The Polygraph

The Polygraph
A lie detector test is commonly called a polygraph. They are used to record a subjects natural
reactions, such as an increase in heart rate, to questions. The polygraph tracks and records these
factors using multiple smaller devices. It has been built and developed since 1878 (Côté, Michel,
Sergeant). The polygraph has its advantages and disadvantages, some people even claim it can be
tricked. The United States uses them, but scientist are still uncertain of their accuracy. Many other
countries do not use them out of concern for accuracy. In recent years, their use has decreased due to
the uncertainty. Polygraphs have always been, and might always be, controversial.
As stated before, Polygraphs aren't used as frequently as one would think. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of things about them have their ow positives ad negatives to them. It seems to be most
successful in getting guilty subjects to confess out of fear. Others countries, such as Europe, have
deemed the polygraph as "far too unreliable for any evidence to be used in court." ( Palmer, Alun.)
Part of why they are unreliable traces back to the fact that people fear them. This is an advantage
and a disadvantage. It has been considered an advantage because guilty subjects likely to confess out
of fear for the test. At the same time, an innocent subject could fail the test out of fear. "Polygraph
tests, in a way, detect nervousness. This can lead to false results." (Robinson, Bryan.) Another
disadvantage already mentioned earlier is that businesses, companies, and corporations cannot
legally use a polygraph test on employees or potential employees. The main advantage of
Polygraphs is what they have done for technology. Scientist have been working on them since 1878
(Côté, Michel, Sergeant). It has created motivation for many other device, particularly the ones
needed to create the polygraph mentioned
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Lying: Bernie Madoff's Ponzi Scheme
Lying Lying...what exactly is lying? The definition of lying is "not telling the truth in the face of
society ". Lying is considered wrong and a sin in places all around the world, including America.
When you lie you destroy the shield of trust that people think of when your name is mentioned. This
creates tension and feuds with all of the people involved. Lying can also be against the law when
involved in the presence of a judge or a government case, which leads to a penalty that may include
a fine or jail time.
To state what my case is, I lied to my higher authority, which in this case was my father, Patricia, my
mom, and Kevin. I went behind their backs to deceive them by not only lying to their faces but also
by trying to get my way. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the schemes includes Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme. Bernie Madoff was the head a huge
investment firm that catered to thousands of people. Bernie claims that the firm was "just one big lie
" which was an understatement, for the huge stunt that he managed to pull off. Over the years,
Bernie had collected over fifty billion dollars for his personal investors. To keep the fraud hidden
from the public he used a famous con move known as the Ponzi scheme. This lie was made famous
from Charles Ponzi an acclaimed con artist. The Ponzi scheme works when "a schemer promises
investors great return, but instead of investing the money, he keeps some for himself and uses the
funds from new investments to pay off earlier investors ".
Bernie Madoff was able to pull this scheme off for several years, but when he got caught it blew up
tremendously. Bernie got "sentenced to prison for 150 years ". When his scheme was revealed he
was known as a liar to the world. He not only lost all of the money that he had gained from his
investors, but also lost his freedom of life in the process. Bernie Madoff has been one of the "most
deceitful men known in the 21st century

Why We Lie Essay
Jonathan Cruz
Michael Preston
SLS 1501
July 19, 2015
Lying has become a part of our human behavior. As much as we want to seek the truth in things and
other people, we, as a whole, fail to be truthful. The question we ask ourselves is why do humans
lie, and what behaviors indicate whether someone is telling the truth or a lie?
In 2002, Mann et al. conducted a study to answer the question we seek: which behaviors are
strongly correlated to when someone is telling a lie? In this study, the experimenters used past clips
of interrogations from a police station in Britain. The experiment used a total of sixteen individuals:
three females and thirteen males. There were two observers that coded every behavior that the
participants showed throughout the interrogations. Behaviors ranged from gaze aversion, blinks,
head movements, hand and arm movements, pauses and speech disturbances. Unfortunately, we
cannot rely heavily on this study due to many individual differences each participant possesses. Yet,
this study has high ecological validity since they used real ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Phil). If we cannot exterminate lying, then many people want to know why individuals (including
ourselves) lie in the first place? One can assume the many reasons why one may lie; we sometimes
lie to make other people feel better about themselves, or to get out of certain situations. The majority
of kids are told to be nice to others as they grow up. To fulfill this instruction, we require that kids
tell white lies. Despite how small a lie is, a lie is still a lie and the truth is often hidden. In other
cases, people may lie due to a medical condition or sickness, such as pathological lying and
compulsive lying disorder. Many individuals also tend to lie for the sake of conforming and fitting
in to their social setting, while others lie for selfish reasons. Whether the lie has good or bad motives
behind it, one must not be oblivious to the amount of lying one may say or

The Morality Of Deception In Romantic Relationships
The Morality of Deception
Deception is the act of misleading someone intentionally or knowingly. Despite the different reasons
for telling a lie, the morality of deception needs to be further investigated. In this annotated
bibliography, five articles will be used to give a comprehensive explanation of deception. It uses
these materials to explain the impact of lying in romantic relationships among other scenarios. It
also describes how the integration of modern science and human knowledge can help uncover and
detect deception.
Cole, Tim. "Lying to the one you love: The use of deception in romantic relationships." Journal of
Social and Personal Relationships, vol. 18, no. 1, 2001, pp. 107–129,
condor.depaul.edu/tcole/lying.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb. 2018. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The research tested three possible explanations for why deception is present in relationships, which
are reciprocity, punishment avoidance, and intimacy needs. By using 128 couples in a study, the
researchers concluded that most partners use deception in situations where telling the truth could
yield a negative impact on a relationship. When it comes to reciprocation, partners tend to lie if they
feel that telling the truth will deter them from achieving their goals. Also, they tend to lie if they are
afraid that their partner will accept the truth negatively (Cole 124). People also used deception in
cases where they felt they would lose their partner if they were honest. The researchers also found
that deception is more common in relationships with lower levels of commitment. It concludes that
even though deception may be effective, it can significantly affect a relationship when a partner
becomes aware that they are being

A Short Story : The Story Of The Three Pigs
Once upon a time, Jerold was head of the circus. He loved his job so much that he always went
home happy. There was one sucky thing about his job though, there were three little pigs that always
bullied him. The three pigs: Porkchop, Chops, and Chris were best friends. They all hated Jerold.
"Hey, bud what's up?" said Chris to Jerold. "Fine." said Jerold. "We was just wondering if you
wanted to hang with us for today." Jerold, surprised that they said this said yes. "Perfect. We will
meet by the dumpster at 8:00 sharp." "Okay, see you then." said Jerold Hours pass and Jerold was
getting ready to go hang out with the three pigs. He was always a loner, so this was a great
opportunity for him. He was getting ready in the best clothes he had. Eventually, he finished getting
ready and headed to the dumpster. He gets to the dumpster and there are the pigs. "Hey guys." said
Jerold. "Can you help us, we have gotten ourselves into quite a predicament." said Chris. Jerold said
yes, because they were his new friends and wanted to help out. Little did he know that they are just
messing with him. "We need you to go into the dumpster and get the arm of our zombie friend."
Jerold hops into the dumpster like a bunny. He tries to find an arm, but can't find one. All of a
sudden, the dumpster door slams shut. "Boom!" Jerold screams and out of nowhere a zombie
appears. Jerold tries to push the door open, but he can't. He struggles and at the same time is plotting
his revenge. The

