children. Besides having a job that required him to work long hours he made
sure we had everything we needed. Being single and not having any help from anyone, he never had
any time to help us with homework or reading. Before going to kindergarten I went to a preschool
that was just across the street from where I lived. I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I had asked my sister Buggy, if she would read it to me. She read the book and then reading with her
became a daily routine for us every day after school. I was excited having someone to read to me
and that I finally could learn how to pronounce some letters and put them together to read a word.
About three months went by and my sister had moved out. The whole bedtime story and trying to
learn how to read had come to a complete stop. As the days went by, not having anyone to help me
with my reading made me feel like my world had ended. I felt like I was never going to be able to
get through grade school. I felt hopeless. When I was about nine years old, knowing what I learned
in school as well as what my sister had taught me I began to read by myself. I knew that I would
have to learn some how. At that point I would bring books home from school and try to read them. It
was a challenge for me but I didn't give up. While I was reading out loud to myself at home one day,
I remember my little brother coming up to me and asked "what are you doing?" I replied "reading a
story, would you like me to read to you?" Of course he being four at the time said "yes". From that
day on, I read a story to him everyday. He was always excited to see me when I came home from
school. I read to him every day until he started school. When I was finish reading him a book I
would go and read more. For me reading became easier as I got older. The more books I read the
less I

Comparing Bossypants And Yes Please By Amy Poehler
I have read many books over the course of this school year. Choosing Yes Please by Amy Poehler
was purely based on the fact that in Bossypants, Poehler was mentioned frequently. I was curious
about how one woman would write about the other. However, after reading the novel, I noticed that
there are plenty of similarities between Poehler's book and some of the other books that I have read
for this class. The construction of essays is reminiscent of Sedaris' novels Naked and Me Talk Pretty
One Day. And one can't deny the similarity between Tina Fey's Bossypants and Yes Please, which
are both about the women working through their career in comedy and giving advice to people of
the world. Although her book has many elements in common with other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bossypants was written to help a woman be successful in today's world, whereas Yes Please is
mainly and simply career advice for those going into acting or a similar occupation. My favorite
quote from her advice that really gives the reader a sense of her writing style comes from her
chapter called "treat your career like a bad boyfriend". "Your career won't take care of you. It won't
call you back or introduce you to its parents. Your career will openly flirt with other people while
you're around... Your career will blow you off if you call it too much. It's never going to leave its
wife. Your career is f*cking other people and everyone knows it but you" (2272). In the same
chapter, Poehler complains about a person who had the audacity to drop a script in her lap while she
was sleeping. She then uses this story to tell her readers that getting into show business really isn't
easy and how you have to work extremely hard to get anywhere. "The reality is that most people
become 'famous' or get 'great jobs' after a very, very long tenure of shoveling sh*t and not because
they handed their script to someone on the street" (2226). Something that Yes Please's tone has that
Bossypants doesn't is how every so often it feels as though Poehler is writing to a toddler with the
way she seems to baby difficult things. Her preface is titled "writing is hard," and she often uses
simplistic terms to describe things to readers. For example, Amy Poehler

A Writing Ecology Is A Dynamic, Interconnected System Of...
A writing ecology is a dynamic, interconnected system of communication, which works together
through interaction and sharing. As the term 'ecology' traditionally refers to the relationships
between organisms in an environment, the ability to metaphorically link this to a concept of writing
redefines the complexity of networked technologies and the influences of technological change. The
ability to participate in a digitally evolving space opens up new possibilities and opportunities when
accessing and expressing knowledge and information. Snowfall (Branch, 2016) is an explicit
example of this as it demonstrates key concepts through optimising its environment. By allowing the
audience to actively engage themselves in the text, Snowfall revolutionised traditional media in its
time.
Writing as a digitally networked environment enriches the experience of the reader by allowing
them to interact with new technological forms. The ability to engage in multimodal writing spaces
exceeds traditional alphabetic text by drawing upon the audience's sensory responses. New
multimodal media explores still and moving images, music, colour and sound that entices and
interacts with the responder. Snowfall is an example of this as it discusses the affects an avalanche
had on the town of Tunnel Creek. Its interactive form produces an interesting layout, which gives
the reader a more active and dynamic experience in contrast to traditional and more restrictive
written text. By using a

The Creation Of A Writing System Essay
From the hand gestures of early humankind to the Facebook posts of today, humans have always
had a strong urge to communicate with each other. Our ancestors used the art of oral storytelling to
pass down folklore from generation to generation. However, this had limitations. The human mind is
prone to forget stories and memories; so early human beings recorded their tales in cave drawings.
The cave drawings gave way to the more advanced hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt, and eventually
developed into today's sophisticated forms of writing.
The establishment of a writing system had an enormous influence on the course of history. For
example, writing helped establish various religions, seeing as beliefs were recorded down in
religious texts and propagated throughout the land. Laws were established in writing as well. And
great advancements in science and mathematics wouldn't have been feasible without the ability for
people to communicate and exchange scientific theories and ideas effectively. But humanity's desire
to interact with each other still wasn't satisfied, and innovations in communication technologies
continued. This strong urge to interact has led us to develop complex communication systems,
which have immensely impacted society. However, many of us fail to grasp the extent to which
these technologies in communication shaped the world we live in. Around 1440, Johannes
Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany perfected the printing press, which impacted the world tremendously.
It

