drug dosage form. solid oral dosage form including tablet, coated and uncoated tablet, capsules , hard and soft capsule. topical preparation

1. Drug Dosage form
Dr. Sumit Kumar

2. Definition:
Dosage forms are the means ( or the form ) by which
drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the
body.
Various types of dosage forms are prepared to enhance drug delivery
Depending on the route of administration drugs are classified as
1. Enteral
2. Parentral
3. Topical

3. The need for dosage forms:
Accurate dose
Protection from gastric juice. e.g. coated tablets.
Masking taste and odour.
Placement of drugs within body tissues.
Sustained release medication.

4. Need for dosage form….
Controlled release medication.
Optimal drug action.
Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.

5. Types of Drug Dosages forms :
Drug dosage
form
Solid dosage form Liquid form Inhalational form
Parentral
preparation
Topical dosage
form
Special drug
delivery system

6. Solid dosage forms:
Solid doses form includes
• Powders
• Tablets
• Capsules
• Cachets
• suppositories

7. Powders
Simplest of solid dosage form, finely divided form
are mixed homogenously
Advantages:
• flexibility in compounding and good chemical stability
Disadvantage:
• Time consuming process
• Not suitable for unpleasant tasting & hygroscopic drug

8. Powder continues…
Drug dose delivered in powder form varies due to
many factors:
• Size of measuring spoon, Density of powders,
Humidity etc.
Bulk powders are classified
• Oral powder: finely divided powders, effervescent
granules
• Dusting powders: Locally applied, non toxic
preparation medicament present act as protective,
absorbent, antiseptics, antipruritic, astringent.

9. Oral Dosage forms: Tablet
A tablet is a hard, compressed medication in round, oval or
square shape.
Prepared by mould method or compression method.
Tablets for oral use:
• Uncoated tablets
• Coated tablets
• Dispersible tablet
• Effervescent tablets
• Tablets for use in mouth

10. Various forms of tablets:
Uncoated tablets
Sublingual or
buccal tablets
Chewable
tablets
Effervescent
tablets
Dispersible
tablets
Lozenges:
Coated tablets
Sugar coated
tablets:
Enteric coated
tablets
Time released
tablets (Timesules/
Spansules)
Sustained release
(controlled
release/retard

11. UNCOATED TABLETS
• These are compressed powder, which may have flavouring or colouring
agents.
1. Buccal and sublingual tablet:
• These dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes
of the mouth, and enter into the bloodstream.
Advantages:
• first pass metabolism is avoided
• Once the desired effect is achieved drug is spitted out to avoid side effects
Disadvantage:
• Can produce ulcers in mouth and other systemic adverse effects.
e.g. Nitroglycerine, Nifedipine.

13. 2. Chewable tablets:
• When crushed it disintegrate due to its creamy base.
e.g: Antacid tablets, Anthelminthic tablets, vitamin C tablets.
Advantages:
• It is useful for children who have difficulty in swallowing
and in adults who dislikes swallowing.
Disadvantages:
• Compared to compressed tablet it is expensive
Instruction: ???

15. 3. EFFERVESCENT TABLET:
• These tablets contain either citric or tartaric acids and carbonates or
bicarbonates which react rapidly in presence of water releasing
carbon dioxide.
Advantages:
• Rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution.
• Mask bad taste of the drug
Disadvantages:
• Very sensitive to moisture
• Expensive
Instruction:
• Tablet is dissolved in a glass of water and is taken orally while
effervescence is present.

17. 4. Dispersible tablets
• These tablets are to be dissolved in water prior to administration.
e.g: amoxicillin dispersible tablet
Advantage:
• They get easily dispersed in water and are sweet in taste,
• especially used in paediatric patient.
Disadvantage:
• cost is high
Instruction:
• Dispersible tablet is to be dissolved in a tea-spoon ful of water
and then given orally.

19. Coated tablets:
Sugar coated tablets:
Advantages:
• Tablet is covered with coloured/ uncoloured sugar so it masks the bad taste
of drug
• E.g: Chloroquine tablet.
Disadvantage:
• Action is slow, not suitable for emergency
• Sometimes coating fails to dissolve so there will be no action.
• Cananot be used in unconscious/uncooperative patient.
Instruction: swallowed with a glass of water in upright position.

