It describes about the metal removal procedure from the parent metal to the required shape for assembly & to mate with other parts.

1. B19MET402 – MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGY- II
Name of the Course Instructor:
C. SUBRAMANIAN
Asst Prof./Mechanical Engineering
Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of
Technology

2. B19MET402 -
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGY – II
UNIT – I
THEORY OF METAL CUTTING

3. Unit - 1 Theory of Metal Cutting
Mechanics of chip formation, single point
cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip,
cutting tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal
cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials,
tool wear, tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids
and Machinability.

4. Definition of Production /
Manufacturing
 Production or manufacturing
can be simply defined as value
addition processes by which
raw materials of low utility and
value due to its inadequate
material properties and poor or
irregular size, shape and finish
are converted into high utility
and valued products with
definite dimensions, forms and
finish imparting some
functional ability. A typical
example of manufacturing is
schematically shown in Fig.
1.1.

5. PRODUCTION / MANUFACTURING
• Production Engineering covers two domains:
• (a) Production or Manufacturing Processes
• (b) Production Management
Manufacturing Processes
This refers to science and technology of manufacturing products
effectively, efficiently, economically and environment-friendly through
 Application of any existing manufacturing process and system
 Proper selection of input materials, tools, machines and environments.
 Improvement of the existing materials and processes
 Development of new materials, systems, processes and techniques

6. “Increase in Profit, Pr”, can be attained
by
(i) reducing the overall manufacturing
cost, Cm
(ii) increase in revenue, R by
increasing quality and reliability of the
products
(iii) enhancement of saleable
production
Production Management
It mainly refers to planning,
coordination and control of the
entire manufacturing in most
profitable way with maximum
satisfaction to the customers
by best utilization of the
available resources like man,
machine, materials and money.
Achieving the goal in
manufacturing requires
fulfillment of one or more of the
following objectives:
• reduction of manufacturing
time
• increase of productivity
• reduction of manufacturing
cost
• increase in profit or profit rate

7. Definition of Machining: Machining is an essential process
of finishing by which jobs are produced to the desired
dimensions and surface finish by gradually removing the
excess material from the preformed blank in the form of
chips with the help of cutting tool(s) moved past the work
surface(s).

8. BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
(a) Shaping or forming
Manufacturing a solid product of definite size and shape from a given
material taken in three possible states:
• in solid state – e.g., forging rolling, extrusion, drawing etc.
• in liquid or semi-liquid state – e.g., casting, injection moulding etc.
• in powder form – e.g., powder metallurgical process.
(b) Joining process
Welding, brazing, soldering etc.
(c) Removal process
Machining (Traditional or Non-traditional), Grinding etc.
(d) Regenerative manufacturing
Production of solid products in layer by layer from raw materials in
different form:
• liquid – e.g., stereo lithography
• powder – e.g., selective sintering
• sheet – e.g., LOM (laminated object manufacturing)
• wire – e.g., FDM. (Fused Deposition Modelling)

9. Mechanism of chip formation in machining
Machining is a semi-finishing or finishing process essentially done
to impart required or stipulated dimensional and form accuracy
and surface finish to enable the product to
•Fulfill its basic functional requirements
•Provide better or improved performance
•Render long service life.
Machining is a process of gradual removal of excess material from
the preformed blanks in the form of chips.
The form of the chips is an important index of machining because
it directly or indirectly indicates :
•Nature and behaviour of the work material under machining
condition
•Specific energy requirement (amount of energy required to
remove unit volume of work material) in machining work
•Nature and degree of interaction at the chip-tool interfaces.

10. The form of machined chips depend mainly upon :
Work material
Material and geometry of the cutting tool
Levels of cutting velocity and feed and also to some extent on depth of cut
Machining environment or cutting fluid that affects temperature and friction at the
chip-tool and work-tool interfaces.
Knowledge of basic mechanism's of chip formation helps to understand the
characteristics of chips and to attain favorable chip forms.
Mechanism of chip formation in machining
The types of chips produced are,
Continuous chip ; Discontinuous chip / segmental chip
Continuous chip with built up edge.
Non homogeneous chip

11. Mechanism of chip formation in machining Ductile
materials.
Compression
Shear stress
develops
Reaches or
exceeds the shear
strength
Yielding or slip
takes place
resulting shear
deformation
Machining of ductile materials generally produces flat,
curved or coiled continuous chips.