A Lie In Pamela Meyer's Ted Talk
A lie is defined as a false statement made with deliberate intent to deceive; an intentional untruth; a
falsehood. Why do people lie? What is the point of lying? How can liars be spotted? With the help
of Pamela Meyer, these questions were able to be answered.
The two points and statements that I found the most interesting that Meyer made during her "Ted
Talk" was that 1 in every 10 interactions with a spouse. Also, one in every five interactions that
college students have with their mom has a lie. I do not understand how this number is that high.
Your spouse is supposed to be the person that you love the most and can be truthful about
everything with. Many married couples state in their vows that they would never lie to each other.
That itself

Fmri, The New Aspects Of Deception Detection
fMRI, THE NEW ASPECTS OF DECEPTION DETECTION
Introduction
If deception becomes human behavior, lie detection will play key role of proving their deceit. For a
century, researchers studied significantly about lying and deception as the human behaviors in
scientific, philosophical and legal aspects (Ford, 2006) and attempted to create the instruments to
detect lies. Many techniques were developed to detect deception and determine the truth
(Kleinmuntz and Szucko, 1984 cited in National Research Council, 2003).
In early of the 20th century, lie detection was invented by using physiological responses as
indicators of deception, known as the polygraph (National Research Council, 2003). Polygraph has
been used in many objectives, for example, employee screening, criminal investigating. Almost a
hundred years, polygraph paves the way in criminal justice systems effectively. However, there are a
number of disadvantages considering an accuracy of the polygraph test in order to detect deception
that has limitation. Deceit detection should be more reliable by evaluating the function of the brain
individually correlated to lying (Kozel et al, 2005).
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the medical instrument, was altered to complete the
missing pieces of the scientific puzzle. If fMRI can meet the standards of legal reliability, it will be
the new aspect of lie detection (Langleben and Moriarty, 2013).
The purpose of this report is to present the development and weaknesses of

2001 TED Talk: Identifying Deception
Identifying Deception It is likely that all of us intentionally and unintentionally lie at least once
daily. Past studies have provided results indicating that you could be lied to up to 200 times per day
(Meyer, 2011). In a 2001 TED Talk, Pamela Meyer–author and expert on lie spotting–provided some
insight on the effects of lies and some methods to identify if someone is being deceptive. In this
report I will examine the two truths about lying, discuss two patterns of lie spotting, and discuss
what I believe to be the biggest lie told within the last 150 years. It is important to first cover the
truths about lying, or what must occur prior to a lie being effective.
The Truth about Lying According to Pamela Meyer, author of Liespotting, there are two truths about
lying. Pamela Meyer (2011) stated the first truth about lying is, "lying is a cooperative act" (). A lie
alone is ineffective or pointless if it is not believed, or a person does not agree to it. Pamela Meyer
(2011) stated the second truth about lying is, "We are against lying, but... we are covertly for it" ().
We all lie for different personal and professional reasons. Most if not all of us find lying to be a
necessary act required to protect others feelings, cover personal inadequacies, etc. I believe we are
"for it" because some of us may need to be lied to in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hitler's contempt towards Jewish people fueled an intense propaganda campaign to promote anti–
Semitism by lying about acts that Jewish people supposedly committed and placing all of Germany's
problems on the shoulders of one people. This lie spreading through the propaganda campaign
ultimately lead to atrocious genocidal acts being committed during the holocaust and resulted in the
death of approximately six thousand people (Jewish Virtual Library,

Justin Ross Harris's Malie Murder
Justin Ross Harris, the Georgia man accused of purposely leaving his 22–month–old son locked
inside a hot SUV to die back in June 2014, will return to the public eye after more than a year. Cobb
County released records of the toddler's autopsy, but you would fine little new information on the
medical examiner's report. They listed hyperthermia as the cause of death.
What did they find? During a re–creation of Cooper Harris's death, criminal law investigators used a
slightly warmer day, but they found that the temperature raised to more than 120 degrees inside
Justin Harris's SUV. Police indicted Ross September 2014 on charges that included:
Felony Murder
Cruelty to Children
Malice Murder
The prosecutors of criminal law have portrayed Harris

The Objective Lie Detection System
Student ID: W1119130
Neuroimaging devices have the potential to give us an unbiased method of determining if someone
is lying. This objective lie detection system could revolutionize the legal system, such that it could
provide stronger evidence than of an eyewitness' testimony, help exonerate the innocent, make the
jury selection process easier by confirming a potential juror's lack of bias, or simplify the worker's
compensation process by demonstrating that a worker is actually in pain (Chen, 2009).
Unfortunately, we currently have flawed neurotechnology for lie detection. For example, the fMRI
is not always accurate for lie detection and may not be practical in a real–world setting.
Furthermore, it appears that the legal system may be biased ... Show more content on
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For example, a "relatively high proportion of criminals meet the criteria for psychopathy, a condition
that is associated with frequent acts of deception and with alterations in both structural MRI and
fMRI studies" (Farah et al., 2014). Furthermore, we also need to account for individual differences
in the neural systems involved in lying (Farah et al., 2014). For now, we should stick to more
reliable structural neuroimaging technology, such as MRI or CT scans, as evidence to support that
someone has suffered brain trauma and disease and may not be culpable of their actions (Moriarty,

Science Has Proven For A Person 's Mind
Intent is basically a subjective element, that is, the operation of a person's mind. However, since we
cannot x–ray a person's mind to determine what he is thinking, you may infer a person's intent by his
acts or words or both. The model jury instruction above reveals humans' obsession with developing
technology to assist with reading someone's mind. Thanks to technological advancements, science
has proven that x–rays do not provide a window to someone's soul. Courts are continuously
confronted with technology that presents itself as capable of mind reading: first with phrenology,
then with the polygraph, and most recently, functional neuroimaging or functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI).
Despite decades of progress in fMRI ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three sides to every story: your side, my side, and the truth. And no one is lying.
Memories shared serve each differently.
Humans' obsession with distinguishing a truth from a lie has lead to the creation of techniques and
technologies that purportedly assist in this process. Prior to the development of the polygraph, the
most well known "lie detector," and functional magnetic resonance image scanning, humans have
relied their evolutionary abilities or mathematical equations to decipher truth from fiction.
Humans have won the proverbial evolution jackpot. Besides our ambidextrous thumbs, the next
most advantageous mutation is the size of our prefrontal cortex in our brains, which has grown at a
faster rate than other species. Our prefrontal cortex makes us unique separates us from our brethren
in the animal kingdom. It allows us to engage in a broad range of behaviors known as "executive
function." The behaviors–problem solving; behavioral adjustments in response to stimuli, planning;
and behavioral inhibition–allow us to be social creatures and integrate into society. The ability to
deceive predates the evolution of language. The evolutionary growth of the brain's prefrontal cortex
coupled with the advent of language led to an "efflorescence of [deception] complexity." The
executive function interacts with

