3. INTRODUCTION
• In August 2007, a research
team at
Rensselear polytechnic
Institute
led by Drs. Robert Linhardt
professor of chemistry with a
joint appointment in Material
science and engineering
developed the paper battery
also known as Nano
Composite Paper.
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4. LITHIUM (ION) BATTERY
DEVELOPMENT
In the 1970’s, Lithium metal
was used but its instability
rendered it unsafe and
impractical. Lithium-
cobalt oxide and graphite
are now used as the
lithium-Ion-moving
electrodes.
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5. FACTS …….. TAKE A LOOK !!!!!!!
The first battery was created by Italian
Alessandro Volta in 1800.
Lead-acid batteries use over 80% of the
lead produced in the United States.
The single largest source of mercury
metal is found in household batteries.
One NiCad mobile phone is enough to
pollute 600,000 litres of water.
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6. THE INTERSECTION
“In terms of weight and size, batteries have become
one of the limiting factors in the development of
electronic devices.”
“The problem with...lithium batteries is that none of
the existing electrode materials alone can deliver
all the required performance characteristics
including high capacity, higher operating voltage,
and long cycle life. Consequently, the other way is
to optimize available electrode materials by
designing new composite structures on the
nanoscale.”
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7. “NANO”- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The attempt to manufacture and control
objects at the atomic and molecular
level (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10-
9)
1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble :
Earth
1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers 7
8. WHAT IS NANOCOMPOSITE PAPER ?
It is a hybrid energy storage
device that combines
characteristics of batteries and
super capacitors.
It takes the high energy storage capacity
of the battery and the high energy density
of the super capacitor which producing
bursts of extreme power.
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9. MATERIALS AND DESCRIPTION
This energy storage device is based on two basic,
inexpensive materials: carbon nanotubes and cellulose.
Also an ionic liquid provides the third component:
electrolyte. It is as thin and flexible as a piece of
paper—it can be TWISTED, FOLDED, ROLLED and CUT
to fit any space without losing any of its energy. The
paper battery can also be STACKED to boost the total
power output.
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10. HOW IT IS MADE
To create this paper we have to first
dissolve the cellulose in the ionic liquid
and then infiltrate the cellulose paper
with aligned carbon nanotubes which
form the uniform film
Then it is solidified on dry ice, after this
it is soaked in ethonal to remove the
ionic liquid and dried in a vacume,
which gives us our final product:
Nanocomposite paper.
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17. WHAT IS A CARBON NANOTUBE?
A carbon nanotube is a tube-
shaped material, made of carbon,
having a diameter measuring on
the nanometer scale.
Carbon Nanotubes have many
structures, differing in length,
thickness, and in the type of
helicity and number of layers.
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18. SINGLE WALLED CNTS :-
Most single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) have a diameter
of close to 1 nanometer, with a tube length that can be
many millions of times longer.
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19. MULTI WALLED CNTS:-
Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) consist of multiple rolled layers
(concentric tubes) of graphene.
In the Russian Doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged in
concentric cylinders
In the Parchment model, a single sheet of graphite is rolled in
around itself, resembling a scroll of parchment or a rolled
newspaper. The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is
close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite,
approximately 3.4 Å.
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20. SUPER CAPACITORS
Supercapacitors (SC), refers to a family
of electrochemical capacitors. Supercapacitors,
sometimes called ultracapacitors or electric double-
layer capacitor (EDLC), don't have a conventional
solid dielectric.
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22. ADVANTAGES:-
Biodegradable and non toxic: Since its major ingredients are of organic origin,
it is a biodegradable and non toxic product.
Biocompatible: They are not easily rejected by our body's immune system if
implanted into human body.
Easily reusable and recyclable: Being cellulose based product it is easily
recyclable and reusable, even with the existing paper recycling techniques.
Durable: It has a shelf life of three years (at room temperature). Under extreme
conditions it can operate within -75° to +150°C.
Rechargeable: It can be recharged upto 300 times using almost all electrolytes,
including bio-salts such as sweat, urine and blood.
No leakage and overheating: Owing to low resistance, it does not get
overheated even under extreme conditions. Since there are no leaky fluids, so
even under spontaneous or accidental damage, there is no leakage problem.
Very light weight and flexible.
They can be recharged in about 30 seconds.
Customizable output voltage: (i)By varying CNT concentration.
(ii)By stacking & slicing
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24. FINALLY, AN INTERESTING IDEA...
Background:
Battery research results in annual capacity gains
of approximately 6%
Moore’s Law: The number of transistors on a
computer microchip will double every two years.
(40 years of proof!)
Idea: If battery technology had developed at
the same rate, a heavy duty car battery
would be the size of a penny.
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