The Origin of Language in Human Evolution Essay
The Origin Of English Language Codification
English : The Origin Of The English Language
The Origin Of The English Language
The History of the English Language Essay
The Importance Of Language Creation
Origin Of Languages: Response To The Hebrew Bible
The History Of Human Language
Evolution Of Spoken Language
The Origin Of Language Essay
What Is Knowing A Language?
The Five Main Components of Language Essay
Origin Of The English Language
The Evolution Of Human Language
1. The Origin of Language in Human Evolution Essay
Language is a complex system evolved from animal cognition system not from animal
communication, suggesting that only humans with complex brain system were capable of
developing (Ulbaek, 1998). Whereas other animal species communicate through vocalised sounds,
songs, or gestures specially primates such as apes. Similarly gestures and hand gestures were the
form of communication used by early hominids, but Homo habilis and Homo erectus started to use
vocalisations and decreasing the frequent use of simple hand gestures for communication. Humans
developed a spoken linguistic system which is used to express separate and distinct thoughts. Others
have suggested with supporting evidence that language evolved through imitation of sound in...show
more content...
The anatomy required for human speech is the lungs for the source of wind, inner tube trachea
including the vocal cords and larynx and pharynx. These are responsible for the articulation of
speech especially the Larynx because this set of muscles is essential for producing the sounds of
human language. The position of larynx is important because in nonâhuman primates such as apes
the larynx is positioned high in the neck therefore preventing the production of sounds. Fitch and
Reby (2001) research on the other hand shows that descended larynx is not uniquely human, animals
such as red deer do possess descended enabling them to produce vocal sounds but not as complex as
humans.
In addition, four million years ago in Australopithecus hominids species the larynx had not
descended, therefore their ways of communications were through sounds, cries and gestures for
example hand signalling (Corballis, 1999). As humans have gradually evolved, brain became larger
and posture improved, the neck started to emerge, hand gestures became a secondary role thus
making vocal language the main communication system, there were found to be most predominate
in era of Homo erectus hominids
Another explanation of vocal theory proposes that human language evolved thought imitation of
sounds especially in our
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2. The Origin Of English Language Codification
The linguistic term codification refers to the process of standardizing and developing a norm of a
language (Revolvy, 2017). In addition, it means the methods of creation and use of the dictionary
through designing writing system and setting grammar rules. According to Einar Haugen
codification leads to 'minimal variation in form' (Stein & TiekenâBoon van Ostade, n.d. 1994: p160),
therefore it reinforces a certain variety which has been selected and accepted. Even though
codification is the second stage in the standardization, it is ongoing process.
The origin of English language codification was back to the 16th century, when many of
dictionaries and grammar books had published with a view of teaching the language to Welsh
noblemen after the 'Act of Union' between Wales and England in 1536. These dictionaries contained
a list of hard words, mostly loanwords which adopted and borrowed from other languages, or
sometimes invented. Robert Cawdery produced the first English dictionary in (1604). It lists about
3000 words, with a brief simple description for each. He aimed to codify a language, to let readers
understand hard words. (Bl.uk, 2017)
By the 18th century, scholars developed codification, due to considering it as a recognized activity.
For that authors and scholars such as John Walker and Thomas Sheridan started to write materials so
as to set down perspective norms for pronunciation and grammar. Unlike European countries which
established academies for codification,
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3. English : The Origin Of The English Language
As you enjoy the morning with coffee or tea, while reading your favorite newspaper or catch up on
last night's football game. Did it ever cross your mind what is the heritage of the English language
or its origins?
English has impacted the world's economics, and many other faucets of communication the world
over. English has been developing over more than 14 centuries, on average most people are
unaware that statistics show that over 1 billion people worldwide speak English. But that does not
tell us where it originated from. (Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In
Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. A History of the English language. Cambridge University Press.
pp. 420â439. ISBN 978â0â511â16893â2. http://www.stgeorges.co.uk/blog/learnâenglish
/howâmanyâpeopleâinâtheâworldâspeakâenglish ) We must turn to its roots in Europe to gain
understanding on how this language has come to be one of the world's top predominate languages.