What Makes Ancient Writing Systems So Important?
Without the usage of ancient writing, we would know nothing about history, which makes an ancient
writing systems so important. The first type of writing originated in Mesopotamia, but the writing
featured will cover ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, the ancient Greek alphabet, and the ancient
Chinese writing systems. These written languages originated around their area without the
knowledge of other known writing systems. The Egyptians had hieroglyphics, while the Greeks had
the Phoenician script, and the Chinese had pictographs and characters to represent words for writing
systems. Without these early writing systems, some languages would have not existed today.
Studying written language provides a lot of information about different cultures. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hieroglyphics have been around for hundreds of years, primarily in Egypt, where only some people
knew how to read and write. Scribes were the only ones who knew how to read and write
hieroglyphics which made them have a better lifestyle. Becoming a scribe could potentially give you
a better job such as a noble, a doctor, and even a pharaoh. Horemheb is one pharaoh who started out
as a scribe. Then the Greeks created the Phoenician script which is known as the first alphabet.
Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin all have been influenced from Phoenician script. However, the Greeks
were highly inspired by the Phoenician alphabet. The Greeks used the Phoenician alphabet to
communicate better with other civilizations. There are many famous Greek writers, scholars, and
historians that wrote stories which have been saved throughout the centuries. The famous Greek
historian, Herodotus wrote nine books about the Greek wars with Persia. Chinese writing is one of
the hardest and complicated writings out there, but it was much simpler in earlier times. In the late
Neolithic period, during the Shang dynasty, their script had been just pictographs drawn very simply.
Chinese characters can be found on oracle bones which helped predict the

The Sumerians Were The Most Successful Ancient...
Introduction The Sumerians were the most successful ancient civilization. The first reason is they
created the first written language. The second reason is they achieved many things. The last reason
is that they invented many things. Cuneiform The Sumerians were the most successful ancient
civilization because they created the first written language. For example, without the Sumerians, we
humans would not have the invention of writing. Their writing was called cuneiform. Cuneiform is
when they took a stylus and imprinted writing on clay tablets. The Sumerians would sometimes also
imprint on wax, stone, and metal. Cuneiform is considered the most significant among the many
cultural contributions of the Sumerians. Cuneiform writing is traced back from c. 3500 – 3000 BC.
The writing wasn 't first actually words. They used pictographs for writing in their records. Instead
of writing letters "s–u–n", a Sumerian would imprint a pictograph of what they had as a sun on a
clay tablet. Also, they used symbols that represented traded goods and livestock. The Sumerians
used writing to keep records and to keep their stories. Before the actual writing on the clay tablets
was created, the Sumerians originally had tokens. The tokens were items that represented words.
They were kept safe together in a sealed clay envelope. The way the Sumerians knew what was in
the envelope was that they press the tokens into the clay on the outside. The reason that they had the
tokens in

Mayan And Mayan Writing System
Mayan culture and civilization are said to be far beyond their time by their complex writing and
numerical system. In the pre–Columbian America, the Mayan writing system is said to be the "only"
true writing system within the Americas. By examining the environment the Maya had lived, we are
able to look at the how the Maya used their writing system and it also further reflects the Maya's
surroundings. The Mayan civilization had flourished throughout the Yucatan peninsula in Central
America. They inhabited areas of which is now modern–day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El
Salvador, and Honduras (Cartwright). Being located near the Equator, there are various
environments in Central America. The Maya could have resided in the tropical jungles or ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thinking Mayan stelae was only for commemoration for the Mayan calendar, new deciphered texts
reveal that royal ceremonies centered on the placement and dedication of the monuments themselves
(Stuart 150). Stuart claims that rather than being medium for remembering royal accomplishments
and how stelae played an active role in ancient Maya ritual life. The Mayan writing system was used
to write down significant dates of historic king 's' birth, deaths, and even enemy captures
(Encyclopedia Britannica). Many scholars believed that the sole purpose for Mayan hieroglyphs was
to record major events of royal families and their reign. Along with complex writing system, the
Mayan civilization created a numerical system for astronomical and divinatory purposes. The Maya
had used their writing and numerical system to create calendars and almanacs. Another
characteristic of the Mayan writing system is the publication of their own books. The Maya had
wrote on fig–bark paper and it was folded like a brochure pamphlet their covers were bonded
together from jaguar skin (Encyclopedia Britannica). The surviving codices played a major part for
the writing Mayan writing system to be deciphered. It was difficult to decipher Maya hieroglyphs, a
majority of Mayan texts were burned by the Spanish. Only four codices are known to remain: the
Grolier, Paris, Madrid, Dresden Codex (Encyclopedia Britannica). The earliest and

