Energy System under Multiphase PCM (Phase change Material ). Demand & Supply GDP & ODP FACTOR Sustainable & renewable

1. ENERGY System Engineering
ENERGY |Multi phase
Experiment Thermal and Fluid science
Fusion
Flow Pattern & Flow Regime
SUDHEER NANDI

2.  Its Opportunity Hidden within processing is a largely,
unknown form of Heat Energy redefining renewable…
 Heat currently wasting into thin air…
There is often still heat ‘energy’ left as a by product of
processing that is frequently simply wasted, vented
through smokestacks, and into the air.
Background and Motivation
The temperature groups are defined as:
High: 1200°F [or 650°C] and higher
Medium: 450 to 1200°F [or 230 to 650°C]
Low: 450°F [or 230°C] and lower
Waste Heat Recovery: Technology and Opportunities in U. S. Industry
, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
, Industrial Technologies Program, May 20, 2016,
R&D Staff ,Oak Ridge National Laboratory

3. World wide Energy consumption is escalation swiftly , have a provoked and face up to the use of
new-fangled techniques of heat transfer .
 Previous era, the research on thermo –hydraulic designs using Multi-phase flow has been area
under discussion of significant curiosity.
Heat transfer characteristics dwell with Evaporation and condensing .
Multi- phase
(Boiling)
Power
generation
Thermal
Management
Chemical
Space
Cryogenics &
Other industries
Multi-phase boiling heat transfer in tubes or channels can be characterized by either nucleate or convective
boiling component or both.

4. Flow boiling thermal and fluid science
Multi-phase processes is still an open question!!!
*There many more correlations, but most of them are either based on these model or their
boundary condition don’t apply
Some of the industrial applications falling over a channel size ranging from 0.33 mm to 20 mm.
Distinguishing criteria, such as the relative importance influence hydrodynamic forces:
e.g. inertia, viscosity, buoyancy & surface tension effects.
Several macro-to-meso transition criteria have been proposed by “independent researchers” ranging from physical
channel size.
Mehendale et al. (2000)
Conventional heat exchanger: dh > 6 mm.
Compact heat exchanger: dh = 1—6 mm.
Meso heat exchanger: dh = 100 µm 1 mm.
Micro heat exchanger: dh = 1 100 µm.
Kandlikar (2002& 2003)
Conventional channel: dh > 3 mm.
Mini channels: dh = 200 µm- 3 mm.
Micro channels: dh = 10 200 µm.
micro channels: dh = 10 - 1µm.
nanochannels: dh = 1 - 0.1 µm.
Molecular nano channels: 0.1µm > dh.
Shah (1986) hydraulic diameter ≤6 mm

5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007977#
Meso-Macro
Channel
Fluid FlowConvective
Heat Transfer
Constant Wall
Temperature
Constant
Heat flux
Laminar
Flow
Turbulent
Flow
Single Phase Multi Phase Developing
Flow
Fully
Developing
Different Channel Geometries
Different Channel Material

6. Boiling
Sudden vaporization of liquid at solid-liquid interface at its boiling point (the temperature at which vapor
pressure of liquid is equal to external pressure).
NUCLEATE BOILING
•Boiling is called pool boiling in the absence of bulk
fluid flow.
•Any motion of the fluid is due to natural convection
currents and the motion of the bubbles under the
influence of buoyancy.
CONECTIVE BOILING
•Boiling is called flow boiling in the presence of
bulk fluid flow.
•In flow boiling, the fluid is forced to move in a
heated pipe (or) over a surface by external means such
as a pump

7. Process Involved
A General
Review
Comparative
Study
Systematic
analysis
Structural
Material
Thermal
Performance
Geometry
•Orientation
•Length
•Diameter
Flow Condition
Laminar
Turbulence
Flow pattern
Coolant
Type coolant
Copper Rod Horizontal
850mm φ7.8mm
R22 chiller
Laminar
Bubble ,Slug, Mist
& Annular
Overall research objectives

8. Dimensionless group
8

VD

ρVD
numberReynolds

9. 9
fgim
Q


BoNumberBoiling
•Ratio of heat exchanged with the surroundings to heat that would be liberated by the complete vaporization of
the input liquid.
Confined number Co
*Peter A.Kew & Keith cornwell (1997)
Applied thermal Engg VoL -17 Elsevier science Ltd,European communities.
Di
)]gρl[g(ρσ
iD
bD
Co


•The criterion that enables the determination of the critical size of the channel defining the shift from isolated
regime to confined bubble regime for a given fluid .

