The Common Agriculture Policy ( Cap )

The Common Agriculture Policy ( Cap )
1.0 Introduction
The Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) started as a simple price support policy in 1962, and has
since been a controversial and widely debated topic with many critics questioning the fundamentals
of its operations. Additionally, the CAP concerns and has an impact on an array of areas, not simply
farming. The policy aims to tackle issues prevalent to the environment from, the effects on the
environment and biodiversity to animal welfare and jobs. This report aims to; explain and analyse
how and why the CAP was implemented, how it operates, and provide insight into how and why
reforms have been carried out with an evaluation of these reforms.
2.0 Background
The complexity of CAP can only be grasped with the context of the global dynamics at the time
being taken into consideration. World War 2's widespread atrocities and wartime costs led to the
actions of rationing food supplies in Britain. This however, led to the growth of black markets,
which would undercut the rationing schemes. The Marshall Plan (insert date), a form of USA
intervention, was a program designed to provide assistance to Europe in the form of 'monetary aid,
food, and raw materials. Food security became a prevalent issue in society – this gave birth to CAP,
the mechanism of supporting and strengthening Europe's farming industry. CAP was build on the
five primary objectives of; increasing agriculture production, a fair standard of living for farmers,
gain stability in the markets, guarantee
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The Pros And Cons Of Subsidies In The Market
Free markets are very effective in determining an equilibrium in the market that benefits everyone.
Nevertheless free markets do not always reach optimal output levels due to external market forces
such as demographic factors or technological changes. The fact that a free market does not reaches
optimal output is called market failure and leads to welfare loss (also called deadweight loss). In
order to avoid market failure, government intervention, such as subsidies, is needed.
Due to the industrialization and to new technologies the production of food became more effective
than ever before. First the governments in the European Union supported and promoted the huge
production of food, until they realized that the farmers produced even ... Show more content on
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One of these possibilities are subsidies. A subsidy is a financial help by a government for a specific
economic sector in a country's economy.
According to the WTO (World Trade Organization) a subsidy is defined as a financial contribution
by a government which confers a benefit. Also the WTO states that there are two general types of
subsidies. The first type of subsidy is an export subsidy which is defined as a benefit conferred on a
firm by the government that is contingent on exports. The second type of subsidy is a domestic
subsidy which is defined as a benefit not directly linked to exports. (www.wto.org)
Subsidies are a way for governments to intervene in the market in order to guarantee a stable market
and to eradicate the welfare loss. Welfare loss, also known as deadweight loss, is the reduction in
total economic surplus that results from the adoption of a policy. (McDowell, 2009 p.201)
A subsidy can appear in different forms, such as cash payments, tax concessions, and in–kind
subsidies. Subsidies that appear in form of cash payments are mostly paid via cheque or bank
transfer to specific chosen firms or institutions.

Est1 Task 7
Research: Title 7 of the U.S. Code outlines the responsibility of the agriculture secretary for
directing all research activities within the USDA. He identifies to which areas research efforts
should be directed, appoints USDA officials responsible for data collection and processing, upon
completion of research and data availability decides what further actions should be undertaken. If
needed, the Congress or the president will require agriculture secretary to conduct research on a
particular subject.
Free Trade in Agriculture: Under Title 7 of the U.S. Code the agriculture secretary should lead the
development of new foreign and domestic markets for agricultural products, as well as expansion
the both existing markets.
Educating the Public: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Five strategic goals also defined 16 objectives where USDA' programs and services will apply their
maximum efforts. Every strategic goal is equipped with the relevant performance indicator which
will keep related programs and services accountable for the planned results. Baseline information
will serve as a basis against which mid– and long–term achievements will be measured. Monitoring
of performance indicators will guide further programmatic adjustments. These indicators will also
help to evaluate USDA's role in overall cross–sectoral activities and efforts. All these strategic goals,
objectives and indicators form a framework which provides USDA with clear vision, action areas
focused on specific outcomes and most importantly will keep USDA accountable for the