Most people including myself thought that the English language derived from England which is
partially true. The English language dates before the fifteenth century outside of England to its
IndoâEuropean and Germanic influences around 400â500 AD. Which from the first three invaders
who have made paramount influences of the English language, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (Chapter 1
Role of the teacher). All these were dominant European tribes and most Americans think that English
had no heritage to Europe except for Brittian. As we
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4. The Origin Of The English Language
Every language has its own history that defines its origin, how it developed, who re its key
speakers, its evolution & transformational phase and lastly what it is the present stage of that
langue. There are many languages that were spoken in the word centuries back but today it has
no speakers. Beside this every language is associated with any specific region, country, religion,
culture or its speakers that actually develops or with the passage of time change or revolutionaries
the language. The history of any language defines its origin, present time and the etymology of the
words being spoken in that language and how they have change with the passage of time. For my
paper, I will be focusing on the history of English language and will cover the following aspects;
Đżââ˘Đżâ What is the origin of the English language by defining its history Đżââ˘Đżâ How English language
has changed with the passage of time, and Đżââ˘Đżâ Is the change in the English language positive or not
English is actually amongst those languages that are widely spoken and it is considered amongst
those languages that are rated as "International Language". In many of the countries where English
is not their national or mother language yet it is being spoken by the people of that country and even
it is the most important language of the educational system of the country especially the developing
countries. If we look at the history of English language then we have to move back to the 5thcentury
AD, when the Britain was
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5. Many scholarly articles have found and appreciated that Jean Jacques Rousseau philosophies are
present in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Rousseau's essay Discourse on Inequality and Origin of
Languages can be directly correlated with the development of the creature in Frankenstein. While it
is clear that Rousseau's philosophies follow the transformation of the creature I sparked more of an
interest in the philosophies of John Locke and connecting his philosophies with the transformation of
the creature. John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding is also clear and is under
appreciated in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.
In an article, The Monstrosity of Representation, author Christian Bok has seemed to share similar
interests as mine. He has connected Frankenstein to the eighteenth century Enlightenment period by
connecting both Locke and Rousseau to the creation of Victor Frankenstein's creature. Bok stated
that,
"Mary Shelley, dramatizes a crisis not only of biological reproduction, but also of tropological
reproduction, in that the text replicates versions of eighteenthâcentury epistemology in order to
narrate an allegory about the dangers inherent in reduplication such epistemology actually provides
crucial intertextual support for the lengthy anecdote in which the Monster recounts his own
sociolinguistic development" (Bok 1992 415)
This statement touches on exactly what the point of my paper is, my interest in the creature was
how over time as the novel unfolded so
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6. According to David Crystal, linguistics professor at the University of Wales, approximately 20
percent of the world can speak English. With English being the predominant language in the
United States as well as many other parts of the world, it is undoubtedly one of the most
significant languages in modern times. But have you ever wondered about the origins of the
language you speak every day? Where did it come from? Did someone invent it? And why are
some rules of the English language so weird? For example, why is geese the plural of goose? To
get a better understanding of English, it is useful to learn about its long and complex history, and
how the language the majority of us know and use today formed and evolved over time. To learn
the history of the English language, we must first go back in time to Great Britain at about 50 BCE.
According to Alastair Kane, writer for Communicaid business English courses, people here during
this time period spoke in what is known as Celtic, but eventually, Latin also became an influence on
their language because of commerce between Great Britain and Rome. Kane also writes that Latin
further shaped the language of Great Britain after it was invaded by the Romans under Emperor
Claudius. Although remnants of this English prototype can be observed in our modern language, the
people of Great Britain certainly weren't speaking what could be considered actual English. Philip
Durkin, principal etymologist at Oxford Dictionaries claims that the
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7. The History of the English Language Essay
The History of the English Language In this paper I will discuss where and how the English
language originated and how it has spread to become one of the most spoken languages in the
world. Before I started my research on my topic of choice, my original hypothesis was that the
English language was started by a whole assortment of Germanic tribes invading England
thousands of years ago. This ultimately became the goal of my paper, to see if Germanic tribes
started the English language, or if it was started from some other tribes that I was not aware of. The
history of the English language is of significance because English is spoken more frequently than
any other language except Chinese, (Bright, 1992). A Germanic language, English...show more
content...
