How Did Portugal Discover Africa

How Did Portugal Discover Africa
Portugal had a head start with discovering Africa, they discovered it 53 years before the trade with
Asia even stopped. However, during this time, Africa was mainly used for enslaving the indigenous
groups which lived there. When trade with Asia was stopped, Portugal had to go looking for other
people to trade with, and Africa was a good choice for many reasons, the first being that they had
already discovered it. The second reason was that the resources of Africa were large and not easily
exhaustible. The third and most important reason was because Africa was near Portugal.
In 1453, trade between Europeans and Asians was suddenly stopped by the Ottomans which
separated the two groups. European trade with Asians was very profitable, and to stop trade between
them completely would be a devastating blow to the Europeans, like how in present day, if China
suddenly put an end to their trade with the US, the US would be crippled. This end to trade by the
Ottomans caused more and more Europeans to look for alternate trade routes to Asia, mainly by sea.
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There are many reasons in which Portugal was able to control trade with their new found friends, the
first being due to Portugal's contact with Islam. Islam was known at the time for its superior
mathematical knowledge (India actually created Arabic Numerals) and technologies so Portugal
began to learn from them. This allowed Portugal to have better sailing technologies and maritime
weaponry, letting the Portuguese able to reach Sierra Leone before their European siblings such as
Spain. Also, while the Africans did have some technological capabilities, compared to Portugal's
technological capabilities, they were behind compared to Portuguese
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The Global Problem Of Global Trade Essay
There is no doubt that the importance of global trade is one of the most integral aspects out of which
human beings began their dominance of this planet. If history books tell us anything, it is that the
some of the most important and powerful countries had their beginnings in early global trade. One
of the most well–known countries which took to the high seas in their venture to dominate global
trade is Portugal. Their story has been told and re–told time and time again, always positioning them
as a leader during the Age of Discovery, a time in which finding the fastest overseas trade routes for
items such as spices lead to other discoveries as well. While Portugal will always be able to reflect
on past achievements and their footnote in the infancy of a global network, they still find themselves
situated as a participating member of a less glorious and more ominous trade venture. Portugal's role
in the global illegal trafficking of drugs and human beings is a controversial and hot button issue on
a multitude of socio–political levels. While their inclusion into this dark world is by no means
voluntary, their participation in the illegal trafficking trade is a symptom of what could arguably be
considered one of their leading characteristics which allowed them to dominant the Golden Era;
geographic positionality. A recent document leaked from a global intelligence firm in 2012
succinctly sums up their inherent problem:
"Like a springboard, Portugal is used as a doorway to

The Challenges Of Confucianism In Portugal
As the explorations of Spain and Christopher Columbus emerged in the late fifteenth century,
Portugal also looked towards expansion. Given their conquest of the Moors and their unique
geographic location, Portugal also looked to the sea. Expansion of trade with the east became the
primary driver for the Portuguese. A sea route to the east could meet the desired ends versus an
overland route through Muslim held territories. Sailing along the east coast of Africa, the Portuguese
first rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 A.D. While trade remained the primary driver or
expansion, missionary work was viewed as a secondary function. As such, much of the missionary
work did little for the native peoples and became more of an extension of expansion ... Show more
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An example of this challenge can be found in the life of Francis Xavier. The focus of his approach to
missionary work was to invite children to church and through the children, reach their parents. From
a personal perspective, this approach resonated with me as we used this same type of approach on a
recent short–term missionary trip to Belize by focusing efforts towards the children. As expansion
moved further east into Japan and China, new challenges emerged. These challenges included the
ancestor worship and Confucianism. The missionaries struggled with how to deal with these aspects
of society. For example, how should they distinguish the gospel and accommodate the widely
accepted practice of ancestor worship? The outright declaration of this practice as idolatry would
show a lack of respect for one's ancestors, which could close doors to the gospel. The discovery of
Brazil by the Portuguese in 1500 A.D. happened almost by accident. On a planned trip to the Orient,
a squadron of ships jogged west of the African coast to avoid contrary winds. This detour led to the
discovery of Brazil. In exploring this region, it became clear to the Portuguese that profits in
brazilwood and sugar could be made, especially if slave labor of the native populations could also
be

Spain and Portugal conquered the Americas,
In this paper we will be talking about how Spain and Portugal conquered the Americas, their
relationship between the economy, their education system, and their present day relationship.
Throughout the paper you will start to realize that Spain and Portugal are very similar countries,
maybe due to the fact that they're both European counties. They have the same educational system,
and government system. Spain and Portugal have a long history; they go all the way back to the1492
.Which is when Columbus first started his voyage to explore the West, which ended up in an
argument over the land. Spain and Portugal worked as a team to conquer the Americas. In today's
world Portugal and Spain work together when it comes to drug trafficking and ... Show more
The king of Portugal, John II was not happy with the division. John II, felt that the Portuguese
interest in the South Atlantic where being jeopardized. Therefore he negotiated a treaty with
Ferdinand and Isabella, 930 miles, known as 270 leagues back in the day, farther to the west. This
treaty was known as the Treat of Tordesilla.
However that did not stop Columbus from continuing to discover. Shortly after, 1493, Columbus
returned to the Hispaniola along with 17 ships and 1200 colonists. Three years later, 1496, he
returned to Spain to report his new discoveries and respond to the charges brought upon him by the
colonists. Two years later in 1498 Columbus returned on a third voyage in which he explored the
area off the north coast of South America. He discovered the island of Trinidad and the mouth of the
Orinoco River. When he went to Hispaniola he found the colony in chaos, the colonists' revolt
against him. Due to that king Ferdinand appointed a new governor for the colony, Francisco de
Bobadilla. Bobadilla arrested Columbus and sent him in chains back to Spain.
Portugal's population is 10.7 million. Their unemployment rate is currently at 15.9%. Portugal is
currently in a deep recession. In May 2011, Portugal accepted a €78billion (euro), $103billion
(dollar), united European Union–International Monetary Fund plan. Portugal's

Portugal Research Paper
Vonelle Robertson
Professor Curry
Intro to International Studies
April 18th, 2016
General Overview Portugal is a country in Southwestern Europe located on the Iberian Peninsula.
Portugal is one of Europe's oldest countries along with the rich, vast history of exploration to the
New World. Based on Portugal's location on the Iberian Peninsula this makes it the westernmost
country in continental Europe. Throughout their history the Portuguese people were known for their
great explorations to the new world to find more land for their empire. Portugal is a fascinating
country it in terms of its rich history from exploration, agriculture and culture. The first known
inhabitants of Portugal were hunters and fisherman. Being that Portugal is one ... Show more
It is bordered by Spain to the North and East sides and the Atlantic Ocean on the West and South
sides. Based on Portugal's location on the Iberian Peninsula this makes it the westernmost country in
continental Europe. When looking at Portugal's geography one can see that each region of the
country is not the same. The varied physical environments creates several geographical regions in
Portugal that changed the culture of the people in that region. The Northern Portugal region is
characterized by many small farms and vineyards known to be a more mountainous, rainy region
compared to the others. Another characteristic of this region is the isolated rocky hillsides where it
looks like it has been untouched for hundreds of years. It is known by the Portuguese people as the
region with origin of national values of hard work, thrift, traditionalism, and practicality