The Benefits Of The Agricultural Industry
The USDA recorded value of crop production in the United States in the year 2015 was 186.2 billion
dollars. The agricultural industry in America is an economic giant. It provides a consistent food
supply to many countries around the world, not to mention the United Sates. It stimulates and
stabilizes the economy, all while bringing in billions of dollars every year. While these things are
very beneficial to this country, the agricultural industry also depends, at least in part, on funding
from the government through agricultural subsidies. The Free Dictionary (2003) defines agricultural
subsidies as "Payments by the federal government to producers of agricultural products for the
purpose of stabilizing food prices, ensuring plentiful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This program, which we still see in effect through CRP (Conservation Reserve Program) land, was
intended to be temporary, but it has lasted as a way to conserve the environment. Although the
amount of CRP land and the way that subsidies are issued has changed, the idea has carried on and
so have subsidies. Farmers today are still paid through subsidies whether they produce a good crop
or not, so to many, it seems very backward to pay farmers not to produce crops. Finally, as Bruckner
(2016) states, "...many advocates for reform have argued that when subsidies are unlimited, they
provide the nation's largest farms the financial resources to bid up land prices and drive their smaller
neighbors out of farming" (p. 623). Subsidies as they are currently issued (without a limit) give a
great advantage to the largest farms in America, and hurt many small to mid–sized farms. Urry
(2015) says that in the past two decades, only 10 percent of farms are using over 75 percent of
subsidized government funding. This is one of the major problems, not with the principal of
agricultural subsidies, but with the government policy surrounding agricultural subsidies. For this
reason, government policy on agricultural subsidies should be reformed to cut costs, ensure an
environmental outlook, and make spending more sensible. Agricultural subsidies were created to
ensure that the farmers

Food Insecurity Is A Fact For Millions Of Americans
Food insecurity is a fact for millions of American every day in our country. Children, adults, and the
elderly of all races, living in poverty or in lower middle class families, are at a higher risk of not
having enough to eat. The United States, in 2012, used roughly 40% or 915 million acres of all US
land as farmland (USDA 2014, 1), yet as a nation we cannot feed all of our people. The American
government subsidizes commodity crops, such as corn, wheat, and soy more than any other type of
crop in the United States, (This does not include the subsidies directly paid to the meat and dairy
industry, which is a whole other paper!). Government subsidies are less common for the production
of fresh fruits and vegetables. Government subsidies encourage farmers to grow commodity crops
instead of growing fruits and vegetables for consumers at competitive prices creating food
insecurity. The cheap production of commodity crops force families in the lower middle class and
poverty to choose a diet of processed food, which are less nutritious than fresh fruits, vegetables,
and whole grains causing many of the health problems that we see in the population today.
According to the USDA website in 2015, 12.7 percent, or 15.8 million of American households were
food insecure. A food–insecure household is a household that had difficulty at some time during the
year providing enough nutritious food for all the members in a household due to a lack of resources
(Coleman–Jensen, et al.

Government Of Indi The Four Distributional Aspects Of...
According to the expert group on Financial Inclusion (GOI, 2008) only 27% of farmers have access
to institutional credit. It is true that there have been some improvements in flow of farm credit in
recent years. However, the Government has to be sensitive to the four distributional aspects of
agricultural credit. These are:
(a) not much improvement in the share of small and marginal farmers .
(b) decline in credit–deposit (CD) ratios of rural and semi–urban branches.
(c) increase in the share of indirect credit in total agricultural credit and.
(d) significant regional inequalities in credit. (Policies for Raising Agricultural Growth and
Productivity in India).
( S. Mahendra Dev, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai)
The Government of India has already put in place an agriculture credit policy to improve access of
farmers to institutional credit. Steps would be taken for extensive coverage of farmers under the
Kisan Credit Card Scheme. Micro credit and micro insurance will be promoted as an effective tool
for encouraging production and reducing risk. Credit cooperatives have an important position and
role in the rural financial system and priority would be given to reforms and revamping of
cooperative credit institutions as per the recommendations of the Vaidyanathan Committee. Credit
counselling centres would be established where severely indebted farmers can be provided a debt
rescue package/ rescheduling to save them from a debt trap. National Bank