The ProtoâIndoâEuropean language was more complex than English today. It is possible to
reconstruct three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and up to eight cases (nominative,
vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental). Adjectives agreed in case,
number, and gender with the noun. The verb system was also rich in inflections, used for aspect,
mood, tense, voice, person, and number. Different grammatical forms of a word were often related
by the feature of ablaut, or vowel graduation: the root vowel would change systematically to
express such differences as singular and plural or past and present tense, as is still the case in
English foot/feet or take/took (Crystal, 1997). The ProtoâIndoâEuropean language is thought to have
been spoken before 3,000 BC, and to have split up into different languages during the following
millennium (Crystal, 1997). The languages families include Celtic, Germanic, Italic, IndoâIranian,
Tocharian, Armenian, Anatolian, Albanian, Greek, Balto
âSlavic, and Slavic languages. Yiddish,
German, Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, and English make up the West Germanic subgroup of
the Germanic Branch (Crystal, 1997). Scholars renamed the language group the IndoâEuropean
family after 3,000 BC (Crystal, 1997). Theorists suggest that the horse was a major element of the
ProtoâIndoâEuropean and the IndoâEuropean
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8. The Importance Of Language Creation
How are languages created? Why are there so many different languages being created? Some
languages are constantly undergoing changes, and some languages disappear fairly quickly. What
determines when a language will emerge and how it will change over time? While the key factor for
language creation is the need for communication on a small scale among individuals, the pressures
for language change mainly come from societal changes on a broader scale.
The need for communication in a small community is the most important factor for and directly
contributes to language creation. It is worthwhile to consider how human language started to
develop initially. When our apeâlike ancestors started to live together in communities instead of
scattering themselves in forests, a desperate need for communication emerged. Besides the fact that
they needed feet to walk and hands to hunt for food, they also needed some special mechanism to
understand and communicate with others who lived and worked in the same community: a language
(Cen 16â17). Fast forward in history, new languages are often created under the same spirit. One
of the best pieces of evidence we have for how language emerges is in deaf communities: homesign
and village sign language are two of the examples. Homesign system, "a selfâcreated system of
communication used by deaf individuals who have not been exposed to a sign language" (Brentari
364), is created uniformly among deaf individuals who are not exposed to any spoken or sign
language as a means of communicating with their parents and other family members. With that
being said, homesign is not simply a system of coâspeaking gestures, gestures that accompany
speech, because homesigners are not modeling their gestures after the coâspeech gestures their
hearing parents provide (Brentari 366). Rather, homesign shows certain linguistic properties called
"the resilient properties of language because they can be developed without input from a language
model" (Brentari 366). Constituent structure, for example, developed among homesigners from the
United States, China, and Turkey despite the fact that "each homesigner is developing his or her
system alone" (Brentari 367). The resilient properties, it is fair to
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9. Origin Of Languages: Response To The Hebrew Bible
Response paper: Origin of Languages: Prompt 2 Languages that are spoken and studied today have
been transformed, molded and evolved into their current state. Many different factors have
influenced the changes and explain the evolution each language has made. The Hebrew Bible
illustrates the tale of Babylon. This tale provides a simple explanation that accounts for the
difference seen among languages. Demographics and geography attribute to the evolution
languages have made as well. Each approach gives a different perspective to the transformation
languages have made. The reason as to why there are so many languages in the world is clearly
illustrated within the story of Babylon. In the story, God did not want people to conspire together. For
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10. The History Of Human Language
The history of human language is long, complicated and somewhat controversial. Even the
definitions of the word "language" are varied slightly. The MerriamâWebster dictionary states,
"Language is the system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each
other: and one of the systems of human language that are used and understood by a particular group
of people: words of a particular kind". Additionally, the American Heritage Dictionary defines
language as, "a communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such
as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols". Between these two definitions of language we can
see how complicated the history of human language actually is. The definitions vary based on the
assumptions of whether the writer believes language is more learned or instinctive behavior. The
debates on the origin of language are still going on today. There are two basic views represented in
the definitions of language. The first view is based on language being primarily a mental faculty of
humans to learn languages and the biological differences that are unique to the human brain. The
second view is concentrated around the idea that learning a language is natural. While other views
are more centered on the structured learning of formal signs.
ADD MORE TO INTRO
The Evolution of Language According to the author Christ Knight, all social animals communicate
with each other, all the way from insects to mammals.