Portugal
Portugal is located in Europe, it covers 91,470 square kilometers and 620 square kilometers of
water. Portugal became or emerged as a country in 1143. The population of Portugal is 10,610,486.
Portugal's history can be traced back to 1000 BCE to the Phoenicians, the seafaring people who
settled in the southern coast. Portugal has been colonized by Celtic tribes, Romans Vandals,
Visigoths and Arabs. Portugal led the world in exploration primarily to find a sea route to India
which held a monopoly in the profitable spice trade. Portugal went on to establish many colonies
and create its own copyright. Brazil was discovered in 1500 and became Portugal's richest colony.
Portugal also happens to be where famous Soccer player, Cristiano Ronaldo, is from; he is said to
have been the highest paid soccer player of all time from Portugal. Portugal is separated by the
Tagus River, which goes through the rugged north from the rolling plains in the south. The
landscape is an extension of the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula forested and intersected by deep
valleys. 3 Seismic waves raced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the constitution of 1976, Portugal's chief of state is the President of the Republic, who
was specifically elected for a five– year term. The President represents the nation, serves as
commander in chief of the Armed Forces, appoints the Prime Minster and convenes or dissolves
parliament as necessary. The government is lead by the Prime Minister, who appoints the Council of
Minister. Today, the President of the Republic is Anlbal Cavaco Silva and the Prime Minster is Dr.
Pedro Passos Coelho. A large part of Portuguese population is concentrated along the coast. The
population begins to thin out from west to east and from north to south, while the interior areas
register low rates of occupation. Traditionally a country of emigration about 5 million people of
Portuguese origin live outside

Exploration Of Portugal
Exploration of Portugal
Introduction
Portugal is one of the least tourist attracted locations in Europe, many people do vacation there but it
isn't as popular as most of the countries in Europe. This is so surprising due to the incredible charm
they have surrounding their country. In Portugal there are many rules and regulations to follow in
your everyday life. Your style and the way you present yourself in public is a big thing in Portugal,
you will usually see men wearing suit jackets, dress shirts and sometimes t–shirts. Women wear
dresses, blouses, skirts and sometimes wear t–shirts to, according to what the weather is like. Rain
coats are very highly recommended in Portugal, considering it has one of the highest rainfalls in all
of Europe. Considering it is located in Southwestern Europe and is the most western country
mainland of Europe I can see why. Portugal is mainly considered a warm climate, Mediterranean
climate with a distinct wet season in winter. During winter, Portugal undergoes a similar temperature
pattern to the Spanish coastal towns, otherwise know as the having an average temperature each day
of about 16°C (61°F). However, the Portuguese resorts are much ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When you greet someone in Portugal you make direct eye contact, shake their hand and greet them
appropriately considering the time of day. In our culture, usually we greet our closer friends with
either a hug or a certain nickname, but in Portugal their greetings are more formal than that. Usually
women with their closer friends will kiss their cheek twice starting with the right then the left, and
guys will hug their closer friends and sometimes give them a handshake. American dinners are
usually informal and with paper plates and plastic silverware, but in Portugal there are very many
different table manners you must follow to be considered proper and

Little Portugal Fills Big Shoes Essay
Lying west of Spain and East of the North Atlantic Ocean is a small country no bigger than the state
of Indiana (World Factbook). Portugal, this mistakenly insignificant land, quickly made an
impression on European exploration beginning in the early thirteenth century. It was not long before
neighboring areas looked to this successful country for tactics concerning discovery. But exactly
how did this small piece of land with few inhabitants manage to stand above its competition for
quite some time? Portuguese motives, leaders, tactics, and innovations must be further examined in
order to fully comprehend just how the Portuguese dominated early trade and exploration. Due to
these three aspects, Portugal became the country that all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning with Prince Henry, the Portuguese were led by men with high hopes. With a school
established at Cape St. Vincent, Prince Henry educated many on aspects concerning his goal,
successful exploration (Sterling 2). Known as the Navigator, Prince Henry, disregarded the previous
Ptolemaic beliefs and strived to reach lands that nobody else thought existed (Hale 102). He was the
first to send men on voyages down the West African Coast, and gold and slaves were the outcome of
his courageous move. The posts that were established as a result of exploration led to the hope for
further progress, and Prince Henry's successful start was only just a glimpse of all that was achieved
by those that followed. After the death of Prince Henry, King John II continued the search for new
lands; the East African Coast and Indian Ocean were reached when Portuguese mariner,
Bartholomeu Diaz, rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Soon after, Prince Henry's dream to discover a
water route to India quickly became a reality when Vasco Da Gama completed a successful round
trip. In the Indian port, he was able to interact with the people and set up permanent posts that would
become extremely useful. Control remained throughout the Indian Ocean due to the commander of
Portuguese forces, Afonso D'Alboquerque. He hoped to obtain naval superiority by utilizing strict
policy on the waters by forcing all

Portugal Dbq Essay
To begin with, Portuguese had more motivations and perceptions compared to Ming Chinese and
since, Portugal was able to dominate the Indian Ocean while China can not. There were 3 reasons
why Portugal had more success time than China and I believe that those 3 reasons are military force,
idea and culture(the way they think). For example, Portugal was compared with fearful animals,
other countries admired them and China stopped the trade with foreign countries because they were
scared of attacks and invasions from Portugal.
First, according to document 3,8 and 10 several countries in Asia were scared of Portuguese military
force because in document 10 the chronicles of the Kings of Sri Lanka(Ceylon) in 1498 showed his
fear toward Portugal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In document 1, there is Hongwu Emperor's favorite passage from "The Way and the Power" and it's
stopping China from letting people trade and go to other countries because the king was afraid of his
people realizing that there are lots of better places in other countries and other countries have better
products than China. If people finds out that other countries better place to live than people will start
complaining and scatter to other countries. This will eventually make China lose power and other
countries will start to invade and attack China. Next, document 9 a Chinese emperor wrote rules for
his people in 1524 and it was about trading without permission with Barbarian will be punished.
First rule said that people who meet them and trades with barbarian before the examination of the
ship will be punished. Second rule was about people who trade and borrow from them will be
punished. Third rule was about anyone who privately purchased goods from barbarian will be
punished and forth rule was for people who built vessels to sell to barbarian will be punished and
people who are obdurate and irreclaimable, their whole family will be exiled from the country. Since
those rules existed, China just built a huge wall to development and they threw away the time to
develop and dominate the Indian Ocean. Moreover, document 5 tells us what kind