The European Union and Environmental Sustainability Essay
"Unquestionably the EU now exerts the most important and effective influence on both British and
Irish environmental policy and politics (McGowan, 1999: 175)." The European Union has
developed itself into one of the world leaders in relation to environmental standards and its ability to
apply legislation to its member states. Both, at present and in the past, challenges and opportunities
have been encountered, and will continue to be encountered into the future. Indeed, Europe now
directly impacts on food producers and manufacturers through the implementation of various
policies such as the Nitrates Directive and issues surrounding Climate Change – both of which are
the dealt with in this paper respectively. Through these and other ... Show more content on
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When considering the challenges and opportunities posed by EU non market policies, we must look
at both the food producer and the manufacturer as both can have positive and negative reactions.
Going forward, global warming is now high on the agenda of policy makers. With agriculture a high
contributor, it is unsurprising that measures are being introduced that have effect on the producers'
and manufacturers'. The buzz word now associated with the future of the environment and the food
industry is "sustainability". This refers to sustainable growth as the producers (farmers) try to
maximise output. Moreover, with world populations set to dramatically increase up to 2050, the EU
and the world must find ways to promote food production. Therefore, policies are now becoming
more difficult and multifunctional. This is symbolised through the increasing awareness of the
environment and it becoming more and more apparent in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
"The industry realises the need to protect and, where possible, improve biodiversity. Given that the
industry's raw materials are grown in the natural environment, and the industry purchases and
processes 70% of EU agricultural production, it is essential that agricultural practices are
sustainable." FoodDrink Europe. (2011). It is here in the CAP that I have found non–market policies
to have impacted both positively and, at times, negatively on the food producers and manufacturers
operating in the EU. The

Agricultural Subsidy Programs And The United States
Agricultural Problem–Solving:
Are Farm Subsidies Working in the United States?
Christopher J. May
Baker College Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the history and current state of agricultural
subsidy programs in the United States. The original intent of these programs are discussed and
compared to the current use and distribution of federal resources to identify inefficiencies and
potential areas for improvements. In addition to the financial and economic effects of agricultural
subsidies, the factors of social welfare and impact on consumers' nutrition and health are discussed
along with efficiency improvements that could better allocate taxpayer dollars to farms in need and
crops that contribute more to social welfare and the health of society as a whole. Agricultural
Problem–Solving:
Are Farm Subsidies Working in the United States?
Introduction
Beginning in the 1930s, agricultural subsidy programs were established in the United States to
address the issues of inelastic supply and demand of the agriculture market along with the nature of
the industry that faces uncertain performance in terms of production and demand, which can vary
greatly from year to year (Urry, 2015). Through several reiterations of government policy
surrounding these subsidy payments, the majority of direct payments are now being received by
large, for–profit farming companies (Urry, 2015), further incentivizing them to mass produce crops
easily grown and

2014 Farm Bill: Policy Analysis
The 2014 Farm Bill provides the basic legislation governing farm programs for 2014–18. Almost
80% of budgetary spending is allocated to domestic food assistance programs, and approximately
20% going to farm programs. Agriculture in the United States (US) is also affected by other
legislation at the federal and local levels, including trade measures, food safety regulation,
commodity trading and finance, tax policy, energy and transportation. Levels of support to US
farmers has been consistently below the OECD average and shows a declining trend over time.
There has also been a shift away from direct output subsidies. This includes a progressively smaller
share of support directed towards market price support. Low levels of support since 2002 ... Show
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The program is quite unique in that producers can choose from several insurance alternatives that
best suits their individual needs (rather than one standardized program available to all producers),
and often producers purchase multiple policies depending on various factors, such as the number of
crops grown. In general, policies provide coverage against individual farm losses in terms of yield,
crop revenue, or whole farm revenue. Some area–wide policies are also available for certain crops.
Farmers can also choose how to split their insurable acreage according to basic unit, optional unit,
and enterprise unit for yield and revenue products. An additional alternative, is the whole farm unit,
which is available for revenue insurance. Below is a short overview of insurance alternatives
available to