12. Continuous
chip is a type
of chip
produced
when the
material ahead
of the tool
continuously
deforms
without
fracture and
flows off the
tool face in the
form of ribbon.

13. Mechanism of chip formation in machining brittle materials
Discontinuous chips are chips produced when machining brittle materials at very low
speed and high feeds.
Wedging action of
the cutting edge
small crack develops
sharp crack-tip
stress concentration
crack quickly
propagates, under
stressing action, and
total separation
takes place

14. Built-up-Edge (BUE) formation
In machining ductile metals like steels with long chip-tool contact length, lot of stress and
temperature develops in the secondary deformation zone at the chip-tool interface. Under
such high stress and temperature in between two clean surfaces of metals, strong bonding
may locally take place due to adhesion similar to welding.
With the growth of the BUE, the force, F (shown
in Fig. 5.11) also gradually increases due to
wedging action of the tool tip along with the BUE
formed on it. Whenever the force, F exceeds the
bonding force of the BUE, the BUE is broken or
sheared off and taken away by the flowing chip.
Then again BUE starts forming and growing. This
goes on repeatedly.

15. Built-up-Edge (BUE) Characteristics
Built-up-edges are
characterized by its shape, size
and bond strength, which
depend upon:
• work tool materials
• stress and temperature, i.e.,
cutting velocity and feed
• cutting fluid application
governing cooling and
lubrication.
Formation of BUE causes several harmful effects, such as:
 It unfavourably changes the rake angle at the tool tip causing increase in cutting
forces and power consumption
 Repeated formation and dislodgement of the BUE causes fluctuation in cutting
forces and thus induces vibration which is harmful for the tool, job and the machine
tool.
 Surface finish gets deteriorated
 May reduce tool life by accelerating tool-wear at its rake surface by adhesion
and flaking.
 Occasionally, formation of thin flat type stable BUE may reduce tool wear at the
rake face.

16. The basic major types of chips and the conditions generally under which such
types of chips form are given below:
•Discontinuous type
of irregular size and shape : - work material – brittle like grey cast iron
of regular size and shape : - work material ductile but hard and work hardenable
feed – large
tool rake – negative
cutting fluid – absent or inadequate
•Continuous type
Without BUE : work material – ductile
Cutting velocity – high
Feed – low
Rake angle – positive and large
Cutting fluid – both cooling and lubricating
•With BUE :
- work material – ductile
- cutting velocity – medium
- feed – medium or large
- cutting fluid – inadequate or absent.
•Jointed or segmented type
- work material – semi-ductile
- cutting velocity – low to medium
- feed – medium to large
- tool rake – negative
- cutting fluid – absent

17. Orthogonal & Oblique cutting

18. Orthogonal Cutting Oblique Cutting
1.The cutting edge of the tool remains
normal to the direction of tool feed
2. The direction of chip flow velocity is
normal to the cutting edge of the tool.
3. The cutting edge clears the width of work
piece on either ends.
4. The cutting edge is larger than width of
cut
5. Produce Sharp corners.
6. Generally parting off in lathe, broaching
and slotting operations are done in this
method
7. The force which shears the metal act on
smaller area so tool life is less
8. The chip coil in a tight floot spiral
9. Maximum chip thickness occurs at its
middle
10. Cutting force acts along x and z
direction only
1.The cutting edge of the tool is inclined at an
angle to the direction of tool feed.
2. The direction of chip flow velocity is act at
an angle with normal to the cutting edge of
the tool
3. The cutting edge may or may not clears the
width of work piece on either ends.
4. The cutting edge is smaller than width of
cut
5. Produces chamfer at the end of cut
6. This method of cutting is used in almost all
machining operations
7. Tool life is more because the cutting force
acts on larger area
8. The chip flow side ways in a long curl
9. The maximum chip thickness may not occur
at middle
10. Cutting force act along all direction