Spy The Lie Research
Spy the Lie:
People who anticipate on being dishonest try to convince others of how honest they are, that it is
against their moral values, and that they would never do such a thing. People do this using a chain of
persuasive, serious statements, while people with true integrity answer questions directly because
they have facts and don't need to add more information.
People have trouble retelling their stories when they incorporate lies, as we see cues because it is
troublesome to reprogram your brain to maintain and basically believe your own lie when it isn't
already in your brain as the truth. This is why the people who interrogate a deceptive person sees
statements that counteract each other or don't add up.
When Do We Lie?:
Two experiments suggest that when people don't have as much time to think through their plan of
action, they are more likely to lie under the pressure, but otherwise people don't use deception
unless they have a justified reason for doing so. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lying:
When people lie, it is intention to deceive the recipient so that they trust that their statements are
true,but psychologists realize that we lie to ourselves and others more often then we want to confess
to. Motives for lying include: benefitting our own self interest, self–esteem, or dodging
consequences or dangerous situations.
We know of verbal and nonverbal forms of manipulation or deception when they are involved
directly in a conversation where they mislead someone either through voice or physical signs like
facial expression, body language,

Greek Word Polygraph Essay
Everyone wants to know if this is actually something that can happen or can be proven. Can it be
done unconsciously? Can a polygraph be beat consciously? Although this test is conducted by
trained professionals about compete clear subjects that turnout 99% accurate, can be beaten. The
word polygraph comes from a Greek word polygraphs which means to "sniff out bullshit".
Polygraphs have been around since the 1920's a process known as psychophysiological detection of
deception. Devices that monitor a subjects physiological responses from stressed designed
questions. Polygraph theory dictates will show a spike in bodily functions such as blood pressure,
respiration, galvanic skin condition, and perspiration. This article tells you over 5 ways

Lie Detection Paper
Lie detection or also known as deception detection is a method used by the law enforcement as a
support evidence in court. Basically, the method uses questioning techniques along with technology
that record physiological functions to distinguish deception and non–deception. The most standard
lie detection used is the polygraph with other technologies such as thermal imaging and brain
imaging (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI). Only a few countries allow the results
from the lie detection evidence to be used in court (Kevin K. Park 2013). This is because of the
advent of these technologies primarily the thermal imaging raises troubling constitutional concerns
especially in the United States Supreme Court (Dery 2004). Kleinmuntz argued ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the dictionary, "polygraph is a machine designed to detect and record changes in
physiological characteristics such as a person's pulse and breathing rates. It is used especially as a lie
detector." (Online Dictionary, 2015). Although it is the most widely used method, field studies have
shown that the success rate of using polygraph has its average accuracy neighbourhood of 90%
(Ioannis Pavlidis 2002). This is not a satisfactory result with its numerous drawback that affect the
accuracy of polygraph test. The technology used in polygraph are based on contact sensors and
heuristic process of analysing signals by expert polygrapher (Benjamin Kleinmuntz 1984). The
process lead to high levels of stress to a subject which can trigger false–positive conclusion (Kevin
K. Park 2013). Besides, Tsiamyrtzis also claimed that the process is perform manually by several
expert which resulting a slow analysis that need to be reconcile (Tsiamyrtzis, Dowdall et al. 2006).
Another drawback is that the need of an expert to run polygraph testing is crucial in order to get a
credibility assessment of the results. Therefore, a new approach is vital for detecting deception and
that is the thermal imaging which can act as a secondary support to the

The Truth And What Is A Lie?
In life you will come across many obstacles, some of these you may have caused, others you may
have not. How do we determine which is which? How do we determine what is the truth and what is
a lie? In 1917, William M. Marston would say the polygraph test or lie detector as it is often called.
In the twenty–first century, it would probably be witnesses and physical evidence. Which is more
accurate and efficient? Is it fair to determine a person 's life sentence just by asking a few questions
regarding whether or not they are lying? In this modern day, we not only need to focus on the
"victims" but the "criminals" as well. Not saying that we should cater to criminals, but give them a
chance. The old saying goes that a defendant is innocent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
You go into the police station and have to take a polygraph test. You are nervous, so you fail the test
and they sentence you for this crime, you know for a fact you didn't commit. Just because of the
anxiety, you failed and now are in prison for a crime that you did not commit. Is this morally right to
determine a person 's future if it is not one hundred percent accurate? Authorities should prohibit the
use of a polygraph test to determine a criminal 's punishment for a few main reasons. Polygraph
tests are simply not reliable enough to determine a person 's punishment that can be life changing.
There are quite a few things that make a polygraph test tick and not all of them are as reliable as
they may seem. There are a few different factors that come into play when someone is taking a lie
detector test. "William M. Marston invented the first lie detector in 1917," (Hammiett, 2016 p.1).
His attentions were great, and he thought that it would be accurate and efficient with no problems.
"However, in 1923, the D.C. Court of Appeals stated that there was not enough scientific evidence
to support Matson's lie detector machine," (Hammiett, 2016 p.1). If there wasn't enough evidence,
then what makes us think that there is now? It is the same as it has always been and if the D.C.
Court of Appeals says that there isn't enough scientific evidence to support it, then we shouldn 't use
something that is

Pamela Meyer's Ted Talks: Article Analysis
Module 1 Assignment
Introduction
When determining whether or not an individual is being deceptive or truthful they demonstrate
verbal and nonverbal markers. Pamela Meyer's Ted Talks "How to Spot a Liar" (2011) specifically
explains these tactics. In our lecture presented by Murray Bartley (2015), he shows our class a video
named "The Reid Interview Technique" to practice distinguishing between deception and truth.
There were two cases presented in the video, the first being Mary Stanton. Mary Stanton is being
accused of fondling the boy she babysits Brad Johnson, son of Marlene Johnson. The second case
presented in the video is James "Jim" Randolph. James Randolph, he is being accused of sexually
assaulting his niece, Terry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case 1 In the case of Mary Stanton, she shows slight signs of deception, but more signs leading
towards her innocence. In Pamela Meyer's video, she states kids of the age of five can be
compulsive liars, which is normal of a five year old. This is relevant information due to Brad being
five years old. During her interview she gave many nonverbal and verbal clues to whether she was
actually telling the truth. Pamela Meyers explains "how if an individual is being truthful they tend to
fidget, versus a liar will freeze up there upper body" (2011). During the interview with Mary
Stanton, she was fidgeting and using her hands when answering the question. This particular body
slip helps indicate how Stanton could be telling the truth. If she was being deceptive, her body
language may show her upper body freezing, or trying not to show emotion in order to maintain
control. Individuals also demonstrate verbal markers when being deceptive. Some examples of her
verbal markers would include, how she would answer the questions given. Often times when
Stanton would answer the question she would stutter. For example in the video the Reid
Interviewing Technique,