Advantages Of Subsidies
Objectives
Subsidies, by means of creating a difference between consumer prices and producer costs, brings
change in demand/ supply decisions. Subsidies are often aimed at :
1. inducing higher consumption / production.
2. achieving social policy objectives including redistribution of income, population control, etc.
3. offsetting market imperfections including internalisation of externalities;
TRANSFERS AND SUBSIDIES
Transfers which are straight income supplements are different from subsidies. An unconditional
transfer to an individual would add to his income and would be distributed over the entire range of
his expenditures. A subsidy however relates to a particular good, the relative price of which has been
lowered because of the subsidy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the richer farmers who may derive relatively larger benefits because of their capacity to use
these allied inputs.
Subsidies to elementary education form about half of the total subsidies on general education.
However, this is not true for all individual States: the share of elementary education is lowest in the
high income States and the highest in the low income States (Goa, Punjab and West Bengal actually
give higher subsidies to secondary education than primary education).A negative correlation
between the level of per capita income and the share of subsidies to elementary education is thus
discernible. Most subsidies to higher education accrue predominantly to the better–off sections of
society as they have an overwhelming advantage in competing out prospective candidates from the
poorer sections in getting admission to courses that are characterised by scarcity of seats.
For subsidies of health, the greater emphasis on curative health care expenditure often reflects a bias
towards the better–off people whereas preventive health care expenditure with much larger
externalities would clearly be of greater help to the economically weaker sections of the society.
AGENDA FOR

The Pros And Cons Of Cartels
introduction
In the year 2010 the European union fined 17 bathroom manufacturers from different European
countries for having made price agreements to keep the price of their products unnaturally high. The
cartel covered six countries and lasted for 12 years. The cartel was went public when Masco, one of
the 17 firms, was given full immunity in return for providing information to the European
commission(EC). The firms were fined 622 million euro's, which led to multiple firms getting into
financial trouble. In this paper I am going to explain how the bathroom manufacturers cartel worked
and on top of that give a conclusion on if the fines were justified. I am going to do this by explaining
what a cartel is and how it works, then I am going to provide information about the bathroom
manufacturers cartel case. I do this by explaining how they made price agreements. At last I am
going to provide a conclusion whether the firms got punished in the right way. And if the ... Show
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Cartels are illegal but not uncommon this is because a cartel can give producers a greater profit with
less production.
What is a cartel
A cartel is a secret agreement between multiple firms to keep prices at a higher level than the
original market equilibrium. They kind of fix the selling price by doing so. Also a cartel makes sure
new competitors can't enter the market, because when a new competitor would enter, the firms
which have the cartel will all lower their prices to a level that is lower than the price of the new
competitor, as a consequence the new competitor will eventually go bankrupt.
The most common industry for cartels is an oligopolistic industry, in this industry there is a small
number of producers and a large number of costumers. Also the products in this market are usually
commodities, this are products to satisfy a consumer's needs.
How does a cartel