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11. Evolution Of Spoken Language
Humans use language to communicate to each other. Communication can take many complex forms
such as body language, sign language, oral and written language. Gee and Hayes (2011), inform the
reader that oral language is the part of a language that has evolved over time to become humans
inherited language. Throughout history, humans have changed the spoken words to suit their culture
and specific rituals. Over time, the spoken word was adapted to "engage in language varieties for
mathematics, science, law, medicine, engineering, game design, anime fandom, and many others"
(Hayes, 2011. P.8).Writing is only a relatively recent transformation and, therefore, is not considered
to be part of evolution.
Language is very complicated. Not only
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12. The Evolution Of The English Language English is a member of the European family of languages.
This broad family includes most of the European languages spoken today such as Latin and the
modern French; the Germanic languages (English, German, Swedish); the Slavic languages
(Russian, Polish, Czech); the Baltic languages of Latvian and Lithuanian; the Celtic languages
(Welsh, Irish Gaelic ); Greek. The source of the words England and English is the West Germanic
invaders who came from Jutland and southern Denmark. The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles
who have left a mark on the English Language were the Celts. Arriving in Britain around 500BC,
and they dominant people until the Romans arrived in the first century AD, the Celts have in fact
left very few words â though many English place names have Celtic origins, like London, Dover
and Kent, and the rivers Thames & Wye. In 43 BC, a strong and more lasting influence upon the
language would arrive in the form of the Roman general Aulus Plautius, who fought off the native
tribes to establish himself as the first Roman governor in Britain, and began a period of Roman rule
of the British Isles which would last four hundred years. Significantly, though English hasn't kept
many of the words from this era and there were only around 200 Latin words entered the language at
this time, most of them nouns related to tradesmen and soldiers, like winâ wine, candelâ candle and
beltâ belt. Plautius and his men laid the groundwork
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13. The Origin Of Language Essay
There has been considerable historical discourse over the nature of language. Most contend that
thought and language are two interrelated criteria. Just how these criteria relate to the controversy
over whether animals have language capabilities and even more specifically to the SapirâWhorf
human language thought debate, however, is not always clear. From a human context we know that
language is a skill which allows us to communicate our thoughts to others and in so doing to attain
desired "biological, cognitive, and social/behavioral feedback" (McDonnell, 1977). The
question as to whether language is a skill that human beings are born with or whether it is a skill
that is acquired is a complex one and not one in which all...show more content...
They believe that the "baby talk" uttered by infants is simply a precursor to actual
language and that both "baby talk" and the ability to translate one's thoughts into
language is one which is part of the human genetic blueprint (McConnell, 1977). If the SapirâWhorf
hypothesis were accurate, therefore, human conceptualization would be limited to the words which
we were born understanding. We know that this is not the case. We can demonstrate this inaccuracy
with a brief look at the animal language controversy which rages on in many circles.
While it is agreed in most cases that humans have the genetic blueprint for language, it is not always
agreed that animals have this same blueprint. Most researchers recognize that human infants can
distinguish between various sounds in human speech at a very early age. According to psychologist
Patricia Kuhl at the University of Washington, for example, infants can distinguish between each of
the 150 universal components of human speech (Grunwald, Goldberg, and Be; 1993). It could be
contended that, while they may not have the same range of sound recognition, young animals also
associate various sounds emitted by their species as having particular associations. One has to only
observe the interactions between a family pet and their offspring to be cognizant of this fact. Indeed,
animals quickly learn to recognize the meaning of various human
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14. English can trace its roots back thousands of years, beginning with the emergence of the Germanic
language. As the Germanic language involved into Old English and Middle English, it eventually
became the modern version of English one knows today. Though, using the Oxford English
Dictionary (OED), one can see that some parts of English can be traced to other languages.
Languages like Spanish and French have often loaned and influenced English, however, even
distant languages like Japanese have left their mark on the growth of English. Within the last two
centuries, dozens of words have entered the English language due to the growing interest and trade
with Japan. During that time, some of these words have adopted new English meanings, with
some even entering slang language. Additionally, the OED lists when exactly these words with
introduced into English and their frequency in the language today. By looking at the types of
words and the OED, one can see how Japanese has influenced English and the usefulness of the
OED at discovering the etymology of words. Hundreds of English words find their origin in Japan.