The Ways We Lie Analysis
Lying is in us all, we all lie no matter how good we are. An individual could try to avoid lying but
eventually there would be a slip up. A white lie might not do damage but it still will be counted as a
lie. What if we stop lying, what if we just told the truth and tell no more lie's for awhile? In "How
Lying Affects Your Health" By Angela Haupt, she says "lying is thought to trigger the release of
stress hormones, increasing heart rate and blood pressure" (1). So by not lying you will feel less
stress and keep your blood pressure from rising. In "Is Lying Bad for Us?" by Richard Gunderman
he talks similar to Haupt but talks about how when not lying you have a bunch of health benefits.
"The Ways We Lie" by Stephanie Ericsson talks about different types of lying and how each has
effects on a person. All three talk about lying and the physical and physiological effects. Erickson's
essay is very informational when it comes to lying and different types of lairs. In her essay she has
ten different types of lairs. There were five that were the most of interest. The first one being facades
and to facades is basically is just putting a mask on. Telling or boasting about something, hyping it
up in a certain way to get you interested. An illusion that you can't see past. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article How Lying Affects Your Health By Angela Haupt. She talks about lies is actually
hurting us. When we lie we cause headaches,backs aces, and other cases on the body. Making lying
unhealthy, when a lie is released a bunch of stress hormones are released as well, it also increases
heart rate and blood pressure. Stress has negative affects by decreasing white blood cells in your
body. In this article Haupt says "Stress reduces your body's number of infection–fighting white
blood cells, and over the years, could contribute to lower–back pain, tension headaches, a rapid
heartbeat, menstrual problems, and even

Polygraph Synthesis Essay
Maury is a lie! Now that my essay has hopefully caught your eye, I will ask you a few questions.
Have you ever wondered if lie detectors are really accurate all the time? Have you ever thought
about ways you could change the results? In this essay, I will be explaining how lie detector tests are
not completely capable of depicting your truthful statements. These exams are not reliable because
movement can change results, it is possible to cheat one, and the tests themselves are constantly
being changed.
My first reason for these tests not being accurate is because movement could possibly change your
results. Have you ever heard someone tell the other person to "stay still" during a polygraph (lie
detector) test? Well, this is why. Apparently, if you make the tiniest bit of movement, it could change
your results completely! (Shocking!) Why trust a test that has results change as you move? Also, if
you move, there is not a guarantee that the results will change. That means, they can't always just
take the opposite of your results when you move. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reason is a lot like my first reason. Movement can change results, which means you can cheat
one of these tests by moving. (Really?) According to something that was tested out, you can cheat
one of these exams by clenching your anus. (Please be mature.) In other words, if you want different
results, clenching your anus may, in fact, work. If this is a way found to cheat them, and you can
cheat these, why would you consider them,

Misconceptions In Spotting Deception
Can you visualize what lying looks like? If so, what images come to mind? For example, will the
liar's nose growing like Pinocchio's? Or will the liar's pants catch on fire? Or, will the liar become
fidgety, and constantly scratching his or hers nose? There are many visual presentations of lying.
Yet, do these perceptions accurately indicate if someone is lying? In Seth Borenstein's (2016) article,
Experts Give Tips in Spotting Deception, Borenstein (2016) states that deciphering if someone is
lying to you is not a simple task. Borenstein (2016) implies that many of our common perception of
lying are actually misconceptions. To better understand deception detection, Borenstein (2016)
interviewed two experts, Pamela Meyer and David Matsumoto, who are in the field of deception
research. According to Borenstein (2016), with time and practice anyone can learn how to sense
when they are being deceived. Borenstein's (2016) article states that individuals should take three
components into considerations if they want to better gage if they are being lied to: 1) Establish a
baseline for that individual, 2) Pay attention to verbal changes, and 3) Pay attention to nonverbal
changes. Borenstein (2016) states that when used together these three ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is integrated within the many different processes of psychology and law. In fact, deception
detection is used at the early stages of a crime to the final stages of a crime. Deception detection is
used when police officers interview individuals; deception detection can determine if that interview
will later become an interrogation or not. Judges and juries use deception detection when evaluating
an eyewitnesses, a character and expert witnesses, and the innocents or guilty of the defendant.
Deception detection is used when parole officers determine the fate of parolees. And deception
detection is used in everyday life within everyday

Imaging Truth: Is Functional MRI the Future of Lie Detection?
Imaging Truth: Is Functional MRI the Future of Lie Detection? Humans have used deception and
trickery as a means of protection, survival, and personal gain from the very beginning. At the
primitive level this deception was required, for example, by using camouflage to catch prey. Move
forward several thousand years, and human deception can result in massive profit gains, injury or
death to others, and identity fraud, among many others. Across different civilizations a variety of
techniques were devised to seek the truth from those who wished to deceive others. Currently a new
technology aims to more accurately read minds by using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
or fMRI, by mapping the brain's activity. The implications of this technology are immense; however
there are many ethical hurdles to be crossed before it can become more mainstream. This paper
examines the practicality as well as the ethical hurdles of using fMRI for lie detection. Since our
early civilizations humans have attempted numerous different techniques of obtaining the truth.
More often than not, violence and brutality were the method of choice. This is obviously still being
used today, but as humans advanced and became more intelligent the need for more humane
methods of seeking the truth were desired. The ancient Chinese used a method where the accused
chewed rice powder. If the powder did not get wet, the person was guilty. This was based on the idea
that fear caused decreased

The Importance Of Lying
Lying is defined as an attempt to deliberately mislead or deceive another person. Although usually
lying is considered as a negative act, it forms an important part of human development. In
educational and developmental psychology field, when a child begins to lie, it is considered to be a
demonstration that the child is developing socially and cognitively (Warmelink, 2017). As an
individual grows up, deception becomes a part of everyday life, with an average person lying around
four times a day, with men admitting to lying on average 6 times a day, double of what women
reported (Gaille, 2017). Although many believe that they are very good at detecting lies, previous
research shows that the average accuracy rate amongst the general population stands at 54% (Bond
& DePaulo, 2006), which is only slightly better than detecting it by chance. A study carried out by
Vrij and Baxter (1999) have also found that high level of confidence in own ability to detect lies
does not correlate with accuracy. In addition, most of research carried out on this topic shown that
there is a distinct truth bias: people are better at detecting truth than deception (Vrij & Baxter, 1999).
This phenomenon could be down to a human nature. Because majority of people tell the truth most
of the time, they expect the same behaviour from others, so when someone lies, it is usually
perceived as truth. If an average person is asked to describe traits that would describe a liar they
would usually mention a liar