Food And Agriculture Sector ( Fa )
Food and Agriculture Sector The Food and Agriculture Sector, formed by 900,000 restaurants,
400,000 registered food manufacturing, processing, and storage facilities, and 2.2 million farms
across the United States, is approximately under private control (DHS, "Food and Agriculture
Sector"). The Food and Agricultural Sector (FA) is something like 20% of the entire national
economy activity (DHS, "Food and Agriculture Sector"). The sector is organized in a complicated
structure where the manufacture, the process, and the distribution organization does not only provide
within the US territory but does also globally ("Food and Agriculture Sector–Specific Plan An
Annex to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan", 2010 10). While the US farms manufacture
together about $181 billion in crop, greenhouses, and nurseries; eggs, poultry, milk, seeds, and
grains are the top five manufacturing in the country ("Food and Agriculture Sector–Specific Plan An
Annex to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan", 2010 10). The FA sector also import from
other countries and is creating like this a more complicated network of processing, supplying,
transporting, and distributing ("Food and Agriculture Sector–Specific Plan An Annex to the National
Infrastructure Protection Plan", 2010 10). While a natural disaster could affect the critical
infrastructures in the nation, the FA Sector has a surplus of about 100,000 manufacturing and
processing factories domestically, and globally as well,

Why Agriculture Was Considered An Inefficient Sector Of...
The Soviet economy heavily depended on its agricultural sector. From 1929 onwards Stalin began
the enforced system of state and collective farms, known as sovkhozy and kolkhozy respectively.
These collectivized farms 'soon proved both impracticable and too costly' (Davies 1980). A number
of factors contributed to the level of inefficiency of the Soviet collectivized system throughout its
history, and this essay will discuss these factors and ultimately comment on the key factors
responsible for these inefficiencies. Primarily, this essay will concentrate on, the poor treatment of
peasants who worked on the collective farms, and the impacts this treatment had on their incentives
to produce. Throughout this essay there will be a strong focus on the labour market as the main
cause of inefficiencies, along with the inability of the Soviet Union to correctly manage the sizeable
farms. I will show that these two factors working in union strongly support the argument of why
agriculture was considered to be such an inefficient sector of the Soviet Economy. There are other
factors which also contribute to these inefficiency problems, they will be touched upon, but only
briefly. Despite the pressures put on the agricultural industry to thrive and the movement toward a
more machine based production process, it became evident that large deficiencies existed within the
industry.
1929 marked the beginning of the drive for collectivised and state controlled agriculture in the
Soviet Union.

Service Quality and Client Satisfaction: Cases of Multiple...
Since the early 1980s customer satisfaction surveys have maintained a conspicuous place in the
research agenda (Allen & Rao, 2000). Quality is the core strategy that organizations execute to bring
better values to customers for gaining a competitive advantage. Quality is conformance to
requirements (Crosby, 1979). However Juran et al. (1974) see quality as fitness for use while
according to Kanji (1990) quality is satisfying the customer's requirement continually. Service
quality is the ability of the organization to meet or exceed customer expectations (Kitchroen, 2004).
Research diagnose several characteristics those are associated with service quality. Schneider &
Bowen (1995) proposed three crucial issues security, esteem and justice ... Show more content on
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This model enables a service provider to identify, how customers perceive the real performance of
the service in comparison with their initial expectations on the basis of tangibles, reliability,
responsiveness, assurance and empathy (Parasuraman et al., 1988).
SERVQUAL is a standardized and reliable instrument that has been used by majority of work to
date endeavor to measure service quality (Rohini & Mahadevappa, 2006; Shahin, 2013; Riyadh
Lidhari, 2009) although there are a number of other models (Seth et al., 2005). Zeithaml, et al.
(1990) in his introduction pages mentioned that service quality methods can be used and applied to
all types of profit and non–profit oriented organization services. Direct or modified application of
the SERVQUAL model in measuring agricultural service organizations in no exception (Horri et al.,
2012; Rana et al., 2013). Grīnberga–Zālīte (2011) in his study on the assurance of customer–guided
training services' quality at rural advisory centers found that SERVQUAL model precisely indicates
those criteria of Latvian Rural Advisory and Training Center (LRATC) service quality, which had a
lower performance than customer expectation. The SERVQUAL model also used to measure quality
of agricultural extension service in the KPSDMP – KP regency of Garut, Indonesia (Ruhana, 2011)
and customer satisfaction in Markazi province