The Portuguese Empire lasted over six centuries, beginning in 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta, a
Moroccan port on the straits of Gibraltar, and one of Europe's first attempt at colonization in Africa.
This move was orchestrated by Prince Henry, who was known as 'the Navigator'. It was because of
Prince Henry that Portugal became an imperialist country, he studied navigation, and made
improvements on inventions like the astrolabe and compass, his goal was to make Portugal the most
powerful sea power in the world. Prince Henry sponsored many naval explorers such as Bartolomeu
Dias (who rounded the tip of Cape Hope in 1488) and Vasco de Gama. Three years after Ceuta, a
group of uninhabited islands were found off the coast of Portugal, they were named the Madeiras,
and almost immediately people began to settle there, they as well as the Azores islands (another set
of uninhabited islands found in 1445) remain an autonomous part of Portugal today.
In the mid 1400's Portuguese ship began exploring the West coast of Africa, they established forts,
ports and residency in Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea (which is now modern day
Senegal), Angola, Sao Tome and Principe, although diseases of the continent made ... Show more
In many places this religious influence can still be seen, however, in most of their colonies the
imperialistic occupancy of Portugal did more harm than good, they depleted natural resources,
reshaped traditional boundaries and seriously drained the population through slavery. Portugal
explored, colonized and exploited the world around them for many reasons, their colonies brought
wealth, created ports for Portuguese goods, and gave access to spices (like pepper and ginger), gold,
timber, ivory, skins, agricultural products, slaves and other

The Pros And Cons Of The Treaty Between Spain And Portugal
The Treaty between Spain and Portugal was signed on September 4th in 1479 between the Catholic
Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and Afonso V and his son, Prince John of Portugal, on
the other side. It put an end to the War of the Castilian Succession, which ended with a victory of the
Catholic Monarchs on land and a Portuguese victory on the sea. The peace treaty was signed at
Alcáçovas. The audience for the Treaty between Spain and Portugal was the people of higher power.
In Spain the higher power that the treaty applied to was king and queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon,
Sicily, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordova, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, the
Algarves, Algeciras, and Gibraltar; count and countess of Barcelona; lord and lady of Biscay and
Molina; duke and duchess of Athens and Neopatras; count and countess of Roussillon and
Cerdagne; marquis and marchioness of Oristano and Gociano. The higher power in Portugal was the
King and Queen of Portugal and the Algarves. The Treaty between Spain and Portugal was also for
anyone in the council of both parties and the Catholic Monarchs. The overall argument for the treaty
between Spain and Portugal was Joanna la Beltraneja, Queen of Portugal, and Alfonso V, King of
Portugal, gave away their rights to the Castilian throne in favor to the Catholic Monarchs, who gave
Joanna and Alfonso the throne of Portugal. Another agreement in the treaty was the sharing of the
Atlantic territories between the two countries. The treaty also was made to manifest who gets what
land. Portugal recognized Castile's rights over the Canary Islands but Portugal was able to win the
navigating, conquering and trading in all the Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands. To this day,
The Treaty between Spain and Portugal can be seen as a landmark in the history of colonialism. It is
one of the first international documents that shows how the European's purpose was to separate the
world and colonize the territories located within their areas, and that any indigenous peoples living
there are not asked for their consent. This could be seen as a general accepted principle in the
ideology and practice of European powers up to the 20th century decolonization. The treaty

Advantages And Opportunities Of Portugal
Introduction
Portugal is a relatively balanced country and while holding some positive and negative points, I
believe that Portugal is an attractive location to invest. I feel that the topics discussed are what
highlights the advantages and opportunities to utilize in the country. I will go in depth about the
topics I feel that stand out within the country as a whole and what makes investment in the country
more appealing in the current economy and future.
Geography
Portugal shares the Iberian Peninsula with Spain with a total area of 92,090 square kilometers.
Portugal is a diverse country geographically and the environment varies greatly. The north is high
and mountainous which is divided by the largest river in Portugal called The ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This gives Portugal a unique advantage from an international perspective and proves that it can be a
gateway for international business.
Cultural
Culture plays a large role within society and the business environment of Portugal when compared
to a country like the U.S. This is of important concern when considering doing business in Portugal
and the ability to conform to society. The Portuguese are conservative, traditional, and are people
who hold formality when dealing with one another, which is shown through the form of politeness.
Their culture respects hierarchy for example business and society are vertically structured.
Investing time in building relationships and trust with business colleagues is a very important part of
their business culture along with communication. They also have a more relaxed attitude towards
time and do not see deadlines as crucial as people from many other cultures do which could possible
contradicting for incoming businesses, clientele and etc. (Kwint). The differences in cultures are
always relevant when doing business in foreign countries. Considering Portugal is part of the EU
they have much more similarities with the surrounding countries which is definitely a benefit from a
cultural perspective even

Portugal has many ways of living and is a very fun country to learn about. It has many different
festivals and religions. If you visit Portugal there are many different places to visit. If you love to go
to festivals then you will love Portugal. Portugal is a place where you can go to hang out and relax
and also a place you can go to have fun. You can also visit the beach when you are in Portugal.
Portugal is located in the far southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 39.3999° N, 8.2245° W.
The algarve region in the far southwestern part of Portugal is covered in wide rolling plains. The
Atlantic surrounds the west and south part of Portugal and the east part of Portugal is bordered with
spain. Mountains and hills cover the northern third part of Portugal. These mountains include of
extension of the Cantabrian mountains. The southern part of Portugal is covered in rolling plains.
Both portugal and spain share the Iberian Peninsula. Some of the natural resources in Portugal are
fish, iron ore, silver, gold, and hydropower. Portugal is a little smaller than indiana, but not my
much. There is a river that splits the northern and southern part of Portugal. That river is called the
Tagus river and it flows westward. Some of the biggest cities in portugal are Lisbon, Porto,
Amadora, and Braga. The highest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Portugal joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Portugal earns foreign income from
trading agricultural products and reselling imports. They modernized their industries so they could
work faster and make more money. 39.7% of the land is used for agriculture. 11.9% is arable land.
7.8% is permanent crops and 20% is permanent pasture. In portugal there are 2.4% of agriculture.
Portugal is one of the leading exporters of tomato paste and wine. 21.9% of portugal is industry.
Some of the leading things that the industries make are wood and cork. And the last percentage is
Services which is

Vasco Da Gama Research Paper
Vasco Da Gama Dear Museum Explorers Board, I'm am going to explain to you today, why I think
Vasco Da Gama is a villain and why I think he should be in your exhibit. As you may already know,
he found a direct sea route from Europe to Asia and was the first European to sail to India by going
around Africa. His discovery of the route to India around Africa allowed the Portuguese to create a
colonial empire in Asia. It also meant that sailors would not have to cross the Mediterranean or
Arabia, which was considered to be very dangerous at that time. His discovery also made it possible
for the Portuguese empire to improve its trade, which helped the economy. When he landed in
Calicut India on May 20, 1498, the Europeans thought the locals were

Britain Vs New England Colonies
New Portugal differed from New England in both society and economy. In the 13th century the
Portuguese government wanted to be the first one to complete the Volta around the world while the
New England Colonies were very different from others and the dissimilar in their economics basics
and social structures were unalike from each other's. Both Portugal and England wanted
advancements in a way of mercantilism and both empires did there's differently.
Kinga Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to do something different for economy of their society
so they fancied the voyage for Columbus, they wanted to undercut the Italians dominance of the
world trade. They wanted to take everything for themselves so they can better their economy.
Portuguese were the first to find a way to trade ways around the Vinicio control. They did not find
much that was useful in Africa, if Columbus mapped out to the Atlantic in the other direction he
would have ended up in the spice islands which would have helped there society out. When
Columbus tried and sail back it was hard go back home. Early in the 1520's society, sugar became
the mainstay of the Brazilian export economy, because of their experiences with plantations in
Portugal and on the Atlantic islands, the Portuguese knew how to produce sugar. Slave trade
between Africa and Brazil abolished Indian slavery in the societies, then after that sugar production
increased rapidly and the first mill opened and produced tons of sugar for export.
In