Some words are direct transliterations of the original language or alphabet, like sushi or ramen,
while others have even further origins in Chinese. However, several words have been adopted into
English and have been transformed into new meanings. For example, the word tycoon became
adopted during the 1850's and is almost unrecognizable compared to its original form,
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15. When a language travels from one site to another, it carries a lot of the new cultures ' perspectives.
The origin and destination contribute to the end result. This is including words and vocabulary, and
even grammar and structure. What happened to English during the last century is an obvious
example of how cultures affect languages. Thousands of English words have been transferred from
other languages such as Arabic, Latin, German, Sanskrit, Hindi et cetera.
Since the AngeloâSaxons traveled to England, through the timeline until the occupation of the Great
Britain in India, the English language has exposed and interacted with various cultures and
languages. These cultures exchanged a lot with English, which means that besides English
becoming developed and continuing to evolve, it has also influenced other languages and exported
itself overseas. Cultural exchange not only familiarizes people with foreign cultures, but it builds
and develops languages, civilizations and the way societies act. We can see a lot of old traditions
and customs, for example, from England, which traveled to India during the time of the British
invasion. Besides the impact on architecture, construction, buildings and civilian life, the Indian
tongue has gained a new language since then, and English has become the main language of
business there and highly educated people use it in their professions and daily life. When a
language gets a new nation like India using it, this means a lot and a
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16. What Is Knowing A Language?
Knowing a language means one can speak, be understood and understand others who know the
language. Although I have taken three years of Spanish, I would not say that I definitively know
Spanish. I would not feel comfortable going to Spain alone and trying to survive merely with the
three years training that I received. I would inevitably make mistakes, conjugating verbs improperly
or stringing nonsensical sentences together. Knowing a language means knowing the things that you
aren?t taught. I could spend five more years in a Spanish class, learning all the rules and vocabulary,
but I still would not feel I knew the language. Knowing the language means understanding the
unspoken rules behind that language. It...show more content...
Furthermore, how can children, if merely imitating, make up words we don?t have or form
sentences they have never heard before? While I still believe that the role of imitation holds credence
as a factor in language acquisition, there must be some other explanation.
Since the imitation explanation of language acquisition falls on the side of nurture in the whole
nature/nurture debate, one must then logically conclude that its opposite, nature, must also play a
role. One could posit that learning a language is unlike learning how to ride a bike, being instead
much like learning to walk. Language is an innate biologically programmed human ability.
Learning to ride a bike is a conscious decision; it is not an ability that one just picks up along the
way. Language, on the contrary, does not appear as a conscious decision. I don?t remember
deciding one day that I wanted to learn how to talk, I do, however, remember wanting to learn
how to ride a bike. Talking is just something babies start to do before it is even necessary for them
to learn. Children start talking when they are still in the loving care of their parents, when it is not
yet necessary for their survival. Furthermore, language does not appear to be triggered by external
events. Something like riding a bike is learning inspired by external events. Had I not seen my older
brother
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17. The Five Main Components of Language Essay
Language is a multifaceted system made up symbols and signals that a group has agreed upon to
use, in order to express feelings, thoughts, knowledge, and experiences (Owens, 2012). Rules are
utilized in the complex system and yet, language has been and still is evolving in different
subgroups of people. To understand the makeâup of language there are five imperative pieces to the
puzzle, to include phonology, syntax, semantics, morphology, and pragmatics. Each of these
components plays a crucial role in the building and functionality of language as a whole. The first
component of language to understand is syntax, which involves rules that govern word order,
sentence organization, and the connection between words (Owens, 2012). Syntax...show more
content...
Pronunciation is important when it comes to language and it can vary depending on one's origin
or where they live. Certain sound combinations, for example, are not accepted in the English
language, like "sd". There is no sound associated with that pair. Phonology is more about analyzing
the fundamental organization of sounds united by native speakers of a particular language.