Lie Detection Paper
I decided to do the set of the Lie Detection as an Interactive Endeavor to analyze Couch's
framework on social openings. The steps of social openings are Co–Presence, mutually
acknowledge attention, shared focus, congruent functional identity and finally projected futures. The
main theme of the first video is how to tie and how to detect when someone lies. The are predefined
roles that take place in the video, such as the role of Brian Brushwood. He is the host of the show
and also he will be used to demonstrate the types of facial expressions and other examples of people
lying. Another predefined role is Clark Freshman, who is the expert in this field and that will take
lead in covering lie detection. The situation seems like it is a one–time event, because if it was
planned then the host would have not been used as an example to show the types expressions.
The first step of social opening is Co–Presence. The type of presence shown with Brian Brushwood
and Clark Freshman which is at the bar and dealing with a face–to–face presence, therefore there's a
mutual acknowledge attention. The first shared focus is talking about how to detect people's
behavior. What I notice what happens throughout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3rd shared focus is where is the facial part that one will look. They then talk about the eyes then talk
about the eyebrows, then talk back to the eyes. More specially they switch the meaning of the eyes
to explanations of what eye movement means. They didn't really end with a projected future, but we
find out that there is another part to the video with the same professor. In the second video the same
thing is happing, in which the share focus keeps on changing. It tends to just to one idea and then to
another and ends back with the first idea. The shared foci were established. Also Brian at the end
does end it but he talks about the future in the way of wanting to know if there is a website to

Examples Of Lies In The Crucible
A lie is an inaccurate statement to convey a false impression. A person tells an average of at least 2
lies per day. A lie can cause happiness but can also cause multiple tragedies in many different lives.
The person telling the lie is not the only one being affected, many other people can get involved and
their lives will be changed forever. Arthur Miller's classic The Crucible is written upon all different
types of lying, and how a single lie can cause tragedies to many people.
The Salem witch trials took place in 1692, it was a time when people were terrified to discuss the
word witchcraft or anything that has to do with the devil. There were people that were scared more
than others. One of those people were Reverend Parris. He was the Reverend of Salem "In history
he cut a villainous path, and there is very little good to be said for him.(Miller,Act 1) this quote
shows that even though he is suppose to be a holy and good person in reality he's not so good. In
order to keep his image clean and good in the village Parris made it seem as if he were scared of the
word witchcraft this is shown when Susanna said "Aye sir, he have been searching his books but he
bid me to tell you, that you might look to unnatural things for the cause of it."(Miller Act 1) In the
quote Susanna is referring to Hale, she is telling Parris ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When she was first questioned she denied about having to do anything with witchcraft. "No, no, sir,
I don't talk with no devil!" (Miller Act 1) she exclaims but everyone knows she is lying. She gives
up and ends up telling the truth and confesses to her part in witchcraft. She doesn't just confess to
her sins she accuses the other girls who took part in the witchcraft also. People like her would take
anyone down just to keep herself from getting

Examples Of Lying In Lying
Since time immemorial, human beings have been lying and according to a study by Bella M. de
Paulo et al. on the average every person lies once to twice a day. There are of course all kind of
motivations behind a lie, for example people lie to give themselves an advantage or to avoid getting
in trouble, when they did wrong. No matter what the intention of lying is, we can all admit that we
do it, some more frequently than others, some do it habitually and some of us only as a last resort.
The practice of lying can be approached from various perspectives, such as the ethical and moral
concerns with lying or even the statistical analysis of lying, but also from a linguistic standpoint.
Sometimes it is easier to recognize a lie from the non–verbal impressions of a person than from the
actual content of the lie, but what are indicators of lying from a linguists perspective, and how can
we recognize a deception in text messages, without having the slightest notion of the senders
behavior while typing the message. In this essay I am indeed going to look at the act of telling a lie
from a linguistic standpoint by showing the differences between deception detection in face to face
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First and foremost, there is the act of lying, which is the deliberate inclusion of false information.
Most of the past studies have only focused on the comparison of lying and telling the truth, in terms
of linguistic changes. But there is also omission, which most people consider lying, when it is in fact
different from telling a plain lie. When using omission, the context of the truth remains the same but
key informations are deprived., so it can be used for deception as well as telling a lie. Those two
forms of dishonesty can be compared to honesty and to each other with a focus on the occurring
changes in linguistic

Fmri, The New Aspects Of Deception Detection
fMRI, THE NEW ASPECTS OF DECEPTION DETECTION
INTRODUCTION
If deception becomes human behaviour, lie detection will play key role of proving their deceit. For a
century, researchers studied significantly about lying and deception as the human behaviour in
scientific, philosophical and legal aspects (Ford, 2006) and attempted to create the instruments to
detect lies. Many techniques were developed to detect deception and determine the truth
(Kleinmuntz and Szucko, 1984 cited in National Research Council, 2003).
In early of the 20th century, lie detection was invented by using physiological responses as
indicators of deception, known as the polygraph (National Research Council, 2003). Polygraph has
been used in many objectives, for example, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the definition of human deception will be demonstrated followed by the historical
background of lie detection and development of the polygraph. After that theoretical and drawbacks
of polygraph are reviewed. Moreover, fMRI will be explained in scientific aspect. Finally, the
evaluation of fMRI on human deception and its benefits will be shown to complete the idea of the
new aspect of detection deception.
What is the Human Deception?
Many researchers used to define deception in various definitions. For example, Mitchell, 1986
defines deception as "a false communication that tends to benefit the communicator" which is a
broad meaning and describes many acts as deceit. Nonetheless, there are many people who disagree
with this (Mitchell, 1986 cited in Vrij, 2008, 12). While, Vrij, 2008 defines lying as "an intentional
act also implies that if two people contradict each other, this does not automatically mean that one of
them is lying" (Vrij, 2008, 14). Thus, it can be explained that perception depends on action's purpose
of communicator and also the perception of the receiver.
A History of Lie Detection and Development of Polygraph
In China, 1000 B.C., the lie detection was logically used for the first time. Suspects were tested by
filling their mouths with a handful of dry rice and, then, it is spat out. If

The Polygraph In The Truth Machine
In The Truth Machine, a science–fiction novel published in 1996 and written by James Halperin,
some scientists invent a machine that can detect lies perfectly. As a results, it stops crime, changes
the world system, and saves humanity from self–destruction. Could humanity ever build a similar
device? And if we cannot why do we keep using the polygraph tests. For almost a century, the
polygraph has been one of the closest device from a lie detector used for criminal investigations.
Many in the scientific and legal fields do not rely on it, because of its versatile accuracy. Moreover,
as the psychologist Leonard Saxe, PhD, (1991) has stated: "The idea that we can detect a person's
veracity by monitoring psycho physiological changes is more myth than reality. Even the term "lie
detector," used to refer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several studies have showed that some parts of the brain are more active when people tell lies rather
than truths, such areas at the very front of our brain. As a result, while abandoning the polygraph,
some scientists have accepted brain scanners, using two methods. The first one uses electronic
sensors to measure "brainwave", called P300, appearing when we see something familiar. Through
this signal it is possible to determine if someone is hiding something that they know about, like a
murder weapon. The second technique is called, the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(FMRI); Showing the location of active neurons, by tracking the blood flow that provides nutrients
and oxygen. However, there is no "Centre of dishonesty" in the human's brain. Those neurons can
even be more active when someone is telling the truth, or when they are trying to decide whether to
be honest or not. However, these techniques can detect lies up 78 to 85% of the time, which shows
that we making good