The Change Of Control During Brazil
The change of control began to occur rapidly in the 19th century from the shift of power of the
crown to Brazilian colonies. Influences of the Enlightenment fueled the restlessness of the Brazilian
Portuguese who were looked down upon. This was not new to other nations surrounding Brazil. In
Spanish America the creoles (American born Spaniards) faced similar discrimination with distrust
from their homeland leading to tensions within the nation. Through these tensions and other factors
such as inequality and politics led to revolts and insurrections to accrue leading to the independent
of many Spanish American nations. While Brazil had successfully become independent their
pathway they 're was different from those nations. Brazil heavily relied on the slave trade and
became another empire as opposed to a republic. Through changes of economy such as trade, social
structures conflict between the different classes and political aspects of Brazil were unique as
opposed to Spanish America. In this essay I will analyze the processes of Independence in Brazil
through economic, social class structures and political changes which differentiated the way Brazil
formed leading to new empire.
In Brazil the economic structure was very different as opposed to other nations in Latin America.
The establishment of Brazilian colonies gave Portugal immense control over the trade of sugar. They
were the predominate suppliers, but also the Portuguese relayed heavily on the slave trade, which

Research Paper On Vasco Da Gama
Vasco Da Gama, the Valiant Navigator Have you ever wondered who God appointed to sail four
times farther than Christopher Columbus on his first official expedition and became one the the most
superb navigators of all time? Around 1497, Vasco da Gama, who was raised near the Atlantic
Ocean, was chosen by the King of Portugal to lead an over 24,000 mile expedition, which would
establish a direct open water and spice trade route from Portugal to India. Making Portugal a
dominate power in politics, trade and colonization, Vasco da Gama finished what Bartolomeu Dias
started, and valiantly accomplished what Christopher Columbus could not. Beginning his life in
southern Portugal, near Lisbon, Vasco da Gama was captivated by ... Show more content on
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Many European countries sent explorers to discover a new sea route to the East Indies, which were
abundant with spices and valuable trading items. Vasco da Gama had made many brave
accomplishments. On November 22, 1497 he rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Da Gama's first
route took him closer to South America, but he had to go out that far to avoid the trouble of the
coast. Unexpectedly, the first Portuguese sailors experienced stormy weather, strong winds, and
massive currents closer to Africa. Da Gama shortened time of the trip by increasing the miles in
order to avoid potential hazardous disasters of the coast. By going so far out from the coast, Vasco's
crew sailed the longest voyage, which covered four thousand miles before the winds blew them back
to Africa just north of the Cape of Good Hope. After setting sail once again, Vasco went so far west,
that he was only six hundred miles away from South America. On November 4th, after ninety–six
days in open seas, da Gama reached the Cape of Good Hope in half the time as Dias. Da Gama's
stop in Africa, on the second half of his voyage, showed him the real life of the African people.
Many were friendly. The differences between them were met with delight, trading, music, and
dancing. Although, in the end, the Africans refused to help and destroyed the stone markers (called
Padroes) and desecrated sacred crosses, which da Gama left to mark his route and claim territory for
Portuguese trading posts. A few days later da Gama stopped in Mossel Bay to leave the supply ship
behind, because it wasn't needed any more. After Mossel Bay, da Gama took a stop in Mozambique
to recover and trade with the natives as well as build another Padroes. While da Gama was in
Mozambique, he saw the most amazing riches from India. One sailor wrote in his diary that Arab
ships were "laden with gold, silver, cloves, pepper, ginger, pearls, jewels, and rubies... all of which
were used

The Decisive Outcome Of The Napoleonic Wars
Thesis Statement:
This paper shall attempt to show the reasons for the need of this campaign and why this campaign
was important to the decisive outcome of the Napoleonic Wars [1787–1815].
Historical Background:
In 1803, the War of the Third Coalition began against France. In this coalition, the powers of the
United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Sweden went to war against France to reestablish order on the
old continent of Europe. In the War of the Third Coalition two major battles of the Napoleonic wars
were seen: Austerlitz and Trafalgar–both were decisive in their tides of the war efforts. In the end,
Austria would be forced into a surrender, and the Confederation of the Rhine would occur. This
would leave the United Kingdom as one of the few states at war with France for the safety of
Europe. By 1808, Napoleon was marching on many of the old states (again): Austria, Prussia, and
Spain. With the French invasion of Spain and Portugal, the British were forced to send troops to the
Iberian Peninsula. Following a series of defeats and almost the complete loss of Lisbon, the United
Kingdom placed Arthur Wellesley (who would later become known as the Duke of Wellington) in
command of the Iberian Forces for the defense of Portugal, thereby, beginning the great campaign in
Spain, known only as, the Peninsula Campaign. The reason for the historical significance of the
Peninsula Campaign of 1808 to 1814 is thusly this: with growing number of British troops in the
underbelly of

Portugal And Brazil Essay
Both Brazil and Portugal share an intense bond with Africa. Portugal held African colonies since the
era of overseas exploration. The first violent occupation from the Portuguese took place in Ceuta in
1415, in the north of the African continent, however, the real discovery of the continent took place
little over the 15th century, expanding also to the Latin America (Brazil) and Asia (China and India).
In the 17th century, the British, French and Deutsch expelled the Portuguese from the best coastal
areas in order to pursue the slave trade. Portugal and Spain kept some of the old colonies like
Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea–Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé e Príncipe. Portugal sent
Portuguese families to stablish colonies in African soil, with ... Show more content on
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With the end of the war and the independence of these countries in 1975, the white Portuguese
colonizers, who had built their life in African territory, had to return. This exodus was called The
Returned – although, this word was received with discontent, being a taboo to this day. Some of the
people returning from the African colonies, had not been in Portugal for many years or were second,
third generation, so the term Returned is not as well accepted for those who had never stepped foot
in Portuguese soil. However, what many people may not know, is that the first "wave" of the
Returned were in fact black Portuguese, who were looking for a new way of life, many of them who
had never seen Portugal