10.  
 TP
TP
.
II
IIH)(G*A
)(








 EE
Reference
•Abernethy,R.Bandthompson,J.W.,handbook uncertainty in gas turbine Measurements, Arnold Engineering
Development Center, Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee, 1973.
• R.J. Moffat, Describing the uncertainties in experimental results, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 1 (1988) 3–17.
Flow boiling single phase study
Assure the accuracy of the estimated vapor quality and evaluate the effective rate of heat loss during single-
phase condition, this procedure is suggested by Abernethy and Thompson and Moffat was used to calculate
the uncertainties
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780007115.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbsmse/v26n2/21058.pdf

11. Flow Boiling horizontal ─ Internal Flow
• The two-phase flow in a tube exhibits different flow
boiling regimes, depending on the relative amounts
of the liquid and the vapor phases.
• Typical flow regimes:
– Liquid single-phase flow,
– Bubbly flow,
– Slug flow,
– Annular flow,
– Mist flow,
– Vapor single-phase flow.
Ref: Collier, J. G., and Thome, J. R., 1994,Convective Boiling &Condensation
Super heat steam
Heat transfer coefficient Zone
Superheat steam

12. State of the art literature survey flow patter & Multi phase
Lazarek &Black (1982) ~ GB Abadi & Kyung Chun Kim(2016)
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics
http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1144433
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Fluid_mechanics
Pr << 1 Liquid Metals
Pr 1 Gases
Pr >> 1 Viscous Liquids
The flow pattern maps available in literature were first developed for the
petrochemical industry (Baker 1954) for flow of oil and gas in large diameter
pipes.
In recent years, a number of flow pattern maps have been developed for
various diameter tubes, evaporation or condensation, heat exchanger
geometries, etc.
The flow pattern depends on the pressure ,geometry ,mass flux &direction
.There many more correlations, but most of them are either based on these
model or their boundary condition don’t apply.
With respect to Multi-phase is still an open question

13. 13
Two Phase Flow Pattern map Of Baker (1954 ) Horizontal Tube
The value of the x & y axis are then
determined the identify the particular
flow regime
5.0
Water
L
air
G











3/12
L
water
Water
Lwater


































14. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
IBIsolated bubble
CBCoalescing bubble
A Annalur
A
CB
Massvelocity[kg/m2.s]
Vapor Quality [-]
IB
Mass velocity Vs Vapor quality
http://flashinformatique.epfl.ch/spip.php?article2258 Micro chip cooling
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Flow-pattern-map-for-stable-flow-boiling-of-R134a-in-microchannel-
D-h-509-m-at-d_245362376

15. 15
Flow patter comparison

16. What need for calculation R24fa
16
Waste heat source
Thermal storage tank
Pump
Evaporation process Condensation process
PCM (latent heat storage material)
organic, Inorganic& Eutectics.
Functional Parameter
-Type material
-Pressure,Temperature,Mass flow rate.
-Type of Heat exchanger.
-Chemical Oxidation .
Reliability of
Design & working model
Rate of cooling process to
maintain constant output