What Role Does Religion Play In Greek Society
Linear B– a script found on clay tablets, uses pictorial signs to represent syllables, is recognized as
an early form of Greek, kept track of people, animals and objects in extreme detail, government kept
track and organized the production of grain and wool, tablets say nothing of individual people not
even kings, very little about political and legal systems, social structures, gender relations and
religious beliefs, (73) Significance– The information on the tablets is important, however the
information not found on the tablets is what is really informative. No mention of religion or
government/legal system is found. This suggest that even though there was a central government the
authority likely played a different role in people's lives compared to that of their comparable Middle
Eastern neighbors. The lack of religion on the tablets could mean that authority of rulers and religion
were two separate entities or that religion did not play a very large role in their lives. The
information that is found on the tablets expose the society's strong centralized government and
extremely thorough record keeping process. Iliad– An epic poem written by ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The work shaped Greek culture for years, and references to the story were found on vases and
murals all over Greece. It also gives us insight to the political climate of the time, Agamemnon
unites scattered Greeks and rallies them to war against Troy, which suggests political unity.
However the troubles he faces while doing this and the lack of willingness to fight on several Greek
parts exemplifies that there might not have been one controlling centralized government at the time.
The overall story gives us insight to their religious beliefs and practices; worshipping their gods,
temples, prophets, as well as insights to the technology they had and war tactics they

Difference Between Alphabetistic And Alphabetic Writing...
Alphabetic and Logographic writing systems almost symbolizes two major cultures in the world.
The Western, Rome, Greece is where the alphabet was created and developed over the course of
centuries. Alphabetic Writing System such as Latin, French, and English had been used as the main
language and device of Western Culture. Particularly English, it is the franca langua. Although
English dominates most of the globe, through colonization, political powers and such, English or
any other alphabetic writing system before that failed to be completely dominant. The reason is the
existence of logographic writing systems particularly Eastern ones, Chinese as the most relevant
example. China was by definition, an empire and it did have many influences ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This proves that the rise of English is not dominant. Why is that? Why is one writing system not
completely dominates the other? There are two reasons for that which is the enormous civilization
and culture that was already built upon these writing systems and the fundamentals difference
between these two writing systems.
First of all, what are these Alphabetic and Logographic writing systems and why are they
fundamentally different? The alphabetic writing system, the original principle of the alphabetic
writing system, in strong contrast to ideographic writing, is a visualization of speech. Ideally each
letter represents one speech sound (grapheme–phoneme correspondence), and rules govern
combinations from this small set of basic symbols into higher order linguistic units.(1) While on the
other hand, in a logographic writing system, in theory, each symbol represents one idea. (2). The
main advantage of the alphabet principle is the consistency of the spelling for each word. Because
words' consistent spelling, the alphabetic systems have many patterns recurring in many words
making it easier to learn. Also Alphabetic words, since the spelling

The Evolution Of Wordless Societies Essay
The Evolution of Wordless Societies: From Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics to Emojis Pictures have
been around long before words as a means of communicating. From ancient to modern civilizations,
pictures and symbols have been used to convey messages and capsulize the history and culture of
the society. Terms like hieroglyphics and emojis refer to systems of writing in which pictures and
symbols represent ideas and sounds. This paper will examine four writing systems of ancient and
modern societies that utilize pictures. Each of the writing systems used pictures along with letters. In
some societies, pictorial uses were reserved for the society's elite, but recently, the use of pictures as
primary text has become more main stream. Throughout time, society 's use of pictures and symbols
has transitioned from a more formal to informal method of written communication, however, it has
still maintain its primary purpose.
Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics was one of the first writing systems to employ pictures. Hieroglyphics
was derived from the Egyptian expression "god's words." First developed in Egypt around 3000
B.C., the system continued to be used for inscriptions on monuments, wall paintings, and religious
texts until the A.D. 300s. (Wallenfels 160) Early inscriptions of this artistic writing form can be
found in a group of seals bearing the names of early Egyptian kings, pyramid Texts, which consist of
the funeral liturgy found in royal pyramids and autobiographies found in

How Did The Sumerians Affect Society
Did you know that the sumerians made several advancements that impacted their society such as
writing.the wheel, and the plow. All of these things had different uses to the Sumerians. The wheel,
the plow, and writing they all led to inventions of wagons, chariots, and carts. First of All, they
invented the first form of writing, called the cuneiform. Sumerians wrote on clay tablets with a
special tool called a stylus. Sumerians used cuneiform to make the first symbol. Sumerian writing
developed from early symbols called pictographs. They also used writing for business records.
Writing was not the only great Sumerian invention. In time Sumerian students went to school to
learn how to read and write. In Addition, the Sumerians

Ancient Writing Systems
Without the usage of ancient writing, we would know nothing about history, which makes an ancient
writing systems so important. The first type of writing originated in Mesopotamia, but the writing
featured will cover ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, the ancient Greek alphabet, and ancient Chinese
writing systems. These written languages originated around their area without the knowledge of
other known writing systems. The Egyptians had hieroglyphics, while the Greeks had the
Phoenician script, and the Chinese had pictographs and characters to represent words for writing
systems. Without these early writing systems, some languages would have not existed today.
Studying written language provides a lot of information about different cultures. ... Show more
The Phoenician script consists of 22 letters with no vowels. Writing Phoenician script goes right to
left with upper case letters known as "monumental" and lower case letters known as "miniscule".
Phoenician is called the first fully phonemic alphabet from consonant and vowel sounds but this
form of Phoenician is more advanced. Some of the most famous Phoenician letters are
alpha(ά),beta(ᵦ),kappa(κ) and omega(Ω). Phoenician script was used by many people in ancient
Greece but the people who used it the most was Greek