19. No
Orthogonal Cutting Oblique Cutting
1
The cutting edge of the tool remains
normal to the direction of tool feed
The cutting edge of the tool is inclined
at an angle to the direction of tool feed.
2
The direction of chip flow velocity is
normal to the cutting edge of the tool.
The direction of chip flow velocity is act
at an angle with normal to the cutting
edge of the tool
3
The cutting edge clears the width of
workpiece on either ends.
The cutting edge may or may not clears
the width of workpiece on either ends.
4
The cutting edge is larger than width of
cut
The cutting edge is smaller than width of
cut
5
Produces sharp corners Produces chamfer at the end of cut
6
Generally parting off in lathe, broaching
and slotting operations are done in this
method
This method of cutting is used in almost
all machining operations.
7
The force which shears the metal act on
smaller area so tool life is less
Tool life is more because the cutting
force acts on larger area.
8
The chip coil in a tight floot spiral The chip flow side ways in a long curl
9
Maximum chip thickness occurs at its
middle
The maximum chip thickness may not
occur at middle
10
Cutting force acts along x and z
direction only
Cutting force act along all direction.

23. Need and purpose of chip - breaking
Continuous machining like turning of ductile metals, unlike
brittle metals like grey cast iron, produce continuous chips,
which leads to their handling and disposal problems. The
problems become acute when ductile but strong metals like
steels are machined at high cutting velocity for high MRR by
flat rake face type carbide or ceramic inserts. The sharp edged
hot continuous chip that comes out at very high speed

24. Need and purpose of chip - breaking
The sharp edged hot continuous chip that comes out at very high
speed
 becomes dangerous to the operator and the other people working in
the vicinity
 may impair the finished surface by entangling with the rotating job
 creates difficulties in chip disposal.
Therefore it is essentially needed to break such
continuous chips into small regular pieces for
 safety of the working people
 prevention of damage of the product
 easy collection and disposal of chips.
Chip breaking is done in proper way also for the additional purpose of
improving Machinability by reducing the chip-tool contact area,
cutting forces and crater wear of the cutting tool.

25. (a) Schematic
illustration of the
action of a chip
breaker. Note that
the chip breaker
decreases the
radius of the chip.
(b) Chip breaker
clamped on the
rake face of a
cutting tool.
(c) Grooves in
cutting tools
acting as chip
breakers
CHIP BREAKERS

26. Cutting tool materials
The selection of cutting tool material will
depend on:
1. Volume of Production
2. Tool design
3. Type of machining process
4. Physical & chemical properties of work piece
5. Rigidity & condition of machine

27. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS
i) High mechanical strength; compressive and tensile
ii) Fracture toughness – high or at least adequate
iii) High hardness for abrasion resistance
iv) High hot hardness to resist plastic deformation and
reduce wear rate at elevated temperature
v) Chemical stability or inertness against work
material, atmospheric gases and cutting fluids
vi) Resistance to adhesion and diffusion
vii)Thermal conductivity – low at the surface to resist
incoming of heat and high at the core to quickly
dissipate the heat entered
viii)High heat resistance and stiffness
ix) Manufacturability, availability and low cost.

28. Properties of cutting tool material
1. Hot hardness
2. Wear resistance
3. Toughness
4. Low friction
5. Cost of tool

29. Classification of tool materials
a) Carbon tool steel
b) High speed steel
c) Cemented carbides
d) Ceramics
e) Diamonds

30. Carbon Tool Steels
The composition of plain carbon steel is
Carbon – 0.8 to 1.3 %
Silicon - 0.1 to 0.4 %
Maganese – 0.1 to 0.4 %
 Suitable for low cutting speed at temp. 200 C
Eg. Taps, dies, reamers, hacksaw blades

31. Carbide Tip

32. Insert Shapes and strength Inserts Shapes and Operations

33. TOOL GEOMETRY
• Correct rank angle must be used
• Rake angle :- If it is increased in positive direction , the
cutting force and amount of heat generated are reduced.
This increases the life of the tool. But if it is increased too
much ,cutting edge is weakened and capacity to conduct
heat also decreases.
• Increase in nose radius improves tool life

34. 6
1.SHANK
2. FACE
3. Base
4. point
5. CUTTING EDGE
a] End cutting edge
b] Side cutting edge
6.FLANK
7.NOSE
8.NOSE RADIUS

35. SHANK: It is the main part of the cutting tool,
and is also the part of the tool is gipped in the
tool holder.
FACE: It is the top portion or surface of the tool over
which the chip flows during the cutting.
CUTTING EDGE: Cutting edge is the portion of the
face edge that separates the chip from the
workpiece.
Point - End of the tool that has been ground for cutting
purpose. Base- Bottom surface of the tool shank
END CUTTING EDGE: It is the cutting edge formed
at the end face of the tool.
SIDE CUTTING EDGE: It is the cutting edge on the side face of the tool.
FLANK: It is the surface adjacent to, and below the cutting edge when tool
lies in a horizontal position.
NOSE: It is the tip of the cutting tool, and formed by the intersection of the side cutting edge and
the end c
Nose Radius – Radius to which nose is ground.
7