21. Enteric coated tablet:
Advantage:
• Enteric coating resist dissolution in the stomach but not
in intestine.
• Useful for drug which are destroyed by gastric juices or
are irritant to the gastric mucosa.
Disadvantage:
• If the coating is very hard tablet may pass without being
dissolved in git and may fail to produce the therapeutic
effect.
• Expensive in comparison to uncoated
e.g: enteric coated aspirin, sodium Valproate, dipyridamole

23. Time release tablets (Timesules/Spansules):
Advantages:
• Maintains a steady plasma level of the drug so
sustained action of it is produced
Disadvantage:
• If the coating is hard…………………
Instruction:
• e.g: nifedipine, theophylline, indomethacin,

25. Sustained release( controlled release/retard)
• Small granules of the drug are coated with a film and compressed
in form of tablet.
Advantage:
• It modifies the rate of release of drug into the gastrointestinal
tract.
• It prolongs the effect of rug and also reduces the frequency of
administration.
• Smooth palsma concentration
• Prevent toxicity
Disadvantage:
• It is expensive
e.g Diclofenac sodium SR

27. Capsules for oral use
• They have a shell of gelatin for administration of powder,
granules, liquid.
• These are of two types- Hard, Soft
Hard capsule: consist of two cyclinder which fit into one another
Soft capsule: made of gelatin which is sealed by heat and mainly
contains a liquid.
Advantage:
• mask the bad smell and taste of drugs
• Avoid destruction bh gastric juice an avoid gastric irritation
Disadvantage:
• More expensive than tablets

29. Liquid for oral use
• These are usually dispensed in plastic or glass bottles.
Advantages of liquid preparation:
• They are more quickly acting than pills or tablets, which
require previous disintegration before absorption
• Certain substances can only be given in the liquid form:
e.g liquid paraffin

30. Syrups:
They are liquid oral preparation in which the vehicle is
concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose or other sugar.
Advantages:
• Sweet in taste so masking the bad taste of drug
• Quicker effect than tablet, which require previous
disintegration.
Disadvantages:
• Maintenance not easy
• Costlier than tablet

31. Elixir:
• These are clear liquid oral preparations containing alcohol as vehicle
Advantage:
• Potent or nauseous drugs are pleasantly flavoured.
Disadvantage:
• Maintenance not easy
• They are costlier than tablet
Suspension:
• It is a medicament containing insoluble solid substances which are
homogeneously distributed throughout the vehicle with or without the
help of a suspending agent.
Advantage:
• They are chemically more stable than the syrup.

33. Mask the unpleasant taste and odour of the drug
Insoluble solids can be given in liquid form
Disadvantage:
• A suitable preservative is required to avoid microbial
contamination
Instruction:
• Shake the bottle before use
Emulsion:
• Liquid medicament containing two immiscible liquids one of which is broken into minute
globules, each globules being surrounded by a thin film of emulsifying agent and then
dispersed throughout the other liquid.
• Advantages: oily drugs can be given in this form
• Disadvantages: preservative is required to avoid microbial contamination

35. Drops:
• They are liquid medicines for pediatrics use,
dispensed in dropper bottle.
e.g – multivitamin drops, iron drops
Advantages:
• Accurate dose can be given
• Small amount can be easily administered in infants
and children.
Disadvantages: cost is high

37. Thank You

38. •Tincture
•linctus

39. Formulation for dermal use
Dusting powder:
• These are free flowing very fine powder having particle size <150
micrometer for external use.
• They are used to treat superficial skin conditions.
• They are sterilized by dry heat and supplied in airtight glass or plastic jars
with sprinkler holes at top.
• Commonly used dusting powder are purified talc, neomycin powder,
sulphadiazine powder etc.
Advantage:
• Systemic side effect of drug are avoided
• Provides greater stability
Disadvantage:
• It requires repeated application

40. Lotion:
• They are liquid preparation meant for local application to the skin or mucous
membrane without rubbing for providing soothing or antiseptic effects.
• These medications are supplied in amber or blue coloured bottles to protect
them from sunlight.
E.g – Potassium permanganate lotion, cetrimide lotion, calamine lotion.
Advantage:
• Systemic side effect are avoided because of local application.
Disadvantage:
• Patient may experience a burning sensation
Instruction:
Apply with rubbing on the affected part

41. Liniments:
• They are liquid or semiliquid preparation intended for external
application by rubbing and may contain substances possessing
analgesic, rubefacient, soothing or stimulating properties.
• They may be either emulsion or solution.
Advantage:
• Systemic side effects of drugs are avoided because of local
application.
Disadvantage:
• Patient may experience a burning sensation
Instruction:
• apply with rubbing on the affected part

42. Ointment:
• They are semisolid preparation in a greasy base used for external
application by rubbing.
• they are of such consistency that they soften but not necessarily
melt when applied to the skin.
• e.g – whitfield’s, Calamine ointment
Advantage:
• They increase the hydration of the skin.
• The duration of action can be increased by applying a occlusive
dressing
Disadvantage:
• They stain the clothes
Instruction:??

43. Cream:
• They are semisolid preparation consisting of opaque emulsion
for external use.
• Cream are most commonly used in treatment of skin
condition like eczema, pruritis, as astringent, emollient and
antiseptics.
• Supplied in collapsible metal or plastic tube, glass or plastic
pots.
Advantage:
• Cosmetically more acceptable ue to there less greasy nature.
Disadvantage:
• They are easily washed out so requires repetitive application.