Why Did Portugal Gain The Independence Of Brazil
In September of 1822, Brazil broke away from Portugal and became its own nation. Although this
was difficult for Brazil gain independence which led to revolts and deaths of thousands. Brazil has
proven that it is a strong and independent nation, which we must not overlook. Firstly, in the eyes of
Portugal Brazil had little to no importance. Portugal was mostly focused on the slave trade from
Africa to India. In the middle of the 16th century, France threatened to overtake Brazil from
Portugal, which made Portugal start to focus on populating and defending Brazil. Brazil had little
exporting so in order for Portugal to gain any profit from Brazil, Portugal became very strict on
Brazil and would not allow them to print press under their rule. In addition, Brazil was forbidden to
trade with any other country besides the motherland. This insured that all profit ... Show more
Dom Pedro I was the emperor of Brazil at this is time. Sadly, he was ordered to return to Portugal
and any courts he made while in power were taken away from the people of Brazil. This had
enraged Brazilians and caused them to revolt against Cortes; Brazilians formed two groups to take
action the Bonificans whom were led by led by Bonifácio de Andrade, and the Liberals who were
led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and supported by Freemasons. However, these two groups had very
different ideas on how Brazil should function as a nation but they both agreed they wanted to stay
united with Portugal as a monarchy. During this time Dom Pedro started to trust Brazil more than
his homeland, he soon left Portugal and declared his alliance to Brazil "allegedly proclaiming
"Independence or Death!"" (Colin M. Snider). Hearing about the declaration, Portugal made no
resistance. Making Brazil the only Latin American country to have peacefully gained independence,
and to have kept the monarchy status meanwhile other Latin American countries

How Did The Decline Of Portugal
From 1580 to 1640, the throne of Portugal was held by the Habsburg kings of Spain. This period
marked a phase of decline for the Portuguese Empire. Spain's enemies, such as the Netherlands and
England, coveted their overseas wealth, and in many cases found it easier to attack poorly–defended
Portuguese outposts than Spanish ones; Spain also pursued a policy of neglect of the Portuguese
colonies it now controlled. Although Dutch colonies in Brazil were wiped out, over the 17th century
the Dutch were able to occupy Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies, and to take over
the trade with Japan at Nagasaki. Portugal's Pacific territories were reduced to the bases at Macao
and East Timor.
In 1661 the Portuguese gave Bombay to England

Summary Of Afonso I's Letter To John III Of Portugal '
One course reading that reflects the ideas and themes of the documentary is Afonso I's Letter to John
III of Portugal. In his letter, Afonso expressed his anger toward the Portuguese merchants who
overstepped their boundaries and sold his people as slaves, regardless of whether they could actually
be sold as slaves. He was also frustrated that the merchants only sought profit and sold products that
were prohibited, and, as a result, the people of Kongo bought wares from the merchants rather than
from other citizens, which hurt the economy of the country. Additionally, he emphasized his desire
to maintain a friendly trading relationship because of the importance of European goods and guns in
securing his position as king. This letter describes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his letter, Columbus praised the land and the natives in the New World, knowing that his letter
would have likely been seen by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He also knew that if they
approved of the colonization of the land, he would receive more funding and would get to keep ten
percent of the revenue achieved from the land. Columbus also highlighted the natives' lack of
weapons, stating, "They have no iron, nor steel, nor weapons, nor are they fit for them..." In
addition, he claimed that they were very timid and seemed to think he was a god, meaning they were
very compliant and easy to enslave. Similarly, Guns, Germs, and Steel notes that the Spanish
conquered the Inca empire in their quest for gold and glory. It also mentions the importance of guns
and steel swords in their conquest. Furthermore, as previously mentioned, it acknowledges the
enslavement of natives in both Africa and South America. Both the letter and the documentary look
at Europeans' desire for wealth through colonization and conquest. Additionally, both emphasize
Europeans' use of guns and steel for advanced weapons, while those in the New World were at a
disadvantage with their simpler weapons or lack thereof. Finally, as with Afonso I's letter, both
examine the ease of enslaving natives and its benefits for

The Spanish Empire, And The Empire Of The Portuguese Empire
Portugal: In existence for nearly six centuries, the Portuguese Empire was one of the largest and
longest–lived empires in the world and the first colonial empire of the Renaissance. Portugal's
colonization style followed two basic patterns: in Asia, the Portuguese conquered cities, then
monopolize trade; whereas in Africa and the Americas, they occupied expansive territories where
European political organization was imposed on existing indigenous societies. The royal crown
withheld strict control of justice, fortified by the authority of royal agents; in this system natives
were rarely if ever given any mechanism for self–governance in their own lands. Hence, the crown
created colonial institutions endowed with vague jurisdictions intended to act as a check–and–
balance system for each other. Although this strategy worked to solidify Portuguese presence and
establish dominance across the globe, the recurring approvals and consultations required by the
monarchical administrative procedure hindered Portuguese efficiency and rule for its far–reaching
empire, especially for immediate concerns like military threats. Instead of a strong empire with
precise and defined areas of responsibility, the superpower worked through a precarious
arrangement of vertical and horizontal surveillance among officials as a means of defending their
supreme authority. This framework eventually led to a rather weak centralized empire in which the
intermediate levels of authority oversaw day–to–day

Independence Of Brazil Essay
In 1822 Brazil became the fourteenth latin american country to become independent from its mother
country(Spain or Portugal). Brazils independence was different to that of any other country of Latin
America. This was mainly because it was nonviolent and the physical and economic destruction of
Brazil was minimal. There was large stationary Portuguese army involved inside of Brazil and lastly
the key figure of the independence of Brazil was the prince of Portugal, Pedro. In 1807, when
Napoleon invaded Iberia, the Portuguese crown fled to the capital of brazil, which at the time was
Rio de Janeiro. the king Joao, returned 10 years later to Portugal once the threat of napoleon was
gone and Pedro, his son and the prince of Portugal, stayed

Mbemba's Psychological Tactics Essay
Portuguese missionaries and trading partners were among the first to meet Africans along the coast
of the Atlantic. It was one of these kings, the king of the West African state of Congo, Nzinga
Mbemba's father, that provided a coastal settlement for the Portuguese. Adopting Christianity for the
nation, including the baptizing of both himself and his son, there seemed to be an alliance between
the two nations, as seen in the introduction of Nzinga Mbemba's, "Appeal to the King of Portugal,
1526". However, after Nzinga Mbemba took the throne, trouble began to arise in Congo due to the
Portuguese pushing boundaries that threatened to devastate the nation. This is when the king of
Congo wrote a letter to the king of Portugal, which used a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The pushing of boundaries ends in in the action of thieving the natives of the land, regardless of who
they are. The Portuguese took anyone that they wished to, including both freemen and non–freemen,
regardless of if they were "sons of the land" or "the sons of noblemen and vassals..." (Mbemba 635).
The king of Congo, in an effort to quell this sequence of actions regarding the theft of ones in his
nation, sets place a law that limits who may be taken and who may not (Mbemba 636). However,
this does little good for the nation. In fact, it's brought to light that the Portuguese merchants
complain to be offended by such a measure (Mbemba 636). It begins to become obvious that the
king of Congo is losing control of the Portuguese merchants in his own country, and also his power
of the nation as a whole. By presenting the cause of distress, as well as what has been done to avoid
an unsavory situation, the king of Congo presents himself as virtually blameless in the fall of the
loss of his own power and for the disintegration of his own country, while positioning the king of
Portugal in such a way as to lay blame. The letter was written up in such a way as the king of
Portugal would feel guilty about what is happening in Congo and would take responsibility for what
was happening in the country. The king of Congo makes it clear that the people from