Phonetics is usually discussed in along with phonology due to the connection of the vocal system
and the creation of sound (Owens, 2012). The system that oversees the content of words or
meaning and combinations of words refers to semantics (Owens, 2012). Semantics also includes
how words come to have meanings. Three concerns when dealing with semantics is the associations
of words to the objects indicated by them, the associations of words to the translators of them, and
the formal relations of signs to one another. Two concepts that are connected as well is world
knowledge and word knowledge, which arguable mean two different things but are still joined at the
hip (Owens, 2012). Semantics, for example, makes it possible for a person to understand the
difference and similarities between the terms male, boys, and gentlemen. It also allows one to
understand the makeâup of the word father, meaning male and parent. To use language as a method
of trying to communicate information or to affect others it is
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18. Origin Of The English Language
Origin of The English Language Today the english language is one of the most well known, and
one of the most oftenly used languages in the world we live in. Through time the english language
has greatly evolved on its journey across the world. Since the beginning of the english language's
history it has had additions to the alphabet, and also some parts of it has been taken away. Another
major change would be the dialect of the language has changed in some ways. Although you can still
can somewhat get a hint of what is being said in old english, it still a big jump to the way we
pronounce it around the world today. The english of the english language started many years ago in
Europe. It was in the fifth century that three Germanic...show more content...
ĐĐOld English / AngloâSaxon was first written with a version of the Runic alphabet known as
AngloâSaxon or AngloâFrisian runes, or futhorc/fuĐŃorc ĐĐ( Ager 1). The style that the
AngloâSaxons used came from the script that were used by the Irish missionaries. ĐĐ From the tenth
century AngloâSaxon scribes began to use Caroline Minuscule for Latin while continuing to write
Old English in Insular minusculeĐĐ (Ager 1). Everything that was written by the AngloâSaxons
were called scribes. Writing these scribes was very time consuming for the AngloâSaxons. Books
were rare in these times as well. Just to write a long manuscript it would take them nearly a whole
years to complete. The Old English alphabet would heavily be influenced by Caroline Minuscule
though it still proceeded to contain a good quantity of the distinctive Insular letterforms. ĐĐThis
alphabet was an extended version of Elder Futhark with between twentyâsix and thirtyâthree
lettersĐĐ (Ager 1 ). The runes that started in the fifth century AD died around the tenth century.
ĐĐThey started to be replaced by the Latin alphabet from the seventh century, and after the nineth
century the runes were used mainly in manuscripts and were mainly of interest to antiquariansĐĐ
(Ager 1 ). The Old english vocabulary didn 't just only consist of letters of the alphabet, but also
symbols which would mean a word. The old english alphabet isn 't far off the alphabet we have
today. There were
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19. The Evolution Of Human Language
The Evolution of language has been a subject of debate by many scholars for many years. Although
there is no universal agreement on where language evolved, or how language evolved. In fact, the
evolution of human language is an extremely vague topic, composed of many different theories and
hypothesis, with very few instances of evidence to support them. Even though there is no universal
consensus on the origin of language, many scholars can agree that language began by the use of
gestures in primates and hominins. This has been seen in primates in captivity to have similar
gestures of primates in the wild. Primates may lack the ability to speak a language, but they're not
completely incapable of learning to use signals to communicate. A chimpanzee named Washoe, and a
Bonobo named Kanzi, prove that primates possess the capacity to acquire communication through
the use of symbols, and body gestures. Early hominins are also believed to have developed some
form of gestural language to communicate with one another on how to hunt and gather in their
environment, despite the fact that their vocal tracts inhibit them from making human speech sounds;
but the link between apes and humans aids in the evolution of human language because it shows the
concurrent relationship of vocal modulation and manual gestures humans made. The studies on the
origin of language led to many theories, but one in particular is the mirror system hypothesis, which
has two types of imitations, simple
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20. Approach brings meaning of a more wideâranging theoretical orientation. Taking Anthony's ideas,
Richards and Rodgers (2001, p. 20) refer to approach as "theories about the nature of language
and language learning that serve as the source of practices and principles in language teaching",
while method, on the other hand, is one of the ways that the approach is used in practice. Method
as defined by Anthony (1963) is an "overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material,
no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon, the selected approach. An approach is
axiomatic, a method is procedural". Through one approach, there can be many methods lie within.
The term approach is used almost broadly, where the term method is no longer widely used, due to
a massive response, in the late twentieth century, that it fell far from the notion of method.
According to Anthony's model, approach is the level at which the norms and views about language
and language learning are identified; meanwhile method is the level at which theory is applied into
a practice and choiced are made specific about the prĐŠcised skills to be taught, the content to be
taught and the order in which the content will be presented. Methodology, on the other hand, is
defined as "the study of pedagogical practices in general. Whatever considerations are involved in
'how to teach' are methodological" by Brown (1994a). Chaves and Hernandez (2013) stated that
metholodgy is focused on the
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