36. 8
1. BACK RAKE ANGLE = 100
2. SIDE RAKE ANGLE = 90
3. END RELIEF ANGLE = 60
4. SIDE RELIEF ANGLE = 50
5. END CUTTING EDGE ANGLE = 80
6. SIDE CUTTING EDGE ANGLE = 70
7. NOSE RADIUS = 2 mm
TOOL SIGNATURE:
10,9,6,5,8,7,2 mmm

37. BACK RAKE ANGLE: It measurers the
downward slope of the top surface of the
tool from the nose to the rear along the z
axis.
SIDE RAKE ANGLE: It measures the
slope of the top Surface of the tool to
the side in a direction Perpendicular to
the z-axis.
SIDE CUTTING EDGE ANGLE: It is the
angle between the
Side cutting edge and the z-axis of the
tool.
SIDE RELIEF ANGLE: It is the angle
made by the flank Of the tool and a
plane perpendicular to the base just
under the side cutting edge.
END CUTTING EDGE ANGLE: It is the
angle between the end cutting edge and
a line perpendicular to the Tool shank.
END RELIEF ANGLE: It is the angle
between a plane Perpendicular to the
base and the flank of the tool.

38. GENERAL REASONS FOR CUTTING TOOL FAILURE
i) Mechanical breakage due to excessive forces and shocks. Such
kind of tool failure is random and catastrophic in nature and hence
are extremely detrimental.
ii) Quick dulling by plastic deformation due to intensive stresses
and temperature. This type of failure also occurs rapidly and are
quite detrimental and unwanted.
iii) Gradual wear of the cutting tool at its flanks and rake surface.
The first two modes of tool failure are very harmful not only for the
tool but also for the job and the machine tool. Hence these kinds of
tool failure need to be prevented by using suitable tool materials
and geometry depending upon the work material and cutting
condition.
But failure by gradual wear, which is inevitable, cannot be
prevented but can be slowed down only to enhance the service life
of the tool.

39. GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CUTTING TOOL TO FAIL
OR ABOUT TO FAIL
Metal to metal contact with work and chip
Very high stress
Very high temperature
Total breakage of the tool or tool tip(s)
Massive fracture at the cutting edge(s)
Excessive increase in cutting forces and/or vibration
Average wear (flank or crater) reaches its specified limit(s)
Excessive (beyond limit) current or power consumption
Excessive vibration and/or abnormal sound (chatter)
Total breakage of the tool
Dimensional deviation beyond tolerance
Rapid worsening of surface finish
Adverse chip formation.

41. TOOL WEAR
• Wear is loss of material on an asperity or
micro-contact, or smaller scale, down to
molecular or atomic removal mechanisms. It
usually progresses continuously.
• Tool wear describes the gradual failure of
cutting tools due to regular operation. It is a
term often associated with tipped tools, tool
bits, or drill bit that are used with machine tools.

42. TYPES OF TOOL WEAR
• Flank wear
• Crater wear
• Nose wear

43. FLANK WEAR
• Flank wear occurs on the tool flank as a result of friction
between the machined surface of the workpiece and
the tool flank.
• Flank wear appears in the form of so-called wear land
and is measured by the width of this wear land, VB,
Flank wear affects to the great extend the mechanics of
cutting.
• Cutting forces increase significantly with flank wear.
• If the amount of flank wear exceeds some critical value
(VB > 0.5~0.6 mm), the excessive cutting force may
cause tool failure.

44. CRATER WEAR
• Crater wear consists of a concave section on the
tool face formed by the action of the chip sliding
on the surface.
• Crater wear affects the mechanics of the process
increasing the actual rake angle of the cutting
tool and consequently, making cutting easier.
• At the same time, the crater wear weakens the
tool wedge and increases the possibility for tool
breakage.
• In general, crater wear is of a relatively small
concern

45. NOSE WEAR
• Nose wear occurs on the tool corner.
• Can be considered as a part of the wear land and
respectively flank wear since there is no distinguished
boundary between the corner wear and flank wear land.
• We consider nose wear as a separate wear type because of
its importance for the precision of machining.
• Nose wear actually shortens the cutting tool thus increasing
gradually the dimension of machined surface and
introducing a significant dimensional error in machining,
which can reach values of about 0.03~0.05 mm.