Policy Issues For Improving Monitoring And Evaluation Of...
Policy Issues for Improving Monitoring and Evaluation of Agricultural Programmes
To improve monitoring and evaluation of agricultural programmes in Nigeria, the following policy
issues must be addressed. The questions of what should be monitored or evaluated, when should
monitoring / evaluation be carried out, who should monitor/evaluate and the methodology to be
adopted in any project and the tools for monitoring and evaluation should be included in any
agricultural programmes/policy.
When should monitoring / evaluation be carried out?
Monitoring and Evaluation should be integrated into every activity of the agricultural programmes.
It is essential to develop and establish a habit of doing casual evaluation of the highest possible
quality for almost all processes and products involved in the various segments of the programme.
The time for monitoring and evaluation should be well budget and made part and parcel of the
programme planning process. Systematic evaluation usually requires a greater expenditure of
resources than normal and hence, it should be done when the resources are available and the use of
such evaluation justifies the cost. Most agricultural programmes in Nigeria lack this important
aspect. This is not well stated in most projects/programmes. The few that carried out monitoring
activities do so when they feel like. When proper monitoring / evaluation are carried out as at when
due, it helps in improving the programme.
What should be monitored or

Farm Bill Essay
SNAP Back to the Basics
The original intent of the food programs developed by USDA were to dispose of surplus farm
production created by farm subsidy programs. (Edwards, 2016) Since original implementations of
the food programs, farm groups and anti–poverty groups have rallied behind these subsidies,
requesting more government support at the expense of the taxpayer for their organizations. These
government handouts have created an entitled, "subsidy–dependent monster" that has hands
reaching out from corporations, farmers and consumers alike. Approximately, 80 percent of the
nearly $1 trillion–dollar Farm Bill is allotted to food and nutrition assistance programs with the most
funding given to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ... Show more content on
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Insufficient caloric intake has been replaced with an obese, ailing–health, low income population.
According to a study conducted by the American Diabetes Association, "Americans who live in the
most poverty–dense counties are the most prone to obesity." These rates of obesity were reviewed
across 3,139 counties in the U.S. (Levine, 2011)
A study conducted by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) concluded that "the literature is
inconclusive regarding whether SNAP alleviates hunger and malnutrition in low–income
households." (Montgomery, 2013) The (GAO) also stated that, "those who choose to participate in
food assistance programs generally have greater difficulty meeting their food needs and tend to be
more food insecure compared to others that are eligible for programs but do not participate."
(Montgomery, 2013) What this study suggests is that the economically burdensome Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program is not only lucrative in cost, but fails to meet its objective of making a
sizable impact on food insecurity and hunger issues within the United States most nutritionally
insecure counties.
In 2016 alone, SNAP cost U.S. taxpayers 78 billion. (Edwards, 2016) SNAP eligibility is
determined by the recipient's assets and income. A U.S. citizen becomes unable to qualify for SNAP
subsidization when he or she is no longer within 130 percent of the poverty level. (Edwards, 2016)
This fundamental requirement has been skewed and manipulated in almost

Review Of Kenya 's Agricultural And Food Policy Essay
Review Kenya's agricultural and Food policy
Food is one of the three basic human wants, and arguably the most significant of the three.
Mudavadi has captured this in his work, by advancing that "Food is a basic need and a human right.
For effective development of human resources, the basic health, food and nutrition requirements of
the people must be met. Investing in people means investing in their health and the removal of their
food insecurity." This is important for any government since hungry and malnourished people
cannot be expected to be productive.
Unfortunately, this is the reality in Africa and particularly sub–Saharan Africa where recurrent
perennial drought has led to massive crop failure and subsequent acute food shortages and famine.
This has led to the region being top of the World Food Program consideration for food relief. In
spite of this, agriculture remains the backbone of the Kenyan economy and the single most
important sector in the economy, contributing approximately 25% of the GDP, and employing 75%
of the national labor force (Republic of Kenya 2005). Over 80% of the Kenyan population live in
the rural areas and derive their livelihoods, directly or indirectly from agriculture, an important
consideration in the long term planning for sustainable food sufficiency security. Given its
importance to the Kenyan economy, the performance of the sector is therefore reflected in the
performance of the whole economy. The development of agriculture is also