The Debate Of Silent Reading
It has long been a source of debate among classicists whether the ancients read silently or aloud.
Analysis of this question is necessarily fragmented, since the only information available to modern
scholars comes from the few extant ancient sources discussing how texts were read. In the surviving
sources, there are many more explicit references to reading aloud than to reading silently, which
suggests that reading aloud was more common. Nevertheless, there is evidence in ancient literature
that reading silently was both possible and "unremarkable" (McCutcheon 2). Reading silently and
reading aloud are not practices at odds with each other; while reading aloud was almost certainly
more conventional, reading silently was not necessarily abnormal. In fact, the available evidence
shows that readers in Greek and Roman antiquity read both aloud and silently. Modern scholarship
about reading in antiquity began in large part with Balogh's landmark publication, "Voces
Paginarum," which argued that silent reading was extremely rare. This conclusion held until Knox's
1968 seminal work, "Silent Reading in Antiquity," which discredited much of Balogh's work by
pointing out major flaws in his research by scrutinizing much of Balogh's "evidence." More recent
scholarship by Gavrilov has gone even further, questioning the validity of Balogh's central evidence
that reading silently was unusual–a short passage from Augustine's Confessions in which Augustine
discusses seeing Ambrose reading

Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Mayan Writing System, And The Indus...
Many people are curious about the past and rely on writing in order to discover the truths of the
world when it was young, but there are still some limitations. The importance of literature and
writing throughout the years becomes noticeable after discussing The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Mayan
writing system, and the Indus River Valley. The significance of writing is the solid evidence it
provides to the major stories and beliefs during history, the history of ancestors and it provides
information how inventions have evolved from the past.
Before we could decipher the writing used in history, historians could only make theories of what
life was like at the beginning of human existence. The discovery of writing provides solid evidence
for historians to describe what life was like before our time. The writing discovered by historians
show the major stories that occurred and what was important to them. For example, in The Epic of
Gilgamesh, the story shows that gods were a huge part of their beliefs. Gilgamesh constantly ...
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In the video, Cracking the Mayan Code, it shares a story about finding writing in the tomb of a
mummy. After deciphering the Mayan language, historians could discover that the writing was the
mummy's life story. This one example of a life story tells a lot about history and describes what the
people centered their lives upon. After cracking the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, people could
understand the meaning of the objects that were lying next to the mummies in their tombs. Most of
the writing on the objects would help create a connection to the real meaning of the object's use.
Before our understandings of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, historians did not have enough evidence to
conclude what the importance of the object was. Clearly, writing helps connect the mysteries to
history and develop a reliable

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Standardized Writing System
Writing has constituted an important practice in human culture since the earliest forms of writing
were discovered from cave paintings made 40,000 years ago. Writing enables writers to express
themselves in a writing system that conveys unique features of its associated culture. In this context,
'writing' means a standardized system for recording, in a specific language, content ranging from
values to ideas to poems, etc. Humans have communicated in thousands of languages throughout
history and consequently devised numerous different writing systems for expressing those
languages. To facilitate easier communication, it has sometimes been suggested that the world adopt
a single writing system capable of representing all languages. This essay ... Show more content on
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This is an over–optimistic and naïve argument, however, for at least three reasons. Most particularly,
a standardized writing system might seem ideal, but it cannot overcome the enormous difficulties
brought about by requiring the world's citizens to learn a new writing system. This is because
learning writing systems is very challenging, laborious and time–consuming (Tzeng & Wang, 1983);
this is even more the case for adult learners, who might anyway see little benefit and much
disadvantage from the additional financial expense of learning a new writing system when they are
already expert users of their written language. A second reason why a universal writing system is
ill–advised is because languages are living things that evolve slowly over time; there never can be a
'standard' writing system while cultures are continually developing new forms of expression. This
can be seen from the fact that the Chinese writing system has already undergone several evolutions
over the centuries. Thirdly, the argument for standardizing a writing system is naïve because it
entails controversial political decisions. No doubt the powerful nations of the East would prefer a
logographic or a syllabic writing system while their Western counterparts would prefer an alphabetic
writing system. Each 'side' would therefore favour its existing writing system to minimize disruption
and to ensure forms of cultural hegemony. Taken together, these three arguments demonstrate the
impracticality of a universal writing system and highlight the difficulties such a system would

The Cherokee Writing System
The writing system that I chose to write about for this assignment is Cherokee, which is the most
southern branch of the Iroquoian language family (Warren, n.d.). Though, we do not know exactly
when Cherokee developed, linguistics believe it was sometime between 1804–1821. Prior to this
Cherokee was a spoken language only, However, in 1821 is when the Cherokee system was first
shown to the leaders of the Cherokee nation and was acknowledged as a useful Cherokee script
(Cushman, 2012). It did not take long for the system to spread, by 1830, 90% of Cherokees were
able to understand books, religious texts, newspapers and almanacs in their own language (Ridgon,
2017). The Cherokee writing system is a syllabary consisting of standardized spelling, shape
classifiers, limited consonants and limited pronouns. Even though Cherokee may sound complex,
almost every word can be spelled the way that it is pronounced.
With a total of 16,400 native speakers, Cherokee is a polysynthetic language this is subdivision of
the Iroquoian language family (Lewis, 2009). Cherokee is the only Southern Iroquoian language that
is still spoken today as well as being taught in some schools (Summitt, 2012). The Cherokee writing
system consists of a unique syllabary that was created by a Cherokee silversmith named Sequoyah.
Cherokees are the only American Indians with their own writing system which is also the only
alphabet in all of history that is the work of solely one man (Holmes, Smith 1977).