Treaty Of Tordesillas Essay
The Treaty of Tordesillas in the year 1494 has defined property boundaries between Spain and
Portugal along the meridian (so–called "Pontifical Meridian"), at a distance of 370 leagues to the
west of Cape Verde Islands. The territories to the east of it departed to Portugal and land to the west
to Spain. This conventional line crossed the east Latin America and became the first boundary of not
discovered yet Brazil.
Brazil was discovered April 22, 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral on his way around Africa and named
this island as Santa Cruz (Terra da Vera Cruz). Conscious of the value of his discovery, Cabral had
sent to Lisbon one of the captains, Gaspar Lemos, with a message to the king, which has composed
by his secretary Peru Vash de Kamin'ya. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1530, from Portugal started to arrive the first settlers, who brought with themselves livestock,
seedlings and seeds with the purpose to establish a colony there. In the north–east of the country
were established fortified settlement, the first of which was the San Vicente, which is located in the
coastal part of the modern State of São Paulo, established in 1532, and the capital of the of the
colony Salvador in Bahia State, founded in 1549. On the territory of Brazil's were created 14
hereditary feudal estates, and some of them is bigger than Portugal itself. The owners, the so–called
donatarios, that is, those who "accept the gift," were responsible for their security and development.
The system of these feudal estates significantly affected the borders and policies of modern Brazil.
An important contribution into development and progress of the colonies have brought the Jesuits,
who were engaged the defense and conversion of Indians to Christianity, as well as significant work
on lifting the moral level of the colonists. The Indians, who was converted to Christianity, settled in
the organized settlements "aldei» (aldeias) by the Jesuits, which were similar in structure to the
mission in Spanish America, or the Jesuit

How Did The Treaty Of Todesilla Change The World
Does the Treaty of Tordesillas change the world? The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the "New World"
into land, resources, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal. Pope Alexander VI issued and
official order which divided the "New World" lands between Spain and Portugal. A north–south line
of separation would be placed west of the Cape Verde Islands. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed
on June 7, 1494 and authenticated at Setubal, Portugal.
In the town of Tordesillas in 1494, representatives of Portugal and Spain came to a negotiated
agreement to their dispute. The separating line was moved 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde
Islands. Even though Portugal gained a larger part of South America, Spain got control of most of
the "New World".
In 1506, the agreement was officially recognized by Pope Alexander. Spain and Portugal, with a few
concessions, both countries remained loyal to the treaty. Portugal expanded into Brazil crossing the
line separating the two countries, but Spain did not oppose. The natives of these regions were not
consulted about the assignment of their homelands to others and competing powers in Europe totally
ignored the line. This treaty ignored future claims of the French and British, the other superpowers
of Europe at the time. The British, Russian, and French empires did not take any parts of the
Americas for several years following the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Treaty of Tordesillas ignored the
millions of people that inhabited and established communities in the Americas. The treaty agreed
that "lands with a "Christian king" would not be colonized". "Christianity had not spread to the
Americas, and the resulting colonization proved disastrous for indigenous cultures such as the Inca,
Taino, Aztec, Tupi, and thousands of other bands throughout the Americas".
The Treaty of Tordesillas' was to solve the disagreement that had been created after Christopher
Columbus and his crew sailed for the Crown of Castile. When Christopher was heading back to
Spain, his first stop was Lisbon, in Portugal. He asked for a meeting with King John II to discuss the
discovered lands. After the Portuguese were informed about Columbus' voyage, the King threatened
the Catholic Monarchs with the Treaty of

European Colonialism Effect On The Economy Of Brazil
Economy of Brazil
Defining Economy
I am researching the economy of Brazil. The definition of economy: The Management of the
income, expenditures, etc of a household, business, community, or government. Careful
management of wealth, resources, etc; avoidance of waste by careful planning use; thrift or thrifty
use. (1) The system or range of economic activity in a country, region, or community. (2)
Characteristics of Brazil
The country of Brazil official name is Federative Republic of Brazil, the term for citizens is
Brazilian, and its capital is Brasilia. Brazil gained its independence for Portugal September 7, 1822.
Brazil shares boundaries with all South American countries except Chile and Ecuador, and is
8,511,996 square ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These were not tribes but language families that comprised many language groups. Numerous tribes
also spoke languages unrelated to any of the above. These tribes are believed to have lived off the
land as hunters and gathers. (4)
European Colonialism Effect on the Economy
European colonialism changed the economy in Brazil drastically. The country went basically from
hunters and gatherers to a major source of goods for exports do largely to the Portuguese. Portugal
explored Brazil because of the European commercial expansion of the fifteen and sixteenth
centuries. Portugal began in the fifteenth century to search for other routes to the sources of goods
valued in European markets. At first the Portuguese did not find mineral riches in their American
colony, but did not lose hope. The Portuguese had to defend the Brazil from European intruders,
they did this by establishing a pioneer colonial enterprise. They began to produce sugar, and then in
1531 cattle began to arrive in Brazil, and developed quickly as an industry. The cattle developed to
the needs of the sugar industry for transportation and food for the workers. (5)
By the mid–sixteenth century, Portugal had succeeded in establishing a sugar economy in parts of
the colony's northeastern coast. Sugar production, the first large–scale colonial agricultural
enterprise, was made possible by a series of favorable conditions. Portugal had the agricultural and
manufacturing know–how from its

How Tap Portugal Changed The World
As there are various state owned flag carrier, TAP is one of them. TAP Portugal has been the pride of
many Portuguese people throughout the world. TAP is not only the national carrier, but also the
vehicle of transportation that brings one to the home country. TAP Portugal like various airlines
throughout the world, has suffered immensely for survival in such a competitive market throughout
the years. With 61 years of existence, TAP's history is quite extensive. TAP Portugal was not the first
airline in Portugal. A few airlines had started before World War II, but with the world concentrating
on the ongoing war, civil aviation took a backseat, and many airlines ceased their operations. And
then came along a man with a vision, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With such a distinguished and impressive career, in 1944 he becomes Director of the Civil Aviation
Office.
On 14 March 1945, Humberto Delgado, creates Secção de Transportes Aéreos (Air Transport
Section), what is known today as TAP Portugal. (Tap's History, 2016) That same year, TAP Portugal
acquires two Dakota DC–3, leftovers from the World War II. (Coutinho & Rocha, 2013) He saw the
need of connecting the Portuguese colonies, Angola, Mozambique to Portugal. In 1946, after
acquiring the two aircrafts TAP Portugal could then launch two routes. The first commercial
Lisbon–Madrid service began on 19 September 1946, while on 31 December, the "Imperial Airline"
was launched, flying between Lisbon, Luanda [Angola], and Lourenço Marques [Mozambique], a
return journey of 24,540 kilometers that took a total of 15 days and included 12 stopovers. (Tap's
History, 2016) This was the beginning of TAP Portugal. Throughout the years, TAP began
expanding their routes. In 1950's, the jet engine would ultimately revolutionize the airline industry,
shrinking air travel time in half by enabling planes to climb faster and fly higher. (First Jet makes
test flight, 2010) With the innovation of jet engines that meant TAP could now fly longer routes, and
unite farther old colonies to the homeland. That same year [1955] Admiral Gago Coutinho made a
test flight to Rio de Janeiro. (Tap's History, 2016) However, before jet engines came to TAP, it
would suffer some changes. TAP

