By Suhaib Ul Sabah, Department of Geography, University of Jammu

1. R E M O T E S E N S I N G AND ITS APPLICATIONS

2. REMOTESENSING?
• It is defined as the technique of obtaining
information about objects through the analysis of
data collected by special instruments that are not in
physical contact with the objects of investigation.
• The electromagnetic radiation is generally used as
information carrier in remote sensing

3. ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN REMOTE SENSING
1. Energy Source or Illumination(A)
2. Radiation and theAtmosphere (B)
3. Interaction with the Object (C)
4. Recording of Energy by the
Sensor (D)
5. Transmission, Reception and Processing (E)
6. Interpretation and Analysis(F)
7.Application (G)

4. PLATFORMS
The base on which remote sensors are placed to
acquire information about the Earth surface is
called platforms.
1) Ground based
2) Airborne
3) Space borne

5. ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE SENSING:-
 Provides a regionalview(largeareas).
 Provides repetitivelooks at thesamearea.
 Remotesensors "see" overabroader portionofthespectrumthanthehuman eye.
 Providesgeo-referenced,digitaldata.
 Some remotesensors operateinall seasons,at night,and inbadweather.

6. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

7. INTRODUCTION
 Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to
perform image processing on digital images
 As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image
processing has many advantages over analog image processing.

8. WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE ?
A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image as a finite set
of digital values, called picture elements orpixels.

9. WHAT IS DIGITALIMAGE PROCESSING
Digital Image Processing involves :
• Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation
• Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation
for autonomous machine perception

10. G I S ( GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM )

11. WHAT IS GIS ?
“GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating,
and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified
according totheir locations.”
“A GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software,
geographic data, and personnel to efficiently capture, store, update,
manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced
information.”

12. PRINCIPLE
 Data Capture
 Database Management and Update
 Geographic Analysis
 Preparing Result

13. COMPONENTS
1. Hardware : Computer System, Scanner, Printer, Plotter, Flat Board
2. Software : GIS software in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, etc.
3. Data : A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a
DBMS, used by most organization to maintain their data, to manage spatial data.
Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from
a commercial data provider.
4. People : GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain.
5. Method : The map creation can either be automated raster to vector creator.

14. DATATYPES
Vector ( Points Lines Polygons)
Raster ( Cell Pixels Elements)

15. ADVANTAGESOF G I S
 GIS allows us to view, understand, and visualize data in many ways
that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps,
globes, reports, and charts.
 A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at
your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.
 GIS give the accurate Data. Better
Predictions and Analysis.

20. “Navigational Satellite Timing And
Ranging Global Positioning System”
(NAVSTAR GPS)

21. H I STORY
• Navigating by stars (requires clear nights and careful measurements)most widely
used for centuries
• The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous
navigation systems.
• GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defence and was
originally run with 24 satellites.
• It became fully operational in 1995. “Bradford Parkinson”, “Roger L. Easton”, and
“Ivan A. Getting” are credited with inventing it.

22. G P S E L E M E N T S
Three segments
1. Space segment.
2. Control segment.
3. User segment. Space Segment Control Segment User Segment

23. SPACE SEGMENT
•GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an
altitude of 20,200 km and with a period of 12
hours.
• Powered by solar cells.
• The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar
panels toward the sun and their antenna toward the earth.
• Orbital planes are centered on the Earth.
• Orbits are designed so that, at least, six satellites are always
within line of sight from any location on the planet.

24. CONTROL SEGMENT
The CS consists of 3 entities:
• Master Control System
• Monitor Stations
• Ground Antennas

25. U S E R SEGMENT
• GPS receivers are generally composed of
1. an antenna( tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites),
2. receiver-processors, and
3.highly-stable clock( commonly a crystal oscillator).
• They can also include a display for showing location and speed information to
the user.
• A receiver is often described by its number of channels ( this signifies how
many satellites it can monitor simultaneously).
• As of recent, receivers usually have between twelve and twenty channels.

27. THANK YOU