My Writing : My Life Since My School Education System
Writing has been a part of my life since I was in elementary school. I read a lot of books, and wrote
many fiction stories for fun. I know that I can express myself best through writing, so even essay
assignments were and are a form of my communication. But since it was creative writing outside of
classes that was entertaining to me, essays where I had to follow many rules were never enjoyable.
However, the very first formal essay assigned in this English class felt different from the other
essays I was assigned to from the past. The process of brainstorming about what I actually cared
about in life, the education system, and actually writing my thoughts out was not as boring as any
other papers I had to write about. More specifically, I enjoyed writing the three short fictional stories
that I decided to do for the medium through which I communicated my idea about the changes
needed in our modern education. Our high school education system focuses too much on general
education, and does not allow time for students to discover what they truly love to do. But ironically,
the students are expected to know what they want to major in even before their final year of high
school ends. I feel that through this assignment, although it has not changed my world, it has
prepared me to communicate my ideas more enjoyably and thoroughly.
Throughout the semester, I learned to use rhetorical strategies more effectively. I am sure that I will
be using rhetorical appeals and strategies

Compare And Contrast Egypt And Mesopotamia
Egypt and Mesopotamia were the two greatest civilizations in ancient times because of the
sophisticated way of living, but most importantly the way the kings rule over the people. These
civilizations had aspects of their daily lives that were similar, and others in which they are different.
Mesopotamians had an idea of expansion in mind, while Egyptians had an idea of internal ruling
and making the people's daily life peaceful and harmonic. In Ancient Mesopotamia the most readily
available material for writing was clay. When writing on clay first arose, Mesopotamians would try
to make an artistic representation of what they were referring to. The process was technical and
when you are describing a rock next to a deer, you would draw the rock first and then add the deer
to the picture. Pictograms were the earliest stage in writing. The Mesopotamian drove an urban
social change and that is when cuneiform was found.
Cuneiform was one of the first writings to be found, it began in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE.
When cuneiform began they were writings with symbols (Woods 129). They were just pictures that
represented words like water that was two squiggly lines then it became three sticks with arrows that
each pointed a certain way. Sumerians were involved with pictograms, cuneiform and phonetic
writing. Each style of writing elaborated on as different writing systems. Cuneiform writing consists
of edge–molded characters utilized written on a dirt tablet. The Sumerians at first

Alex Whitaker's The Olmecs: The Rubber People
The webpage "The Olmecs: (The 'Rubber People')" by Alex Whitaker in the subsection "The
Olmec's and Writing" states that the Olmecs were the first Mesoamerican people to create a complex
writing system, Whitaker's evidence is that there have been multiple findings of 'glyphs' from
'authenticated Olmec sites,' but he does not state where these Olmec sites are located. He also claims
that the text emerged from the Chinese Shang dynasty and from the African Manding–she tribe, but
this is yet to be proven. Whitaker comes up these statements without sufficient evidence to back up
his claims. In contrast, the article "A Decipherment of Epi–Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing" by
Justeson and Kaufman declare that Olmec writing developed from the Mixe–Zoquean ... Show more
and he states that some scientists believe it is the oldest accepted example of writing in the New
World. Whitaker, however, does not say who the scientists are so one cannot determine if they are
credible to come to this statement. Whitaker also goes on to say that the tablet contains 62 symbols
in 28 shapes that are arranged in horizontal patterns. Whitaker says that they used writing to
document important information. However, he does not state what the images mean or their
significance, so one cannot determine what is being said on the Cascajal Block. In the article,
Justeson and Kaufman not only describe how they analyzed the writings, but they also describe what
is written in these scripts. For example, "The Stela depicts an epi–Olmec warrior–king. Its text, as
we read it, provides a lengthy description of his right to kingship through several years of warfare
and ritual activity" (Justeson & Kaufman, p. 1703). The article shows adequate evidence to how
they came to this conclusion by using "clues to word meaning, from calendrical constraints and
from comparison with similar Mayan signs, that enabled us to correlate spelled–out words with
reconstructed proto–Zoquean and proto–Mixe–Zoquean vocabulary" (Justeson & Kaufman, p.
1703). Whitaker, on the other hand, does not support his statement with this kind of evidence to
support his

Arabic Online Writing Systems : Arabize
Arabic Online writing Systems: Arabize
As noted before newer devices lacked full Arabic support in the past. Today however Arabic can be
used easily in almost any device. With that in mind we still find this new writing system to be used
in every day online communication. AWOS today is used mainly between the youth population. The
reasons mentioned earlier has almost, gone extinct. Most operating systems, websites and mobile–
devices fully support Arabic. The usage now, is not out of necessity, but rather out of personal
preference. Through observing online posts and comments we can sense the general attitudes
towards this style. We can notice a period of time where this style of writing was a niche, and a form
of distinguish between others. Also, we can notice the current attitude of young Arabic speakers.
AWOS is consider by many Arabic speakers a bad way of writing , and it will threaten the Arabic
language . They view this system as combination of Arabic and English . While it is true such fears
may be valid if the two languages are used together as in a hybrid of English and Spanish ,
Spanglish , AWOS is not the same. The writing system is not affect the language itself or cause it to
go extinct. Other languages have gone through the same process of implementing Latin characters in
their writing system and have not been affected. The concern is mostly due to Arabic countries that
uses more languages in everyday discourse .For example , in Moroco they speak Arabic and