American Agriculture Needs a Free-Market System Essay
American Agriculture Needs a Free–Market System
The words to the famous old children's song "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" are due for a revision.
The new lines should read "Old MacDonald had a farm . . . with a lawyer here, and an accountant
there, and everywhere a new federal program and regulation." Not quite as poetic, but definitely
more appropriate. The current state of agribusiness consists of an incredibly complex mix of
subsidies, price supports, and bureaucratic regulations that could confound the most knowledgeable
business minds. Underlying this tangled web of rules and regulations are political battles that pit
normally allied groups against each other, and bring normally adversarial groups into allegiance.
One bizarre ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, by the late sixties and early seventies the percentage had climbed to 20%, and in 1987
direct payments totaled 30% of net farm income (Rapp, 1988).
Now, most economists will tell you that government control of prices simply does not work.
Artificially high prices provide an incentive for an efficient producer to undercut the price to grab a
larger share of the market. This wasn't the only problem. Besides trying to control the power of the
free market, the government faced another uncontrollable force: the weather. Agriculture, being
entirely dependent on the whims of Mother Nature, and therefore an industry where accurate
forecasts of production are nearly impossible, is not suited to long–range price–fixing schemes.
Thus, the 1950s saw the abandonment of price–supports and the introduction of income supports.
Early in the twentieth century, our leaders believed that the vitality of our agri–cultural base was
vital to our national interest, and as the most abundant country in the world there was no reason to
expect that we would lose that vitality. But the Great Depression changed that perception. Since the
depression, it has been the continuing policy of the government, Republican and Democratic
administrations alike, to support the

The Discovery Of Crude Oil And Oil Prices
Introduction
Agricultural production which used to be the mainstay of Nigerian economy has been declined as
results of crude oil discovery and subsequent increase in production and exportation of crude oil
(Edo (2013). The discovery of crude oil and appreciation of oil price in the World market some
years ago leads Nigerian government to abandon all other means of revenue generations including
agriculture, just to depend solely on crude oil revenue to finance most of her budgets. However,
crude oil exports are no longer sustaining the economy due to current downturn in crude oil price.
For instance, the Nigerian government generated lots of revenues from crude oil exports but
majority of her populations are still under the poverty line (Shaxson, 2005). Therefore, there is need
to source revenue generations through other means. Among those means of revenue generation is
through increase in agriculture production and exportation. But the sector needs massive overhaul
and developments in order to yield fruitful results. Developments of agricultural sector will require
serious investments in the sector, which is done properly, will improve export revenues in country
through an increase in agriculture output and exportation. This therefore calls for an urgent need to
assist farmers with capitals, improved and hybrid crops and livestock, and "subsidize agricultural
inputs which in effect will increase agricultural yields" (Jerven, 2014). For instance, in many
developing

Pros And Cons Of Agricultural Subsidies
In late 1920, early 1930's, the government of the United States of America (USA) first initiated
efforts to control the agricultural economy during the great depression. During that period of time,
farm prices collapsed and therefore farmers hardly had any income. Subsidies are benefits given by
the state to specific groups needing financial aid in form of cash or tax reduction. Subsidies are often
considered to be in the interest of the general public. Agricultural subsidies therefore exist to
stabilize food prices, ensure a healthy food production, guaranteeing a farmer's basic income and in
general to strengthen the agricultural part of the economies gross domestic product (GDP)
(encyclopedia.com, agricultural subsidies). In reality however, ... Show more content on
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Since there are farmers with more financial opportunities, smaller farms would suffer from the
inequality that would be present, as they can not afford high–priced equipment and machinery to
expand their production or to even invest in new crops. However, when the government decides on
subsidies, especially the smaller farms profit from the extra cash, as they can now afford to keep up
with the competition. This means that subsidies enable the smaller farms to produce at an optimal
level of production. Therefore, financial aids by the state also aim to prevent that there is a
monopoly of one farmer since a monopoly would damage the whole agricultural industry. In
contrast to monopoly, competition plays an important role, not only in the agricultural, but in any
industry. A healthy competition leads to a variety of products the consumer can choose from at an
affordable price since a high contestability leads to prices going down to average cost at some point
because of the constant undercutting in