Plethysmograph Essay
The History of Polygraph
Since the beginning of time, people have been looking for ways to distinguish the truth from the lies
in people who were suspected of committing crimes. Many techniques were tried over the centuries,
many of these techniques stemmed from ridiculous and cruel. Many of these techniques were based
on the assumption that a physiological reaction would have occurred when a person was confronted
with details specific events. When questioned, the person's physiological reaction to these events
would show symptoms that they were either being honest or deceitful.
Angelo Mosso
In 1878, the Italian physiologist, Angelo Mosso used an instrument called a plethysmograph. In this
research, he focused on the emotions and fears ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Larson was a police officer who developed the original lie detector. Larson named his instrument the
polygraph. Polygraph is a Greek word that means many writings and Larson used this since his
instrument was able to read several physiological responses at the same time as well as document
these responses. By using his polygraph instrument, Larson was the first person to continuously and
simultaneously measure the changes in a person's pulse rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate
while being interrogated. He was successful in his criminal investigations.
Leonarde Keeler
In 1925, Leonarde Keeler create a polygraph instrument that used inked pens which recorded the
changes in a person's blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory patterns. In 1938, Keeler refined his
instrument by adding a third component for the detection of deception, this was called the psycho
galvanometer. This component measured changes in a person's skin electrical resistance while being
questioned. This paved way to the polygraph as we know it today. In 1948, Leonarde Keeler
founded the first polygraph school, the Keeler Polygraph Institute based in Chicago, Illinois.
John E.

Process Essay: Spy The Lie
Have you ever wanted to know if someone is lying? I have the answers for you! From research I
have done, and by reading excerpts from the book "Spy the Lie" by Philip Houston, Michael Floyd,
and Susan Carnicero, I have learned how to tell if someone is lying by using six easy steps. The first
step is to see if they have any behavioral pause or delay, but you have to know what is an
appropriate time for a delay. If you were to interrogate someone, if they respond immediately with a
big exclamation, you should know they are probably lying. Next, if someone is shaking their head to
mean "yes", but says "no", then you know that they are lying. Also, if the person that is being
interrogated is hiding their mouth or eyes, then you know that person

How Do People Use Lie Detectors?
Lie Detectors have been used since the early 1900s and have made an impact on the way people are
tried in court, to the use of a simple crime, or just being used for fun on people to see how they
work.
The Lie Detector, which was invented by James Makenzie in 1906, has been revolutionized to
computers and now are very useful for many crimes. James Mackenzie invented the Lie Detector at
the University of California in Berkley, where it made lines on a piece of paper kind of like a
seismograph scribbles lines on a piece of paper when it detects an earthquake. (Invention of Lie
Detector). Then a man named John Augustus Larson, who was a police officer made an upgrade to it
in 1921.
Ancient Lie Detection methods have been around for a long ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are three main ways that Lie Detectors use to detect lies. Those ways are, Respiratory Rate,
Sweat Gland activity, and Cardiovascular activity. The computer then monitors all those functions,
and when there is a spike or drop in one of those areas, there is probably lying going on. They are
attached to your belly, there are also four or five Sometimes Lie Detectors are used in court, but
there is a good chance the court will rule it out being used. But they are mostly privately used,
because they can read you reactions wrong. But, there are cases like when the results of a Lie
Detector test were used as evidence for a criminal case in 1923, they were challenged, and the court
ruled in U.S. Frye, that Lie Detector proof needed to meet three specific points to be allowed. Like if
you are very anxious, that can make the Lie Detector read you wrong and the results
different(LieDetectorTests.us). The Respiratory rate has to deal with breathing patterns, and that is
one of the main ways used in lie detection (LieDetectorTests.us). The cardiovascular activity is the
way that the examinee measures heart rate and checks if there is an increase of decrease of it, and if
there is, they are probably

Horus The Sun God Research Paper
1
He Loves You
"I gotta tell you the truth. When it comes to bullshit... big time, major–league, bullshit you have to
stand in awe. Of the all time champion of false promises and the exaggerated claims... religion, no
contest. Religion easily has the greatest bullshit story ever told. Think about it. Religion has actually
convinced people... that there's an invisible man... living in the sky. Who watches everything you do,
every minute or every day. And the invisible man has a special list of ten things he does not want
you to do. And if you do any of these ten things he has a special place full of fire and smoke and
burning and torture and anguish where he will send you to live to suffer and burn and choke and
scream and cry forever and ever til' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Horus is obviously another anthropomorphized figure. Horus' life is a long list of myths that are
strongly connected with the sun's movement in the sky. Horus being known as the solar messiah (Or
light) had an enemy known as Set. Set was represented the symbolism of the dark (Or night). Horus
and Set would battle every day. Horus would defeat Set every morning while Set would overthrow
Horus in the evening sending him into the underworld. Dark vs. light (Good vs. evil) has been one
of the most used mythological duals ever known to man and is still used to this day on many levels.
Horus was born on December 25th of the virgin Isis (Mary). His birth was accompanied by the star
in the east, three kings followed to locate and adorn the newborn savior. He was a teacher at the age
of twelve, at the age of 30 he was baptized by the figure known as Adup, beginning his ministry. He
had 12 disciples he traveled with while performing miracles such as healing the sick and walking on
water. Horus was given many names such as the Truth, the Light, God's Anointed Son, the Good
Shepherd, and the Lamb Of God. After he was betrayed by Typhon he was crucified on the cross for
3 days and then resurrected. Sound familiar? This story spans onto many other infamous gods of
many other different cultures such as Attis (Frigia, Greece) 1200 B.C, Krishna (India) 900 B.C,
Dionysus (Greece) 500 B.C, Mithra (Persia) 1200 B.C. The list of these different god's with same
story goes on, and on, and on, leading us to the most recent solar messiah today, the Truth, the Light,
God's Anointed Son, the Good Shepherd, God's Sun, the Light Of The World, the Savior Of
Humankind... Jesus