How Did The Sumerians Impact Our Society
Begin typing here. Your essay must be typed using either Arial or Times New Roman size 12 and
your writing should be double spaced. Be sure to indent each new paragraph. Sumerians long ago
were the inventors of many items today. The Sumerians made several advancements such as the
number system, medicine, clock, jewelry, and architecture. But these are some of the most important
advancements that impacted their society. Writing, the wheel, and the plow were some of Sumerians
major achievements. These achievements helped from moving items, to planting crops, and even
keeping record of time, they all help their society improve. To begin, Sumerians developed the first
system of writing called cuneiform. Cuneiform was written in clay tablets using styluses. Writing or
cuneiform was used for communication. Scribes kept record of languages , business records, and
laws. Hammurabi code used cuneiform to explain the rules for both criminal and civil laws, and
informed them what they expected from them. This code was placed on the front of the ziggurat of
Babylon, so every new person to the city will know the rules of Babylon. ... Show more content on
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Sumerians used the wheel to transport large items for farming, transported people, and was used in
machineries or factories. Also, Sumerians used the wheel to spin clay as they shaped it into pots,
bowls, or dishes. When Sumerians made pottery, the products were not as detailed, refined, and they
were not worth much. They made a surplus of pottery that did not have much quality. Only a few of
their creations were worth a lot of money. Even today we use Sumerians invention. Cars, trucks, and
buses rely on the modern version of the wheel to function. Without it there will be no automobiles

Imperialism In Mongolia
In the beginning of the twentieth century, the world was in a state of unrest. Tensions between
countries and identities had become so hostile that often smaller countries made alliances with larger
powers for their own protection. After hundreds of years of being under China's rule, Mongolia
came under the protection of the Soviet Union, who made a template for how their country should
be run. Politics trickled down to the eventual mandated shift from the traditional Mongolian script to
the Cyrillic script during the Cold War by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and their
Soviet allies, affecting Mongolian education, society, and political power during this period of war.
At the creation of the new socialist Mongolian state, the Mongolian ... Show more content on
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2005:40). As well as the Mongolian script having connections with pre–revolutionary values and old
Buddhist religion, it was also dubbed obsolete by the Revolutionary Party because of its seemingly
complicated writing system with seemingly unnecessary words, grammar and graphemes (Krueger,
1961:184). The Mongolian writing system was also the object of simplification because as it is a
Semitic alphabet in origin, the letters in the alphabet had the duty of changing form, whether the
grapheme had an initial, medial, or final place in a word, shown in the table below from The
Phonology of Mongolian by Svantesson and colleagues (Svantesson et al.

Manchu Research Paper
The Manchu writing system was developed before the Manchu conquest of China, originating from
a different language than its spoken form. Due to the close network of alliances with the Mongols in
preparation for the conquest of China, the leader of the Manchus, Nurhachi, favored the Mongol
writing system with a modified version of the old Uighur script that they were already using. The
script was used as the national writing system for Manchu in communication with the Mongols,
because it is the most convenient and easy to use for diplomatic and strategic planning. After the
death of Nurhachi, more frequent communication took place with China and Korea, which cause the
writing system to be modified with additional points and circles to certain ... Show more content on
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The ethnically Manchu people are able to present their culture and customs online for the world to
see, with descriptions of experiences of current cultural events and interactive online
communication. The activities online can bring more awareness to more ethnically Manchu people
and encourage them to embrace the Manchu identity. More online representation also leads to more
ethnic empowerment and increased recognition from the Chinese government (Bai 2008:4–6). As
Manchus are more confident with the future of their language and ethnic identity, they are able to
unite the voices online and request their own autonomous region, much like many other minority
ethnic groups in China. However, the extensive reliance on online representation may result with a
merely imagined community created without a realistic basis. The ethnic Manchus would have the
tendency to only rely on online content to represent the ethnicity and fail to bring change to the real
world. Due to the economic advantage of speaking Chinese, ethnic Manchus would continue to use
Chinese instead of Manchu on a daily basis, which contradicts with the increasing cultural
awareness spread online. The reluctance to speak Manchu either as the primary language or bi–
language poses concerns of a potential re–abandonment of the Manchu language. Therefore, the
most important step for Manchu language revitalization after successful language transmission and
language learning should be to make the language more sustainable. Although it is true that the
linguistic scholars might have biased opinions on language revitalization, they should still present
the significant joint effect of language revitalization and cultural representation, and the online
environment may be the preferred way to spread

