1. TABLETS
AN OVERVIEW
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO:
YOGESH YADAV MS.BEENA KUMARI
1700102056049 (ASST. PROFESSOR)
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES
Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• IDEAL PROPERTIES OF TABLETS
• TYPES OF TABLETS
• TABLET EXCIPIENTS
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
• WET GRANULATION METHOD
• DRY GRANULATION METHOD
• DIRECT COMPRESSION
• REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
• Tablets are the solid unit dosage form of medicaments with or without
suitable excipients.
• Tablets are prepared either by molding or by compression.
• They may vary in shape, size and weight depending upon amount of medicinal
substances and the mode of administration.
• It is most popular dosage form and about 70% of total medicines are dispensed in
tablet form.
• According to Indian Pharmacopoeia,
“Tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form prepared by compressing
drugs or mixture of drugs with or without excipients”.
4. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF TABLETS
1. A tablet must be strong and hard to withstand mechanical shock during
manufacturing, packing, shipping, dispensing and use .
2. The tablet must be able to release its content in a predictable and
reproducible manner.
3. The tablet must be chemically and physically stable to maintain its
chemical and physical attributes during manufacture, storage, and use.
4. The tablet should have elegant product free from any tablet defect.
5. Tablets must be uniform in weight and in drug content.
5. TYPES OF TABLETS
TABLETS INGESTED ORALLY
1. Compressed tablets
2. Multiple compressed tablet
3. Sustained released tablet
4. Enteric coated tablet
5. Sugar coated tablet
6. Film coating tablet
7. Chewable tablet
TABLET ADMINISTERED BY OTHER
ROUTES
1. Implants
2.Vaginal inserts
ORAL CAVITY TABLET
1. Buccal tablet
2. Sublingual tablet
3. Lozenges and troches
TABLES USE TO PREPARE SOLUTION
1. Effervescent tablet
2. Dispensing tablets
3. Hypodermic tablets
6. Tablet ingested orally
• Compressed tablet :- these are uncoated tablets made by granules
compression .These provide rapid disintegration and drug realise . E.g.
Paracetamol tablet
• Multiple compressed tablet:- They are composed of two or more layers. And
made by more then one compression cycle. They are usually prepared to
separate physically or chemically incompatible ingredients .
• Sustained released tablet:- These are designed to released there medication
in a pre determining manner over a prolong time period. E.g. Divalproex
tablets .
• Enteric coated tablets :- These are covered with one or more layers of the
coating solution . The purpose of coating is to provide the resistance to
gastric acid in stomach. Finally drug realise the component in intestinal
region . E.g. declofenic sodium delay release tablet.
7. .
• Sugar coated tablet :- These compressed tablet are coated with sugar . It is done
to mask the bitter and unpleasant taste and odour of the medicament. It enhances
the appearances and drug from atmosphere. E.g. Multivitamin tablets
• Film coated tablet :- These tablet are coated with thin layer of polymers (
hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose . Thickness of coating is between 20-100um. E.g.
erythromycin , valsarton 320mg .
• Chewable tablets :- These tablets are chewed with in the Buccal cavity and
disintegration time is reduce . E.g. Antaacid
8. ORAL CAVITY TABLETS
• Buccal tablets:- these tablets are to be placed in Buccal pouch . Tablet
disintegrated slowly and absorb directly.
• Sublingual tablets : tablet placed under tongue, disintegrated quickly and
absorb directly without passing GIT.
• Lozenges and Troches : these tablets are designed to exert local effect on
mouth and throat . Use to treat sore threat and controlling cough.
9. TABLETS ADMINISTERED BY OTHER
ROUTES
• Implants : placed subcutaneously for systemic or local delivery by means
of a surgical operations and slowly absorbed . They must be sterile . E.g.
testosterone tablets.
• Vaginal inserts : These tablets are use to provide systemic administration
of therapeutic agents for vaginal administration.
10. TABLETS USE TO PREPARE
SOLUTIONS
• Effervescent tablets: when added to water produce effervescences.
Dissolve rapidly in water due to chemical reaction place between
alkali bicarbonate and citric acid/tartaric acid. E.g., disprin tablets .
• Dispensing tablets: also called as compounding tablets containing
large amount of potent APIs. Theses tablet are added to water to
produce a solution of given conc. highly toxic and not use now. E.g.,
Digiplex.
• Hypodermic tablets: dissolve in sterile water and administer
parentally. Originally used by physicians in extemporaneous
preparations.
11. EXCIPIENTS USE IN TABLETS
• Diluents : need to increase bulk e.g. lactose , sucrose, dextrose, starch etc
• Disintegrating agents : to break tablet in small particles when swallowed. E.g. starch, clays,
cellulose.
• Granulating agents: provide moisture to convert fine powder into mass after passing through
sieve to form granules. E.g. propyl alcohol
• Glidents: to improve flow properties of granule. E.g. magnesium sterate and talc.
• Lubricants: reduce friction during compression between tablet and die wall during ejection.
E.g. talc.
• Binding agents: to provide strength to tablets. E.g. gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose.
• Coloring , flavoring and sweetening agents. E.g. FD&C , D&C dyes , Menthol, vanillin,
starch
12. ADVANTAGES
• Easy to administered.
• Easy to dispense.
• More stable.
• Accuracy in dose.
• Lighter and compact.
• Economical.
• Bitter and nauseous substances can easily dispensed.
• Inexpensive to manufacture.
13. DISADVANTAGES
• Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for compressed tablets.
• Drugs with low or poor water solubility, slow dissolution may be difficult
to formulate.
• Cost of production may increase due to coating and encapsulation.
• Swallowing is difficult specially for children and older patients.
• Product loss during production.
14. WET GRANULATION METHOD
• Milling of drugs and excipients
• Mixing of drugs and excipients (excluding excipients)
• Preparation of binder dispersion
• Mixing of binder solution with powder to form coarse mass
• Coarse sieving
• Drying of moist granules
• Sieving of dried granules and mixing with disintegrant and lubricants
• Compression into tablets
15. DRY GRANULATION
• Mixing of drugs and excipients
• Mixing of milled powders
• compression of mixed powders into slugs
• Milling and sieving of slugs
• Mixing with disintegrant and lubricant
• Compression into tablets
16. DIRECT COMPRESSION
• Milling of drugs and excipients
• Mixing of powders, disintegrant and lubricant
• Compression into tablets.
17. REFERENCES
1. Allen L. V and Ansel H. C. (2014). Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and
Drug Delivery Systems. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
2. http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/products/softgels-for-clinical-studies
3. Jariwala, D. M., Patel, H. P., Desai, C. T., Shah., S. A. and Shah, D. R. (2016). A
Review on Multiple Compressed Tablets. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and
Bioscientific Research, 6(3): 371-375
4. Jones D. (2008). Fast track Pharmaceutics – Dosage Form and Design. London:
Pharmaceutical Press.
5. Sakr, A. A and Alanazi, F. K (2012). Oral Solid Dosage Form. In L.A Felton
(Eds.), Remington Essentials of Pharmaceutics (pp. 581-610). London:
Pharmaceutical Press.
6. Al-Achi A (2019) Tablets: A Brief Overview. Journal of Pharm Practice and
Pharmaceutical Science. 2019(1): 49-52.