Spotting A Liar Rhetorical Analysis
From viewing Pamela Meyers's video about how to spot liars, I have learned several tips that would
help me identify whether a person is lying or not lying. The two main ideas to spotting a liar is by
body language and by speech. These two points are essential in the way a person expresses
themselves, and how they speak for themselves. According to Pamela Meyers, everyone has lied
once before whether they were aware or unaware of it. I agree that every person has lied once in
their life, but I think it depends on the situation that they were put in, which may have been the
cause that made them commit a lie. This video relates to Business Communications since people are
supposed to use a clear sense of expression when communicating with other people through a
professional business situation.
In my opinion, people are easier to be profiled by their usage of vocals depending on their pitch,
grammar, speed, and clarity. Although body language provides visual aid, and a faster depiction of
identifying a person who may or may not be lying, it does not help all the time since body language
can be adjusted or it could be mistaken for a different meaning. In example of this, when I lie, the
only thing that is super obvious and a total ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I confronted her to return the item, since I knew she had taken it. She avoided looking me in the eye,
and she kept stuttering through her words. When I asked her once more, the lady dashed to the door
and left. Another experience of mine happened when I was still young. I was waiting all day to
celebrate my big birthday, but I had gotten so tired of waiting that I fell asleep. When I awoke, it
was past ten at night and I was angry that there was still no cake. I asked my parents, but they were
avoiding eye contact and said that they had forgotten. When I kept trying to ask, they would run the
other way. After all of that, I got a big surprise with a yummy

Aldrich Ames: Separated Spy
–Aldrich Ames was quoted as saying, "There's no special magic in passing lie detector tests, he
shrugged. Confidence is what does it. Confidence and a friendly relationship with the examiner...
rapport, where you smile and you make him think that you like him.'' ("Ames: Separated Spy, Agent
Lives," 1994) This was Aldrich Ames quote when asked about taking polygraphs as a CIA employee
after he was arrested for being a spy for Russia in 1994. The following information will discuss a
case study that was done on the polygraph testing of Aldrich Ames during the investigation to find a
spy within the Central Intelligence Agency. Also, I will discuss my own experience taking two
counterintelligence polygraph exams while I was working as a Department ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I prefer the positive polygraph versus the criminal investigation version. In January 2008, I was
hired as a Senior Electronic Warfare Technician with CACI inc. which is a big defense contractor
based in Virginia. The contract I was supporting fell under Army Intelligence and Security
Command (INSCOM). The position I was hired for was based out of Baghdad, Iraq and required a
Top Secret clearance with SCI access and a counterintelligence (CI) polygraph. There was a two
week onboarding process that took place in Springfield, VA and part of that process involved going
to Fort Meade, MD home of the National Security Agency (NSA) to take a CI polygraph. Unlike
Aldrich Ames, I was very nervous as soon as I found out I would be taking a polygraph. I was
nervous because of the unknown not nervous because I had anything to hide. The actual polygraph
itself I won't go into any specific questions that were asked or any explicit details but a general
overview of the

A Short Story : A Story?
Moving around in the chair as if trying to get comfortable, Raymond asked, "What are you saying?
Why am I here? I've done nothing wrong."
"A woman saw you leave a murdered woman's house."
"If that's what is going on here, you're wrong. I might be homeless and need a shower, but I'm not a
murderer," Raymond said, trying to stand up to leave.
"Just relax, my friend," Detective Wallace said, looking at his watch as he waited for his partner.
After several minutes, Defective Johnson entered the office, handing the file to his partner, he said,
"The prints match." Looking through the file for several before Detective Wallace spoke to
Raymond, "I want you to settle down and answer some questions."
"Yes, Sir," he answered, sitting back on the chair. "Two weeks ago, a woman saw you running from
a house about 7 o'clock in the morning, she has described you, even your ski cap," Detective
Wallace said and asked. "Do you remember it?"
"Well, kind of," Raymond said, shrugging his shoulders.
"Tell me about it, remember we have an eyewitness. Is it necessary for her to identify you?" The
detective asked. "That won't be necessary, I remember it," he said, shaking his head. "One night, I
slept down by the river I woke up hungry enough to eat a bear and went looking for some food.
After checking several houses, I found an open door, went inside, looked around until I found the
kitchen. I took some food from the refrigerator and left without touching anything else. You can
believe it or

Fabrication Lies In Propaganda
There are many types of lies. The numerous kinds helps one to describe a specific sort with only a
few words. This paper will examine more closely one of these types, a fabrication. More precisely
fabrication lies and their presence in propaganda, such as in a pamphlet produced by "The Flying
Squadrons of Speakers".
Fabrication lies are most clearly defined as lies that could be true, but the one who states them is not
basing them on any real direct knowledge, they may also be a falsification of the truth in a plausible
way (1). What makes fabrication lies so interesting then, is that if the fabrication is in actuality an
accurate statement then the one who stated the fabrication is not in fact lying despite their intent to
mislead. The definition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Flying Squadron of Speakers (FSS) was an organization of citizens formed after the First World
War to promote "The American way" through oratory propaganda. In this paper a pamphlet
produced by the FSS to attract new members will be analyzed. The most titillating aspect of this
pamphlet is that it is essentially a propaganda piece promoting the need for more propaganda. Its
xenophobic pages concentrate on reminding its readers that the immigrant must learn how to be an
American, and that propaganda is the best way to do so.
The pamphlets most repeated fabrication is that all foreigners that have arrived on the shores of
America are completely ignorant of the way of the American, and thus sow
Anti–Americanisms, in particular Bolshevism and Communism (3, pg. 5). There can be no doubt
that some immigrants did do this, but to imply that all did is simply inaccurate, a twisted but still
plausible to those panicked enough, take on reality. This example could also be classified as an
exaggeration lie, however because no evidence is cited to support the claim on the part of the FSS, it
is clear that this statement was made without any true knowledge of the situation, allowing this
statement to also fall under the category of falsification. In contradiction to this claim only 0.038
percent of the population was a member of the Socialist Party of America in 1919 when this
pamphlet was published (4), (5). One could hardly claim that this was an impending revolution as
the FSS does. This suggests that the claims being made in this pamphlet are uneducated, without any
tangible base in the reality of the

