Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution. Combines waste products into useful product. Setting mechanism depends on polymerization. Curing temp is between 60-90oC. Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers. Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid surface and folded plates

1. “A LITERATURE STUDY
ON
FERRO-GEOPOLYMER FLAT PANELS”
PRESENTED BY:
SUHAIL .H. SHAIKH

2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE STUDY.
PROPOSED WORK.
2

3. INTRODUCTION
3

4. INTRODUCTION
Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
Combines waste products into useful product.
Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
Curing temp is between 60-90oC.
Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to
it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost
roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers.
Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid
surface and folded plates.
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5. LITERATURE STUDY
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6. Author: Mohana Rajendran, Nagan soundarapandian.
Carried out an experimental study on the flexural behavior of thin cement- less
composite panels reinforced with welded rectangular wire mesh and chicken mesh
With.
1) Varying number of mesh layers.
2) Varying concentration of alkaline solution.
Size of the panel is 1000x200x25mm and 1000x200x30mm.
.
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CONCLUSION
1) First crack and ultimate loads increase with the increase in the thickness of the
element and concentration of alkaline solution.
2) Load carrying capacities, energy absorption, deformation are high in the case of
geopolymer ferrocement panels.
3) Reduction in crack width and increase in number of cracks in the case of
geopolymer ferrocement panels indicates delay in crack growth.

7. Author: Nagan soundarapandian , Mohana Rajendran
Carried out an experimental investigation on behavior of geopolymer ferrocement
slabs subjected to impact loading.
Their main aim is to workout resistance of geopolymer mortar slab to impact loading
for this specimen of size 230x230x25mm.with ,
1) Four layers of chicken mesh and two layers of rectangular welded mesh.
2) Single layer of welded mesh and four layer of chicken mesh.
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RESULTS
Table 1. Impact energy absorbed

8. 8
FIG.1 : Initial and final energy absorption of the specimen for various volume fraction of reinforcement
CONCLUSION
1) The combination of one layer of welded mesh and four layers of chicken mesh of
geopolymer ferrocement specimens show the best performance in the test, i.e.
energy absorbed, residual impact strength ratio.
2) Energy absorption and also residual impact strength ratio of geopolymer
ferrocement than that of ferrocement specimens.

9. Author: Hardjito, Wallah , Sumajouw and Rangan
Studied the development of geopolymer concrete and the influence of several parameters
on the compressive strength.
Numerous trial mixtures of geopolymer concrete were made and tested with different
proportions.
Effect of different parameters on compressive strength of geopolymer concrete was
observed .
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RESULTS
Table 2—Effect of parameters on compressive strength

10. CONCLUSIONS
1) Higher concentration (in terms of molar) of sodium hydroxide solution
results in a higher compressive strength of geopolymer concrete.
2) Higher the ratio of sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide liquid ratio by
mass, higher is the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete.
3) As the curing temperature in the range of 30 to 90 °C increases, the
compressive strength of geopolymer concrete also increases.
4) Longer curing time, in the range of 6 to 96 h (4 days), produces larger
compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. However, the increase in
strength beyond 48 h is not significant.
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11. AUTHOR: K.Vijai , R. Kumuthaa , B.G.Vishnuram
Carried out an study on impact of replacement of 10% of fly ash by OPC
in the GPC mix on the mechanical properties such as density, Compressive
Strength, Split Tensile strength and Flexural strength.
curing method ambient curing at room temperature and heat curing at
60°C for 24 hours in hot air oven.
Mixtures were prepared with alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.4.
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Figure 2. Density of GPC and GPCC specimens

12. 12
Figure 3. Compressive strength of GPC and GPCC
specimens
Figure 4. Split tensile strength of GPC and GPCC
specimens
Figure 5. Flexural strength of GPC and GPCC
specimens

13. CONCLUSION
Replacement of 10% of fly ash by OPC in GPC mix resulted in an
enhanced compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength
by 73%, 128% and 17% respectively with reference to GPC mix in ambient
curing at the age of 28 days.
In heat curing the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength are enhanced by 39%, 127% and 11% respectively with reference
to GPC mix at the age of 28 days.
At the age of 28 days, the compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural strength of GPCC in ambient curing itself is more than that of GPC
in heat curing
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14. AUTHOR’S : Kumar Satish , Sanjay Kumar and Baboo Rai
Carried out an experimental investigation to evaluate the compressive strength of
geopolymer mortar mixes in which natural sand was replaced with 20%, 50%, and
100% quarry dust by weight which were further modified by partially replacing
cement with four percentages (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) of low calcium fly ash.
The compressive strength was determined at 3, 7, 28, and 50 days of age.
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15. 15
Figure 6 : Compressive strength test results for QC series
Figure 7 :Variation of compressive strength with various percentage of quarry dust
replacement in natural sand.

