3. CUTTING TOOLS
• One of most important components in
machining process
• Performance will determine efficiency of
operation
• Two basic types (excluding abrasives)
• Single point and multiple point
• Must have rake and clearance angles
ground or formed on them
• Success in metal cutting depends on
selection of the proper cutting tool
(material and geometry) for a given work
material
4. CUTTING TOOL PROPERTIES
• Hardness
• Cutting tool material must be 1 1/2 times harder than the material it is being used
to machine.
• Capable of maintaining a red hardness during machining operation
• Red hardness: ability of cutting tool to maintain sharp cutting edge
• Also referred to as hot hardness or hot strength.
• Wear Resistance
• Able to maintain sharpened edge throughout the cutting operation
• Same as abrasive resistance
• Shock Resistance
• Able to take the cutting loads and forces
• Shape and Configuration
• Must be available for use in different sizes and shapes.
6. TOOL MATERIALS
High-speed steels (HSSs)
• One of most important cutting tool materials
• Tungsten type (T-grade)– 12-20% of W
• Molybdenum type (M-grade)- 6% W and 5%
Mo
• Other elements: Tungsten and/or
Molybdenum, Chromium and Vanadium,
Carbon, Cobalt in some grades
• Can take heavy cuts, withstand shock and
maintain sharp cutting edge under red heat.
• Typical composition: Grade T1: 18% W, 4%
Cr, 1% V, and 0.9% C
7. CEMENTED CARBIDES
• Various types of cemented (sintered) carbides developed to suit different
materials and machining operations
• Operate at speeds ranging 150 to 1200 ft/min
• Can machine metals at speeds that cause cutting edge to become red hot
without loosing harness
• Advantages (Cemented Carbide, Cermet & Coated Carbides)
– High room and hot hardness
– Good wear resistance
– High thermal conductivity
– Lower in toughness that HSSs
• Grades
– Non steels grade – WC-Co
– Steel grades – add TiC and TaC due to the high solubility of WC into steels
resulting in extensive crater wear
8. • Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
• Limited tool life. Therefore, not suited to mass production.
• Can be formed into complex shapes for small production runs.
• Suited to hand tools, and wood working.
• Carbon content about 0.9 to 1.35% with a hardness ABOUT 62
C Rockwell.
• Maximum cutting speeds about 26 ft/min.
• The hot hardness value is low. This is the major factor in tool
Ceramics
• Ceramics are essentially alumina
based high refractory
materials introduced specifically for high
speed machining
• These can withstand very high
temperature are chemically more stable
and have higher wear resistance.
9. • Diamond – the hardest material.
• Usually applied as coating (0.5 mm thick) on WC-
Co insert Diamond is the hardest of all the cutting
tool materials.
• Diamond has the following properties : extreme
hardness, low thermal expansion, high heat
conductivity, and a very low co‐efficient
Coated carbides
• Coated tools are becoming the norm in the metalworking industry because
coating, can consistently improve , tool life 200 or 300% or more.
• Coating thickness = 2.5 - 13 μm (0.0001 to 0.0005 in)
• Titanium-coated offer wear resistance at low speeds, ceramic coated for
higher speeds
• Best applied at high speeds where dynamic force and thermal shock are
minimal
10. TOOL LIFE
• Three modes of failure
– Premature Failure
• Fracture failure - Cutting force becomes excessive and/or dynamic, leading to
brittle fracture
• Thermal failure - Cutting temperature is too high for the tool material
– Gradual Wear
• Gradual failure
• Tool wear: Gradual failure
– Flank wear - flank (side of tool)
– Crater wear - top rake face
– Notch wear
– Nose radius wear
20. MILLING CUTTERS
• Useful for production of
small parts.
• Types of form cutter
- concave
- convex
- gear tooth
• Important application -
gear-making, in which the
form milling cutter is
shaped to cut the slots
between adjacent gear
teeth
Form cutter
21. Face Milling Cutter
End Milling Cutter
• Looks like a drill bit but designed for primary
cutting with its peripheral teeth
• Applications:
– Face milling
– Profile milling and pocketing
– Cutting slots
– Engraving
– Surface contouring
– Die sinking
22.
23.
24. CUTTING FLUIDS
• Reduce friction and wear thus improving tool life and surface
finish of the workpiece.
• Cool the cutting zone, thus reducing workpiece temperature
and thermal distortion of the workpiece.
• Reduce forces and energy consumption.
• Flush away chips from the cutting zone, and thus chips rom
interfering with cutting process.
• Protect machined surface from environmental corrosion.
25. •Chemical formulation
– Cutting oils
– Emulsified oils
– Chemical fluids
• Application Methods
– Flooding
– Mist
– Manual
• Filtration
• Dry machining for Green Manufacturing
26. ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES OF CUTTING FLUIDS
• For cooling :
- High specific heat, thermal conductivity and film coefficient for heat transfer
- Spreading and wetting ability
• For lubrication :
- High lubricity without gumming and foaming
- Wetting and spreading
- High film boiling point
- Friction reduction at extreme pressure (EP) and temperature
• Other properties:
- Chemical stability, non-corrosive to the materials
- Less volatile and high flash point
- High resistance to bacterial growth
- Non toxic in both liquid and gaseous stage
- easily available and low cost