Why Is Prince Henry The Navigator
"The meeting of two eternities, the past and future....is precisely the present moment." Infante D.
Henrique of Portugal, better know as Prince Henry the Navigator, was born in Portugal in 1394.
During his time alive, Henry was a big supporter of multiple sea voyages, mapping the west African
coast along the way. Henry not only encouraged sailors in his homeland, but was also able to spread
encouragement to other sea explorers for years to come. Without Henry the Navigator, Europe
would lose one of its key players in the Age of Exploration, stopping Europe's further development
for some time. On March 4, 1394, Prince Henry the Navigator was born to King John I of Portugal
and Philippa of Lancaster in Porto, Portugal. Henry had 11 siblings total, 3 of which were half
siblings, and had 3 that died during early childhood. Two of his brothers, Duarte and Pedro, had an
interest in sea exploration, fueling Henry's interest in the subject. Henry always had a high ambition.
From an early age, all Henry wanted to do was win a kingdom for himself, focusing his interest in
gathering new lands. Henry was educated the same as his brothers. Their parents kept watchful eyes
on Henry and his brothers during these times. Through his education, Henry came out with a strong
like for chivalric romance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henry's childhood, along with two of his brothers, had a large influence on his later actions,
providing him with what he needed to accomplish his goals. With most of Henry's power
opportunities taken away, he still found a way to keep working towards his goals, all the while
providing Portugal with much power at the beginning of the Age of Exploration. Without Henry to
encourage explorers, Europe would still be afraid to venture past certain borders they had already
set, not knowing there was more to the world they thought they

How Did The Portuguese Influence The Colonization Of China?
In many ways, nations can be defined by their trade relationships. Before the Age of Exploration,
European nations remained isolated, with most of their trade coming from neighboring countries.
Similarities between nations in close proximity to one another limited the amount of influence each
culture had on the other, as their proximity allowed the cultures to blend regardless of trade
relations. However, as the Age of Exploration unfolded, western nations rapidly came into contact
with eastern nations. The massive differences in culture between East and West opened the door to
new, dramatic influences on eastern nations. The colonization of China and Portugal provides one
example of this form of influence. Although trade routes to China ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, regulatory issues directly impacting the Portuguese overrode the governing powers of
the Mandereen allowing the Portuguese to influence large scale decisions in the region. The
Portuguese also significantly influenced the structure of Macanese government. For instance, in
Macau, two tiers of government were established by the Portuguese, the Senado and the General
Council. The Senado, comprised of three councillors, two judges, and one procurator, were elected
to the General Council to resolve delicate local matters. Due to the organization of the Senado,
many consider Macau to be, "the first democratic republic of the Orient." Through a unique form of
covert government influence, the Portuguese altered the course of Macau's political and social
landscape.
Another significant way that the Portuguese were able to influence the residents of China is through
language and literature. With the mingling of Portuguese and Chinese cultures, pure Chinese
languages spoken in cities like Macao evolved into hybrid dialects. In Macao, there are three forms
of hybrid languages. One form that is spoken by the lower classes, another form that approximates
to a

The Country Of Portugal : Portugal
Portugal
Portugal is a country familiar to most. A large country with a beautiful aroma. One sixth of the
Iberian peninsula is covered by Portugal. On the northern shore of the Tangas river, Lisbon is found.
Lisbon is the capital of Portugal. Portugal life is split due to the geography. In the heart of Portugal,
high and desolate mountain plateaus are present as well as low coastal areas. The mainland of
emigrants is present in the north western part of Portugal which is covered in mostly lush, green
grass, causing it to be densely populated. More mountainous, the north east is less populated. It is
split into the southern warmer region and the northern colder region. Portugal, until about 1960, was
mostly rural. Urbanization progress slowly since this time. Before the 60s, 80% of the population
lived in rural villages. Urbanization only grew a little since then. Population also decreased at this
time. About 200,000 people emigrated to northern Europe in the 60s. After decolonization in Africa
over 250,000 retornados returned to Portugal repopulating what was lost decade prior. The Cape
Verde Islands contribute to a lot of Portugal's emigrants as well as other overseas territories. Due to
colonial expansion and emigration, Portuguese customs have traveled. There are fluent Portuguese
speakers in Asia, Africa, South America, the United States, Canada, Australia and northwestern
Europe.
The origin of Portugal is fascinating. The name Portugal is derived from a Roman or

Ming China Dbq Essay
Thesis Paragraph:
The domination of Portugal over Ming China during the late post–classical through the early
modern era in expeditions to the Indian Ocean is a result of both countries motivations and
perceptions. Ming China was motivated to seize all expeditions in order to maintain order and
control of Chinese citizens before external influences created chances for chaos, while Portugal was
able to win the upper hand on expeditions to the Indian Ocean as a result of the motivation for glory
and economic gain. Ming China's royal members spread negative perceptions of expeditions into the
country that prompted civilians to fear leaving the country.
Topic Sentences:
As shown in documents 1, 4, and 9, royal officials demanded that Chinese citizens become contempt
to what China has to offer.
As shown in documents 2, 3, and 7, Portugal possessed a positive perception towards ... Show more
As shown in documents 5, 8, 6, and 10, Chinese citizens were encouraged to remain in China due to
the myriad of deaths and threats expeditions caused.
First Body Paragraph:
As shown in documents 1, 4, and 9, royal officials demanded that Chinese citizens be contempt to
what China has to offer. China wanted to maintain their customs and simple life by enjoying self
produced goods rather than from the ties of other countries (Doc 1). The source of the document is
instilling weariness about leaving into the citizens for the purpose of making expeditions seem
unnecessary. Doc 1 comes from the Emperor Hongwu which displays bias because the source is a
member of royal court who seeks to maintain absolute control over his people without the influences
of external cultures. Document 4 states that trade results in financial competition which makes
China susceptible to selfishness and self–gain at the expense of someone else. The source of this
document wants to give

Portuguese Independence : The Fall Of The Brazilian...
When Dom Pedro declared Brazilian independence on September 7, 1822, the nationalist sentiments
that lead to the proclamation had formed long ago. However, with nationalistic feelings alone, it is
unlikely that Brazil would have been able to overthrow the Portuguese. Brazilian independence
instead needed the benefits of housing the Portuguese royal family after Portugal was invaded by
Napoleon. Without French nationalism and expansion, Brazilian independence would have unlikely
occurred in the nineteenth century. Brazil was officially discovered in April of 1500 by Pedro
Álvares Cabral, a Portuguese navigator and nobleman. The Portuguese differed from the Spanish
however as they did not have a plan for New World colonization. For this reason, the Portuguese
leaders had trouble settling their new lands due to a lack of interest from potential settlers. The
citizens of Portugal regarded this new land as barren; the wealth of gold and silver in the area would
not be discovered for another 200 years. In order to help remedy this problem, the Portuguese
government separated the land of Brazil into 15 different hereditary captaincies in which Portuguese
'donataries' would introduce sugarcane to the region in order to make a profit. The system was a
failure for all but two captaincies who flourished on sugarcane plantations. In 1548, Portugal
established a centralized government in Brazil to manage the large territory and wrote a Colonial
Pact forcing Brazil to trade only with Portugal and a few other allies. In defiance, Brazil began to
refer to the leaders of its government, who were officially called general governors, as vice kings. It
was the discovery of gold mines that brought Brazilian nationalism to the forefront of the citizens'
minds. When gold was discovered in 1697, sugarcane value had plummeted because of Dutch
competition in Central America, and cities in Brazil began to lose money due to the heavy
Portuguese taxes. The Portuguese government was disappointed with the returns from sugar cane
trade and took direct control of gold mines in the central area of the Minas Gerais area against the
will of the Brazilian people. José Joaquim da Silva Xavier was one of these people who was