Ancient Sumerians Research Paper
In Ancient Mesopotamia the Sumerians, had made many achievements that impacted society. These
achievements helped the Sumerians with the things that they did in their everyday lives. These
advancements included writing, the wheel and the plow. Not only did the the advancements, that the
Sumerians made, help them with their lives, we also use them in our everyday lives, such as writing,
the plow and the wheel. To begin, Sumerians developed the first form of writing which is called
cuneiform. When the ancient Sumerians developed cuneiform it helped, the other people to
communicate with each other. If ancient Sumerians didn't create cuneiform than, others wouldn't
know how to tell each other what to do or where to go. Without cuneiform we would only be
speaking with improper language. Writing/cuneiform helped develop language for us to be able to
talk to each other. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the ways that the wheel helped Sumerians lives, was that it helped a lot with farming to grow
crops and, other things. The wheel also helped with farming by softening the dirt so they can grow
crops easier. This advancement also helped them transfer their things from place to place. They
transferred these things and crops so that others can but it or trade their stuff to others. Third of all,
another advancement that the Sumerians achieved, was the plow, it helped with farming. The plow
helped make farming more efficient that it was, it also helped control the weeds. This advancement
also helped them with farming, by helping with many thing, so they didn't have to farm by hand
anymore. The plow was the turning point in agriculture, and is used to turn and to break up the soil.
The plow, had also caused a major population growth due to the increase of food, because of this
there were many people to grow crops so they have more to

Creative Writing : The Codes Of System
Rosie greeted me at the company's entrance and took me to the private workspace, an office
accessible through the executive suite. Gesturing at the eight monitors and dozens of system units,
Rosie introduced, "The senior Mr. Vaughan used to work from here. Mr. Vaughan doesn't know
code, so this office had been out of use for several years. I cleaned up the space, upgraded the
technology and reconnected these devices to System." Quickly, I typed in the passwords and
allowed the machines to scan and register my retina, fingerprint and face. Once I was in System, I
skimmed Rosie's setup and commented, "Your skills with code is remarkable. Why are you a
receptionist?" "I have a photographic memory and Mr. Vaughan wants me to keep an eye on ...
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There was a few thick binders in his arms, with pieces of yellowed paper sticking out in uneven
angles. Avery's suit had several streaks of dust on them and his sweaty hair looked hastily pushed
out of his eyes. "My. Vaughan!" Rosie turned around and grinned at Avery. "Are you also a fan of
LANCE?" Avery gave her a one shouldered shrug, then placed the binders on my desk. With a
wince on his face, Avery massaged his arms, brushed the dust off his suit and told me, "Sorry, I
meant to stop by earlier, but my meeting ended late. I finally found the schematics for an old version
of System's Guard. I figured you and Rosie can use them for inspiration." "Thanks," I said. "From
what I gather so far, Adrian's security codes are impregnable, but there's a backdoor. Someone can
potentially shut System down in four minutes should they have all the correct access codes." "Go
on." "Technically, knowledge of the access codes should be evenly split between you, your brother
and your father," I continued. "But Adrian made several updates to the system and he could've only
made those updates if he had all the access codes." "I see," said Avery, sounding pleased. One of the
machines dinged as Avery spoke and an email icon popped up. Avery locked eyes with me, and
spoke in a tone that reminisce two friends sharing a familiar inside joke."As soon as you can, add

Similarities Between Ancient Civilization And Mesopotamia
The first civilization on record is Mesopotamia some 12,000 years ago during a period referred to as
the Neolithic Revolution. Soon afterward, civilizations developed in Egypt, East Asia, and the
Western Hemisphere. These regions were called the "Cradle of Civilization." While all these
cultures had similarities, they also had their differences. From agriculture to religion to technology,
each civilization brought unique qualities to our world today.
Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Since the area was not
surrounded by mountain ranges and sat on sprawling plain, trading between civilizations was
accessible. This region was hot and dry and plagued by flooding. Due to its climate, irrigation was
needed to move from a hunter/gather culture to agricultural ... Show more content on
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Agriculture got its start in Egypt by the Nile River with wheat and barley. Irrigation systems were
used which increased the region's population. Egypt also had flooding though it was much more
predictable than the flooding in Mesopotamia. Agriculture conditions were much better in Egypt.
Both regions had deities to control the flood waters, but the gods were more "gentle" in Egypt.
Religion was significant, and the Pharaohs were treated like gods. Monuments such as pyramids and
the Sphinx were erected. Royal burials were also extravagant. There were cemeteries, but the
wealthy were separated from the commoners.
Writings for both civilizations were for business and began at around the same time. "Some scholars
believe that hieroglyphic writing in Egypt was completely independent of the Mesopotamian
invention, and possibly preceded it (Spodek, 67). The writing was done on stone tablets as well as
limestone flakes, pottery, and papyrus. Scribes in both regions were highly regarded. In addition to
these similarities, there were some

The Education System Involving Student Writing
Education is a vital part of today's society, therefore proper education is extremely important for
students. Of all subjects and information taught, the most important is how to be a good writer. This
knowledge can help students no matter what job they pursue after college. Writing is always
involved, whether it is writing an email to your boss or a thirty page lab report, it will always be
necessary. Yet nowadays there is an issue in our educational system involving student writing.
Essays and papers are being graded based off of different rubrics consisting of a set of instructions
to follow. Teachers are more concerned with the grammatical aspects of writing rather than the
quality of it and students care more about receiving good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This means that students will learn what "good writing" is most effectively when they assess writing
themselves and talk to others about it. In Inoue's class he has his students work on their own. He
believes teacher evaluations can have negative effects in classroom communication and the practices
he encourages (Inoue 110). For this reason he does not evaluate them but he allows the students to
take control. Inoue puts them on track but does not give them any ideas. He instead will ask them to
explain or explore more options (Inoue 119). Chris Anson, a professor from North Carolina State
University, agrees with Inoue and says students must become their own evaluators (Inoue 113). His
class, as a whole, has to create their own rubric. They discuss what each of the students wants out of
the criteria. By doing so, the students become co–developers of the standards by which all their
writing will be judged (Inoue 116). All of them must agree upon the standards and criteria before
moving on. This rubric will be used as the grading system for all of them. As they begin writing they
will go back several times throughout the class and revise their rubric after they discuss and agree
upon more criteria or change their opinions on what they previously had. By doing this the rubric
gets better and better as time goes on (Inoue 121). After they have completed rough drafts, they go
through the process of peer editing. This may seem like an insignificant process but