17. 17
Chemical Name 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane
Molecular Formula CF3CH2CHF2
Molecular Weight 134
Flammability Limits in Air @ 1atm** (vol.%) None
Flash Point * None
Water Solubility in HFC-245fa 1600 ppm
ASHRAE Safety Group Classification B1
*Flashpoint by ASTM D 3828-87; ASTM D1310-86
**Flame Limits measured at ambient temperature and pressure using ASTM E681-85
with electrically heated match ignition, spark ignition and fused wire ignition; ambient air.
Boiling Point °C @ 1.01 bar 15.3 Boiling Point (°F) @ 1atm 59.5
Freezing Point °C @ 1.01 bar <-107 Freezing Point (°F) <-160
Critical Temperature** (°C) 154.05 Critical Temperature** (°F) 309.29
Critical Pressure** (bar) 36.4 Critical Pressure** (psia) 527.9
Critical Density** (m3/kg) 517 Critical Density** (lb/ft3) 32.28
Vapor Density @ Boiling Point (lb/ft3) 5.921 Vapor Density @ Boiling Point (lb/ft3) 0.3697
Liquid Density (kg/m3) 1339 Liquid Density (lb/ft3) 83.58
Liquid Heat Capacity (kJ/kg K) 1.36 Liquid Heat Capacity (Btu/lb °F) 0.33
Vapor Heat Capacity @ constant pressure, 1.01 bar (kJ/kg K) 0.8931 Vapor Heat Capacity @ constant pressure, 1atm (Btu/lb °F) 0.218
Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point (kJ/kg) 196.7 Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point (Btu/lb) 84.62
Liquid Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) 0.081 Liquid Thermal Conductivity (Btu/hr ft °F) 0.0468
Vapor Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) 0.0125 Vapor Thermal Conductivity (Btu/hr ft °F) 0.0072
Liquid Viscosity (mPa s) 402.7 Liquid Viscosity (lb/ft hr) 0.9744
Vapor Viscosity (mPa s) 10.3 Vapor Viscosity (lb/ft hr) 0.025
*Properties at 77 °F / 25 °C unless noted otherwise
**NIST Refprop v 7.0
Properties of HFC-245fa
Standard International Units* English Units*
Table 1

18. Flow boiling heat transfer (instabilities)
• The anticipated reliance of nucleate boiling and convective boiling on heat flux and mass flux
respectively is report by most authors ,boiling is dominating , even though very few tests are
done with glass tubes so that the actual nucleation of bubble is visible and the correct type of
boiling can be determined.
• Reference: Lazarek &Black (1982) ~ GB Abadi & Kyung Chun Kim(2016)
Multi phase
(Instabilities)
1. Control problems.
2. Operation life span
Safety & design
1. Premature burn-out
2. Thermal fatigue
3. Mechanical vibrations
•The effect of the external parameters( Pump response ,Inertia,
compressibility )
•Occurrence of instabilities in condensing system

19. •Sample test section on flow passing way , scale formation ,which will reduced thermal conductivity.
Rapid Oxidization
PubChem CID: 68030
Chemical Names:
1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane; 460-73-1; HFC-245fa; UNII-
TA9UOF49CY; HFC 245fa; F 245fa More...
Molecular Formula: C3H3F5
Molecular Weight: 134.049 g/mol
Single bond easy to break &
form’s “Rapid Oxidization”

20. Reaction
CF3CH2CHF2 + ·OH → Other Products + H2O
CF3CH2CHF2 + ·Cl → CH2FCF2CF2· + HCl
CF3CH2CHF2 + ·OH → Other Products + H2O
CH2FCF2CF2· + CH2FCF2CF2· → Other Products + CF3CH2CHF2
CF3CH2CHF2 + ·OH → Other Products + H2O
http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?TLow=20&THigh=85&TInc=2&Applet=on&Digits=5&ID=C460731&Action=Load&Ty
pe=SatP&TUnit=C&PUnit=MPa&DUnit=kg%2Fm3&HUnit=kJ%2Fmol&WUnit=m%2Fs&VisUnit=Pa*s&STUnit=N%2Fm
&RefState=ASH#Auxiliary

21. TEWI-Total Equivalent warming impact
TEWI=(GWP x L x n)+(GWP x m[1-αRecovery])+(n x Eannual x β)
Leakage Recovery losses Energy Consumption
direct global warming potential Indirect global warming potential
*Reference :Bitzer International, Germany
*GWP=Global Warming potential [CO2-related]
L =Leakage rate per year [Kg]
N =System operating time [Years]
M = refrigerant charge [kg]
αRecovery =Recycling factor
Eannual =Energy consumption per year [kWh]
β =CO2 –Emission per kWh (Energy-Mix)
*ODP =OZONE DEPLECTION POTENTIAL

22. Sight glass
Micro
Pump
Condenser
(Lab view)
Brine
P5T5
LI
TT
PT
W
FT
: Level indicator
: Temperature transmitter(T, K Type)
: Pressure transducer (0~10 Bar)
: Watt meter
: Coriolis Mass flow meter
P2T2
P1T1
LI
P3T3
FT
W
Pre
heater
PC
Data logger(34970A)
3kW-heater
Chiller
unit
Reserv
oir
tank
Mass flow rate
P4T4
Experimental setup Lab scale Thermal behavior
Waste water storage tank
Bypass valve
Sight glass
Plate
Waste heat water
R245fa
PCM
Heat exchanger plate(pass Through)
Plexi
Glass
Heat exchanger plate
(End sealed /encapulsion model)
PCM material
PCM Filling port
Plexi
Glass
Thin
Thout
TRout
TRin
Set A
Set B