46. The various methods are:
i) By loss of tool material in volume or weight, in one life time –
this method is crude and is generally applicable for critical tools like
grinding wheels.
ii) By grooving and indentation method – in this approximate
method wear depth is measured indirectly by the difference in
length of the groove or the indentation outside and inside the worn
area
iii) Using optical microscope fitted with micrometer – very common
and effective method
iv) Using scanning electron microscope (SEM) – used generally, for
detailed study; both qualitative and quantitative
v) Talysurf, especially for shallow crater wear.
MEASUREMENT OF TOOL WEAR

51. a) FLANK WEAR
b) CRATER WEAR
c) NOTCH WEAR
d) NOSE RADIUS WEAR
e) COMB or THERMAL CRACKS
f) PARALLEL or MECHANICAL
CRACKS
g) BUILT-UP-EDGE
h) GROSS PLASTIC
DEFORMATION
i) EDGE CHIPPING or
FRITTERING
j) HAMMERING
k) GROSS FRACTURE

52. Attrition wear
Causes at relatively low cutting speed
Flow of material past the cutting edge is irregular and less
streamlined with built-up edges.
Results in intermittent torn surfaces on tool face
As speed increases attrition wear gets controlled
Diffusion wear
Causes due to diffusion of metal and carbon atoms from tool
surface to work piece and chips.
Occur at high temperature and pressure developed at tool-
work piece interface.
Depends on tool and work piece metallurgical relationship
Carbide tools are most affected
Abrasive wear
Occurs due to abrasive action of chip on tool face.
Formation of built-up edges occurs which are strain hardened
by cutting process
Types of tool wear

53. Electro chemical wear
Caused due to ions passing between tool and workpiece,
causing oxidation of tool and further breakdown
Plastic deformation
Due to high compressive stress tool deforms downwards
This accelerates other wear process
It results in sudden failure of tool by fracture
Thermal cracking
Caused due to thermal cyclic stresses
The combination of comb cracks and traverse crack results in
chipping of tool edges and premature failure of tool cutting edge
Types of tool wear

54. Tool Life
Tool Life is defined as the effective cutting time
between resharpening. Or time elapsed between two
consecutive tool resharpenings.
The Taylor’s equation for tool life is
V . T n = C
Where
V = Cutting velocity in m / min.
T = Tool life in minutes.
n = A constant based on the tool material
C = A constant based on the tool and work

55. ASSESSMENT OF TOOL LIFE
For R & D purposes, tool life is always assessed or
expressed by span of machining time in minutes, whereas,
in industries besides machining time in minutes some
other means are also used to assess tool life, depending
upon the situation, such as
No. of pieces of work machined
Total volume of material removed
Total length of cut.

56. FACTORS AFFECTING TOOL LIFE
The life of the cutting tool is effected by the following factors:
1. Cutting speed
2. Feed of depth of cut
3. Tool geometry
4. Tool material
5. Cutting fluid
6. Work piece material
7. Rigidity of work, tool & machine

57. ASSESSMENT OF TOOL LIFE
For R & D purposes, tool life is always assessed or
expressed by span of machining time in minutes, whereas,
in industries besides machining time in minutes some
other means are also used to assess tool life, depending
upon the situation, such as
No. of pieces of work machined
Total volume of material removed
Total length of cut.
Mostly tool life is decided by the machining time
till flank wear, VB reaches 0.3 mm or crater wear, KT
reaches 0.15 mm.