16. 16
Figure 8 : Compressive strength test results for QF series.
Figure 9 :Variation of compressive strength with various percentage of fly
ach replacement in cement.

17. CONCLUSION
The combined use of quarry rock dust and fly ash exhibited excellent
performance due to efficient micro-filling ability and pozzolanic activity.
Quarry dust qualifies it self as suitable substitute for river sand. Thus, it can
be concluded that the replacement of natural sand with quarry dust, as
partial replacement, in mortar/concrete is possible.
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18. Author: Ammar Motorwala et. al .
Studied effect of varied concentrations of alkaline solutions on the strength characteristics
of the geopolymer concrete.
Effect of varying temperature on strength of geopolymer concrete were also studied.
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Fig.2. Effect of molarity on compressive strength of GPC
CONCLUSION
A general increase in compressive strength with increase in molarity and curing
temperature was seen.

19. AUTHOR: Kushal Ghosh and Dr. Partha Ghosh
The objectives of the research is to appreciate the effect of synthesizing
parameters on setting time and workability of Fly ash based geopolymer
paste.
The Geopolymer paste were prepared by varying % Na2O from 4.25% to
10.25% and % SiO2 from 4.5% to 17% . The water to fly ash ratio of 0.325
was kept constant. Again, water to fly ash ratio was varied from 0.325 to
0.365, keeping % Na2O and % SiO2 constant.
CONCLUSION
1) Development of setting time and workability as well as microstructure
depended basically on alkali content , silica content and water to binder
ratio.
2) Strong alkali solutions are needed to dissolve fly ash during the process
of geopolymerisation.
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20. Author: B.V. Rangan , S.E. Wallah
In this work, the long-term properties of low-calcium fly ash-based
geopolymer concrete were studied.
The long-term properties included in the study were creep, drying
shrinkage, sulfate resistance, and sulfuric acid resistance.
CONCLUSION
There is no substantial gain in the compressive strength of heat-cured fly
ash based geopolymer concrete with age.
Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete cured in the laboratory ambient
conditions gains compressive strength with age. The 7th day compressive
strength of ambient-cured specimens depends on the average ambient
temperature during the first week after casting; higher the average ambient
temperature higher is the compressive strength.
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21. REFRENCES
1) Mohana, Rajendran., Nagan, soundarapandian. (2013)“An experimental
investigation on the flexural behavior of geopolymer-ferrocement slabs” Journal of
engineering and technology, Vol.3, Issue 2.
2) Nagan, S., Mohana,R. (2014) “ Behavior of geopolymer Ferrocement slabs
subjected to impact” IJST Journal of civil engineering, Vol.38, No-Cl+, PP 223-
233,.
3) Hardjito, D., Wallah, S.E., Sumajouw, D.M. and Rangan, B.V. (2004), “On the
development of fly ash based geopolymer concrete” ACI material journals,
Vol.101, PP.467-472.
4) K,Vijaia ., R, Kumuthaa . and Vishnuramb , B.G. (2012) “experimental
investigations on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete composites ”
Asian journal of civil engineering (building and housing) vol. 13, pp. 89-96.
5) Baboo Rai, Sanjay Kumar, and Kumar Satish. (2014) “Effect of Fly Ash on
Mortar Mixes with Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate” Advances in Materials
Science and Engineering Volume 2014, Article ID 626425, 7 pages.
6) Ammar Motorwala, Vineet Shah, Ravishankar Kammula, Praveena Nannapaneni,
Prof. D. B. Raijiwala. “ALKALI Activated FLY-ASH Based Geopolymer
Concrete” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue
1, January 2013)
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22. REFRENCES(continued)
7) Kushal Ghosh, Dr. Partha Ghosh “ Effect Of Na2o/Al2o3, Sio2/Al2o3 And W/B
Ratio On Setting Time And Workability Of Fly ash Based Geopolymer ”
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2142-2147.
8) Rangan, B.V., Wallah, S.E. (2006).“Low-Calcium fly ash based geopolymer
concrete: Long term properties” research Report GC2 faculty of engineering Curtin
university and technology Perth, Australia.
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