Vincent Cly 's Greatest Creation
It was a rainy, dark, gloomy day. Yet Vincent Cly thought it was the only day to unveil his greatest
creation. For years he had worked to end World War III, and he did. He lent the U.S. all of the
newest technology, as they had an amazingly hard time catching up to the rest of the world. They
were cut off after the War of 3000. They lived on. Vincent Cly, born in England, found the US very
interesting. 'He helped them catch up, but in doing so caused an uproar in the Eastern Hemisphere,
thus causing World War III.
Now that the fourth World War had started, Cly moved back to England to restore balance to the
world. He had invented a new form of energy. Jeremanium Phosphate. After all the phosphate
bombings, he used it to make Jeremanium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Climwilder. An hour had past, and it was a quarter until ten at night. Then all of the sudden a loud
sound was heard from Mr. Cly's room. CRASH! It was the windows, and Ms. Climwilder sprinted
up the stairs. "Oh dear! This is bad, Call the police!" Ms. Climwilder yelled. Mr. Cly was dead.
Killed by something unknown. Half an hour later a detective arrived, he walked straight in, and he
came with a friend. "Hello madame, I'm detective Dorrian, Lach Dorrian." this was the detective.
Then said his partner "Hi ma'am, I'm Matt smith, the detective in training."
"Well hello, I'm Elizabeth Climwilder, Mr. Cly's secretary. I came in to tell him the meeting
tomorrow was postponed, only to find him like this."
"Is there anyone who comes in to check on him besides you?" Asked Detectiven Dorrian.
"Yes there is quite a lot of people, but he's the only one who touch's his Jeremanium, strange right?
There's Chelsy his other secretary, Aldro and Adam his bodyguards, Toby his busi–." Ms.
Climwilder was interrupted.
Crash! All of them rushed down the stairs only to find the Jeremanium transmitter gone. The most
important piece of Vincent Cly ' s legacy was gone, missing, like it vanished. Matt Smith used his
radiation particle finder (RPF) to find ultra violet rays with the letter A.A. Then they checked the
suspected death bringer, the drinking bottle, it had B.B.
"How peculiar. This means there must have been a joint effort" Said the detective.
"How many chef and scientist do you

Obstacles Of Lying
A lie is a statement that can cause so much unnecessary obstacles in a person's life. The simplest lie
will get you in the most trouble. Between the ages of nine through eleven, I told a lie that came with
the biggest consequences and repercussions that I have dealt with for the past 18 years. Sony came
out with a new hand–held play station called a Play Station Portable (PSP) around my 5th grade
year. The game had only been out for a week or two before I was one of the very few to not own
one. Every one of my friends had their own, meanwhile I was still playing the Nintendo Gameboy.
My friends would tell me day after day, "Come on man you slipping," or "You need to make a move
dog." Finally the feeling that they were right began to settle as they would brag about all the new
updates and fun stuff. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But then one day my friends made me feel so left out; I just couldn't take it anymore. I had to go
home and finally pop the question to my mom. When I got home she was bragging about how good
her day was so I did not wait a second longer. I knew right then and there I had to strike while the
iron was hot. When I asked, she said, "I tell you what, if you do not have any D's on your report card
Friday, you can get the play

Lying And Racial Profiling
As a way of being polite, it is unwise to confront someone publicly when you detect a lie in their
statement. However, is very important for people to know when someone is lying to avoid
eventually getting hurt, or for public safety and security. Detecting lies from a terrorist who is being
interrogated has become of essence following the increase in fatal cases due to terrorist attacks such
as that of September 11, 2001. Movies production studios and television stations started making
films about the use of lie catchers to sense when a person being interrogated is lying. However,
some individuals have been witnessed to be having the ability to control their bodies to avoid
detection use lie detecting gadgets. The ability to fake emotions and control them to make people
believe when someone is lying is called behavioural countermeasures (Carolyn & Mark, 2011).
During interrogations, the various changes in facial expressions portrayed by those being observed
help the observers such as government institutions and other individuals to detect lies. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those telling the truth were observed to have a higher score in CBCA than liars. Truth tellers gave
more details regarding location, time, and perpetual details than liars. Liars mentioned very fewer
cognitive operations than those who were telling the truth. Lastly, the results also showed that
combination of both nonverbal and verbal observations gave a more accurate result on who was
telling the truth and who was lying than when done separately. The most nonverbal cues observed
were the evasion of gaze, smiling frequency, a frequency of hand and figure movement, and speech
hesitation. All these showed a reduction in frequency and time taken when a person is

Lie Detection
. For up to 90 years, arousal is another method of lie detection, which attempts to identify lying
through nonverbal cues to deception (e.g. electrodermal activity, heart rate, movement) (DePaulo et
al., 2003; Vrij, 2008). The underlying theory is that the act of lying increases anxiety and
nervousness levels (Zuckerman et al., 1981; Vrij, Fisher, Mann, & Leal, 2006), which may be
reflected in physiological cues to anxiety or behavioural activity related to nervousness (Vrij, 2014).
For example, previous research has found that in comparison with truth–tellers, liars display
increased heart rate and increased skin response (Vrij et al., 2014) and decreased movement (Sporer
& Schwandt, 2007). The polygraph is perhaps the best known investigative ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1992, England and Wales have adopted PEACE (Planning and Preparation, Engage and
Explain, Account, Closure, and Evaluation) as a framework for forensic interviewing, with the
Cognitive Interview (CI) procedure as one of the most well–researched and widely acknowledged
interview style for increasing information recall in witness interviews (Fisher et al., 1987; Fisher &
Geiselman, 1992; Memon et al., 2010). However, a number of problems associated with the
application of the CI procedure have been reported in 'real life' police interviews (e.g. time
consuming, complex) with some of the CI components not applied at all (Dando et al., 2008). To
address these concerns, the Structured Interview Protocol (SIP) was recently developed to
compliment the PEACE model with the objective of enhancing the quality of the evidence while
decreasing retrieval time (Gabbert, Hope, McGregor, Ellis, LaRooy, & Milne, In Press). This 'ideal'
practice model works through the same five stages of PEACE to elicit information from witnesses
via simple and effective evidence–based steps. For example, the administration of SIP involves a
number of steps based on memory theory relating to how we access episodic memories (Fisher &
Geiselman, 1992). These steps include no interruptions, making the interviewee feel that there is
unlimited time for recall and detailed responses, encourage the interviewee to mentally recreate the
psychological and physical environment at the time of the event (descriptions of the environment,
the people, smell). Based on these steps, it is likely that the SIP will reflect greater analytic thinking
and authenticity, will be less cognitively demanding reflected exclusive words, motion verbs will
produce longer responses, more perceptual, spatial and temporal

Misleading Communication : Lying And Deception
In this study we use the words deception and lie interchangeably as the lying & deception are kinds
of misleading communication through any act, commission or omission by any person. It is some
normal phenomena that at workplace employees used to lie with each other and such lies scales
from everyday fibs to whoppers, and from benign to destructive (Goman, 2013). Lewis (2015)
argued that "the notion of something being truthful implies that there also can exist falseness and
lies. Our human experience confirms that lying, falsehood, and the masking of our inner selves exist
as part of the social world in which we live" (p. 99). Since the organizations are "social entities that
involve a struggle for resources, personal conflicts, and a variety of influence tactics executed by
individuals and groups to obtain benefits and goals in different ways" (Molm, 1997, p. 68).
Deceptive attitude beginning from deliberate obscurity of information to destructive lies are part of
total picture of organizational culture and deceptive attitudes are also significant part of human life
and important in relationships, in that it allow us to function and survive in the society. Employees
need to be able and assertive to form partnership and strong relationship with their peers, managers
or colleagues they interact and support in order to communicate and work with them in complex,
multifarious and creative environment. Interpersonal relationships between employees appears to be
fertile ground for

The Polygraph

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The Polygraph