What Test Did The King Of Portugal Give The Indians
What test did the King of Portugal give the Indians? Why did he do this? How did he feel when he
saw the results? Do you think he had a right to feel this way? The king of Portugal gave the
"Indians" a test. The test was giving an indian beans to make a map of the islands of the Indies. He
did this to see if they were intelligent, and to see how many islands there were. The king felt
amazed, but mostly angry when He saw how many islands there were, and because he could of hired
Columbus. I think He had the right to feel this way because He liked the idea of hiring Columbus in
the first place, but his advisors didn't like the idea, so he said no to giving columbus the boats.
When did Columbus finally return to Spain? What happened to

The Impacts Of Colonization On Terra Brasilis: Brazil
The Impacts of Colonisation on Terra Brasilis (Brazil)
Section 1 – Introduction:
The following essay will be explaining the effects of Portucale (Portuguese) colonisation on Terra
Brasilis (Brazil). According to brazil.org.za "Although long inhabited by prehistoric tribes and
settlements, Brazil underwent an entirely new kind of habitation during the 16th century. On April
1500, the Portuguese arrived to the Bahian shores of Rio Buranhém, under the direction of Pedro
Alvares Cabral. The Portuguese who were under the direction of Pedro Alvares Cabral documented
seeing indigenous inhabitants upon landing on the beach, who greeted them with peace offerings of
headdresses made from parrot feathers." This essay will also be discussing the Economical,
Religious, Culture and Political impacts that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2016.
"Epic World History." : Conquest and Colonization of Brazil. N.p.,2016. Web. 02 May 2016.
"HISTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE." HISTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE.
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
"History of Colonial Brazil." The Brazil Business. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
"New Land and Territory." Skwirk.com. Copyright © Red Apple Education Ltd. All Rights
Reserved., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.
"Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese Explorer." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr.
2016.
"Portuguese Empire." – New World Encyclopedia. New World Encyclopedia, n.d. Web. 20 Apr.
2016.
"The Impact of Colonialism." SAHO. All Rights Reserved | Copyright South African History Online
© 2015 – See More At: Http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/impact–
colonialism#sthash.UyO7krRn.dpuf, 2015. Web. 26 Apr. 2016.
"The Portuguese in Brazil." The Portuguese in Brazil. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.

"VOX CEPR's Policy Portal." Trade, Regional Development, and Institutions: Lessons from Brazil.
N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr.

How Has The Imf Intervention Portugal Affected The Public...
How has the IMF intervention in Portugal affected the public subsidising of culture?
An insight on the National Theatre D. Maria II
Number of words: 1538
Purpose
The Government of Portugal requested a financial bailout to the IMF in 2011. Together with the
commencement of the IMF intervention, a political crisis gives place to anticipated legislative
elections and a right–wing colligation becomes in charge of implementing policy adjustments for the
coming 4 years. Although not discarding the Portuguese political outlook, the current case study
aims to assess if the IMF intervention in Portugal has affected the public subsidisation of the cultural
sector and if so, to understand forms of cultural practice affected by that intervention.
To ensure a feasible and realistic framework, the current paper targets the National Theatre Dona
Maria II (from now on TNDMII) as a representative institution to analyse given its dependence on
state subsidies, its status as a public service provider and the fairly amount of information available
regarding its activity within the Portuguese society. The paper will focus on the yearly Management
and Accounts Reports of the TNDMII for the period comprehended from 2011 to 2014, National and
European statistics, governmental resolutions and significant news. Despite controversies regarding
the use of statistics, the current paper intends to carry a changes–through–time approach that only
analytical data can sustain given the recent

Influence Of The Enlightenment In Brazil
The change of control began to accrue rapidly in the 19th century from the power of the Portugal
crown. Influences of the Enlightenment fueled the restlessness of the Brazilian Portugal who were
looked down upon. This was not new to other nations surrounding Brazil. In Spanish America the
creoles (American born Spaniards) faced similar discrimination with untrusted from their homeland
leading to tensions within the nation. Through these tensions and other factors such as inequality
and politics led to revolts and insurrections to accrue leading to the independent of many Spanish
American nations. While Brazil did successfully become independent their pathway there different
from those nations. Brazil was heavily relied on the slave trade and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The eighteenth century brought a new ideologically liberalism from Europe which would play an
important role on the process of independence. Furthermore, many were influenced by other
independence movements such as the American and French revolutions. "Resenting colonial
domination and royal absolutism, the colonists found in the two revolutions a model to be followed"
(Viottli da Costa, 355). Brazilian natives learned these new ideas from studying aboard to European
universities which they brought over to Brazil. Many began writing books, secret societies and
stated revolutions (Viotti Da Costa, 356). This idea spread not just the elites but also to the mass
population. While the ideas themselves posed a threat to the traditional order of Brazilian structures
such as freedom for all, they used liberalism as a means to go against Portugal. "Liberalism became
the ideology of rural oligarchies, which found in the new ideas arguments they could use against the
mother land" (Viottli da Costa, 357). However, even with these new ideologies many of revolts did
not lead to any changes till the turn of the

Geography And Geography Of Portugal
Portugal
Portugal is a beautiful country that occupies about a sixth of the Iberian peninsula. The location and
geography of portugal caused a major factor in cultural adaptations.The northwest is lush, green,
densely populated, and the major source of immigrants. The northeast is more mountainous and is
divided into a northern region with long cold winters and a warmer region to the south. The central
part of portugal varies from high and desolate mountain plateaus to low coastal areas. The capital of
Portugal is Lisbon, located on a number of hills on the northern shore of the Tagus River estuary.
Portugal until about the 1960's was mainly rural. In 1930, 80 percent of the population lived in rural
villages, and thirty years later, 77 percent of the population was still rural. Since 1960, urbanization
has been fueled by extensive internal migration from the countryside to the cities, but only 35.8 of
the population was defined as urban in 1996.
In 1999, the population of continental and island Portugal was estimated at 9.9 million. The
population increased until the 1960s, when it declined by more than 200,000 as a result of
emigration to northern Europe. In the 1970s, the population rose by more than a quarter million as
retornados returned from Africa after decolonization. Portugal has been receiving immigrants,
primarily from former overseas territories such as the Cape Verde Islands. This immigrant
population, which has settled primarily in the greater Lisbon area,

How Did Portugal Discover Africa

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