The Sumarians Essay
Sumarians, an ancient group of people who lived in southern Mesopotamia around 3500 BC, are
attributed with the very first attempts to transcribe symbols onto moveable materials. The Sumarians
developed a 'cuneiform' alphabet, which were then etched into clay tablets with a triangle shaped
stylus called a 'calamus' and then allowed to dry or fired in a kiln to make them last as long as
possible. The Sumarians are speculated to be the earliest people to ever use the first known written
system in the world. The earliest surviving Papyrus scrolls that contain written text originate in
Egypt and date back to around 2400 BC during the Fifth Dynasty of King Neferirkare Kakai,
although historians have suggested papyrus could have been used as early as 3100 BC during the
First Dynasty. Papyrus is a very thick paper–like material that is made from the 'pith', center of the
stem, of the papyrus plant, a reed like swamp plant that used to be found in abundance along the
Nile river. This pith was cut into thin strips, pressed together, and then glued and dried to form a thin
flat surface that could be written on. A calamus, like the Sumarians used, was cut from the stem of a
reed and then sharpened to form a writing utensil, but bird feathers were also used. ... Show more
He used a combination of mulberries, hemp, old rags, bark, and even used fish nets for the creation
of the paper pulp around 105 AD. While paper had been used in China for wrapping and padding
since 200 BC, recent archaeological discoveries have been reported near Dunhuang of paper with
writing on it dating from 8 BC. The very first book was printed on paper in China, using a block of
wood that had characters carved in reverse relief. Ink was then placed on the block of wood to create
a prink on the paper. This technique is known as 'woodblock printing' and was originally used as
early as 220 AD as a means of printing on

My Love Of Reading
Reading has always been a way for me to explore a new and different world, whether I'm reading
about a girl who lives in a county ruled by an evil and corrupt government or a man taking care of a
hotel over the winter. Reading allows me to put myself into the story and create new memories as if
I were living them. Growing up reading was never strongly enforced, but it was also never frowned
upon either. I always saw my family members sharing, recommending, and gifting books to each
other. Perhaps this instilled in me a desire to read and enjoy reading, or maybe reading is just
something I naturally like to do. As I got older, especially in high school, I drifted away from being
an avid reader. This was only because of the increased workload I was getting from school.
Unfortunately, I only read if I had to for class, and occasionally I would read something for fun, but
I was never reading as much as I had in the past and as much I wanted to. Every now and then I get
hooked into reading again and find myself being absorbed into all new adventures. This doesn't
always last for a long time. It only takes one really good book to rekindle my forgotten desire to
read. After rediscovering this passion, I spend most of my free time learning about these new
characters and their lives. I have found that the more free time I have in my life, the more prone I
am to these reading binges. I know that if I can find a book to get captivated by, I will be back into
the habit of reading and

A Look Now At China
Look now at China. The earliest inscriptions we have unearthed are dated at 1400 B.C., and the use
of these inscriptions was, once again, for religious use. As in other cultures, this required a
"magician", or a priest. The priest would heat an ox scapula or a tortoise shell until it cracks, and
would then attempt to read the cracks in order to answer a question. This reading often involved the
priest carving the "answers" into the bone under the guise of creating clarity (Lyons, 18). However
fraudulent their practices were, these priests had a huge influence on Chinese writing. The questions
the priest's client had would be written from top to bottom on the bone, and this is still the
traditional direction of Chinese script. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One con of using silk was its expense. Throughout the early world and the Middle Ages, silk was a
very time consuming product to produce. As a result, it could be sold for a higher cost, and the
method of producing it was, like the secret of producing papyrus, jealously guarded by the silk
growers. Another consequence of silk's value was that when scribes wanted to write important texts,
they would often need to write a rough draft on a jiandu strip before copying the perfected version
onto the silk. In about 104 A.D., a eunuch of the Chinese imperial court, named Cai Lun, changed
the course of writing's history by making the first sheet of paper (The Invention of Paper). To do
this, he mixed bamboo fibers and the inner bark of a mulberry tree with water, and then dried the
pulp on a cloth screen. With paper, writing became easier, more transportable, and, in general, less
expensive. Eventually, the technique for making paper spread to Korea, and from there some monks
took the process to Japan. Paper spread to Africa and Europe through the Arabs, who went on raids
in China and captured many Chinese soldiers and craftsmen. Before this happened, however, the
Greeks and Romans had to be crafty in finding new writing resources. The Romans, though they
couldn't make their own paper yet, had animal skins. Through this, they discovered that animal skins
could be stretched, cleaned, and bleached to create what was known

The Evolution of Civilization Mural at the Library of Congress

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The Evolution of Civilization Mural at the Library of Congress