58. MACHINABILITY
Machinability is defined in terms of :-
1. Surface finish and surface integrity
2. Tool life
3. Force and power required
4. The level of difficulty in chip control
• Good machinability indicates good surface finish and
surface integrity, a longtool life, and low force and
power requirements
• Machinability ratings (indexes) are available for
each type of material andits condition

59. FACTORS AFFECTING MACHINABILITY
OF METALS
• Material of w/p- hardness, tensile properties, strain
hardenability
• Tool material.
• Size and shape of the tool.
• Type of machining operation.
• Size, shape and velocity of cut.
• Type and quality of machine used
• Quality of lubricant used in machining
• Friction b/w chip & tool
• Shearing strength of w/p material

60. EVALUATION OF MACHINABILITY
• Tool life
• Form and size of chip and
shear angle.
• Cutting forces and power
consumption
• Surface finish
• Cutting temperature
• MRR per tool grind
• Rate of cutting under
standard force
• Dimensional accuracy

61. SURFACE FINISH
• An engineering component may be cast, forged, drawn,
welded or stamped,etc.
• All the surfaces may not have functional requirements
and need not be equally finished.
• Some surfaces (owing to their functional requirements)
need additionalmachining that needs to be recorded on
the drawing.
• Surface finish of a product depends on
1. Cutting speed
2. Feed
3. Depth of cut

62. SURFACE FINISH
1. Cutting speed
Better surface finish can be obtained at higher cutting
speeds.
Rough cutting takes place at lower cutting speeds.
2. Feed
Better finish can be obtained in fine feeds.
3. Depth of cut
Lighter cuts provide good surface finish to the work piece. If
depth of cut is increased during machining, the quality of
surface finish will reduce.

63. The quantities are given in μ in.
Terminology in Describing Surface Finish

64. Terminology in Describing Surface Finish
PROFILE: Contour of any section through a surface.
LAY : Direction of the predominate surface pattern.
FLAWS: Surface irregularities or imperfections which occur at infrequent intervals.
ROUGNESS: Finely spaced irregularities. It is also called primary texture.
SAMPLING LENGTHS : Length of profile necessary for the evaluation of the
irregularities.
WAVINESS : Surface irregularities which are of greater spacing than roughness.
ROUGHNESS HEIGHT: Rated as the arithmetical average deviation.
ROUGHNESS WIDTH : Distance parallel to the normal surface between successive
peaks.
MEAN LINE OF PROFILE: Line dividing the effective profile such that within the
sampling length.
CENTE LINE OF PROFILE: Line dividing the effectiveness profile such that the areas
embraced by the profile above and below the line are equal.

65. Measuring Surface Finish
(a) Measuring surface roughness with a stylus. The rider supports the stylus and guards
against damage. (b) Surface measuring instrument. (c) Path of stylus in surface roughness
measurements (broken line) compared to actual roughness profile. Note
that the profile of the stylus path is smoother than that of the actual surface.

66. The roughness may be measured, using any of
the following :
1. Straight edge
2. Surface gauge
3. Optical flat
4. Tool marker’s microscope
5. Profilometer
6. Profilograph
7. Talysurf
Submitted to :- Hiren Gajera

67. CUTTING FLUID or COOLANTS
FUNCTION OF CUTTING FLUID:
The prime function of a cutting fluid in a metal cutting operation
is to control the total heat.
* Cooling action * Lubricating action
Cool the tool and work surface.
Reduce the friction.
Protect the work against rusting.
Improve the surface finish.
To prevent the formation of built-up-edge
To wash away the chips from the cutting zone

68. CUTTING FLUID or COOLANTS
WATER BASED EMULSIONS: (Water soluble oil)
Additives and other materials are added to water to improve its wetting characteristics,
rust inhibitors and to improve lubrication characteristics. The concentrated oil is normally
diluted in water to any desired concentration, such as 30 : 1 to 80 : 1
STRAIGHT MINARAL OILS:
These are pure mineral oils without any additives. Their main function is lubrication and
rust prevention.
Chemically stable and lower in cost.
Effectiveness as cutting fluid is limited – used for light duty applications only.
TYPES OF CUTTING FLUIDS:

69. MINERAL OILS WITH ADDITIVES
Largest variety of cutting fluids available commercially.
These are generally termed as neat oils
A number of additives are added to produce the desirable characteristics for the different
machining situations.
Fatty oils – Load carrying properties.
EP additives (Extreme Pressure) – Difficult to machine situations.
EP additives are basically CHLORINE or SULPHUR or a combination of both.
TYPES OF CUTTING FLUIDS:

70. APPLICATION OF CUTTING FLUIDS
Schematic illustration of
proper methods of
applying cutting fluids in
various machining
operations:
(a) Turning
(b) Milling
(c) Thread grinding
(a) Drilling.
CUTTING FLUID SELECTION:
Work piece material
Machining operation
Cutting Tool material
Other ancillary factors.