23. 23
Data gasket heat exchanger are given as follows:
Total effective area (Ae)=20 m
Vertical distance (Lv) = 24cm
Horizontal distance (Lh)= 7.5cm
Plate thickness (t)= 0.6 mm
Effective channel width (Lw)= 10cm
Enlargement factor = 1.1
Chevron angle ( β)= 25°
Lp and Lw can be estimated from the port distance Lv and Lh and port diameter Dp as
Lp Lv - Dp=21.5cm ;LwLh + Dp=10cm
The value of enlargement factor is calculated the effective flow path.
From (1.3 and 1.4) we can make a new equation to find Lp. Lp = Lv – Lw + Lh=21.5cm
**Constants for single-phase heat transfer
and pressure loss calculation in gasketed-
plate heat exchanger (Heat exchangers:
Selection, Rating and Thermal design 2nded,
p. 394).

24. Hybrid analysis for PCM ,H20,R245fa and polycarbonate
Items [Dynamic]
HFC245fa
[Dynamic]
waste water
[Static]
PCM
Polycarbonate[PC]
Fluid Hfa245fa
@24℃
H20 PCM PC
Fluid rate[kg/sec] 3 12LPM 500gm Thickness 30mm
Temperature in[℃] 24 120 24 24
Temperature out[℃] 70 70 70 40~50℃
Maximum pressure[bar] Stability
adjacent
Stability
adjacent
Stability
adjacent
If high pressure
thermal crack
Total fouling resistance
[m2.k/W]
0.00005 0.36
[organic solvent]
0.36
[organic solvent]
-
Sp.heat[J/kg.k] 981.2 4183 0.00283 1200~1300
Viscosity[N.s/m2] 0.00025 5.09X10-4
- -
Thermal conductivity
[W/m.K]
0.08 0.645 0.3 0.144m2/sec
Prandtl number 4.787 3.31 68.8[Melting]
Density[Kg/m3] 1224.05 985 0.94g/m3

25. Assumed Calculation
25
Temperature Temperature
PCM120℃
Thw1
68.8℃
Thw2
70℃
TRc1
24℃
TRc2
70℃
PCM
24℃
##Melting PCM 68.8℃##
PCM
Q= m cpΔT
=500X2.83X80℃
=500gx (3600/1000)X2.83kJ/kg x 80K
#Qpcm = 407KJ/h
Latent Heat LH- 198.6KJ/Kg
Storage of PCM=500gm
=0.5kgx198.6KJ/Kg=99.3KJ.
Heat supplied need
QR=Q1=QR +Q2 =Qt =99.3kJ
PCM
R245fa
99.3KJ
Wh
Qt
QR Q
Waste water 12LPM
M*=103x(12x10-3/60) =0.2kg/sec
M*CwΔT =0.2x4.18x10=4.19KW
M*CwΔT =0.2x4.18x10=4.19KW
#Time duration running =99.3/4.19=24sec
Heat exchange plate
It’s differ from cooling process.

26. Future scope To progress
“Harvesting Energy”- HOW USE , Thin Air !!!
 Heat transfer /exchange– flow /pool boiling “blank of Energy source” .Load & Idea time factor
Storage of Energy - A phase change material (PCM) heat storage /release unit
The PCM storage system is designed to work at melting point temperature of the PCM. It means that
major part of energy is released/ absorbed at melting point of PCM
Thermal behavior- Key element
http://pubs.rsc.org/-/content/articlehtml/2017/ta/c7ta04968d

27. Reference of Plate heat Exchanger
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014070071500208X
Flow boiling and frictional pressure gradients in plate heat exchangers. Part 1: Review and experimental
database.
Raffaele L.AmalfiaFarzadVakili-FarahanibJohn R.Thomea
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00179310
09001975#fig2
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1290072915000885

28. Thank you
Life is a “SQUABBLE”……!!!!!!