The Decline of the Family Farm
Growing up on a small family wheat farm in southwestern Oklahoma, I have experienced the harsh
conditions of farming firsthand. The job that used to employ the largest amount of people in the
United States has lost the support and the respect of the American people. The Jeffersonian Ideal of
a nation of farmers has been tossed aside to be replaced by a nation of white–collar workers. The
family farm is under attack and it is not being protected. The family farm can help the United States
economically by creating jobs in a time when many cannot afford the food in the stores. The family
farm can help prevent the degradation of the environment by creating a mutually beneficial
relationship between the people producing the food and nature. The family farm is the answer to
many of the tough questions facing the United States today, but these small farms are going
bankrupt all too often. The government's policy on farming is the largest factor in what farms
succeed, but simple economics, large corporations, and society as a whole influence the decline in
family farms; small changes in these areas will help break up the huge corporate farms, keeping the
small family farm afloat. Supply and demand are the rulers of price in the capitalist economy of the
United States, and farm goods rely on these factors as much as any other commodity. The demand
for food remains relatively stable although slightly increasing year to year, but the supply fluctuates
greatly depending on

Agricultural Trade Policies During The European Union
Agriculture has been one of the flagship areas of European collaboration since the early days of the
European Community (EC). Agricultural trade policies in the European Union (EU) can be divided
into roughly two parts: production support via the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and External
Trade Barriers via tariffs and quotas set against non–member states. When the principles of the
"Common Market" were decided in late 50s, France insisted on a system of agricultural subsidies as
its price for agreeing to free trade in industrial goods. The CAP began operating in 1962, with the
EC intervening to buy farm output when the market price fell below an agreed target level. This
helped reduce Europe 's reliance on imported food but led to ... Show more content on
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CAP
From the production side, the cornerstone policy of European agricultural is the CAP. This policy
was born in the late 1950s when the founding members of the EC had emerged from over a decade
of severe food shortages during and after World War II. At the time of the Treaty of Rome, signed in
1957 which established the Common Market, the then six member states strongly intervened in their
own agricultural sectors. These individual agricultural polices posed an obstacle to free trade
detailed within the rules of the Common Market. France in particular, along with a number farming
professional organisations wanted to maintain strong state intervention in agriculture. This could
therefore only be achieved if policies were harmonised and transferred to the EC level. By 1962,
three major principles had been established to guide the CAP: market unity, community preference
and financial solidarity. Since then, the CAP has been a central element in the European institutional
system and idea.
The formation of the CAP is often explained as the result of a political compromise between France
and Germany. Germany as the largest net contributor to the EU budget has therefore subsidised
French Agriculture in return for un–hindered access for its Industrial goods via the Common
Market. This observation has become less true overtime, as the EU has expanded and taken on a vast
array of different markets. By 2005,

History Of Land Protection Regulation On Urban Development...
Farmland protection has become a contentious political issue in China due to the loss of cultivated
land in rapidly growing urban centers. In response to new information about rates of farmland
conversion, the national government placed a national moratorium on arable land conversion in
1997 and imposed stringent regulations on the encroachment of urban land on agricultural lands in
the Land Management Law of 1998 (Lin and Ho 2005). There has been speculation about the
efficacy of the regulations, which are challenging to enforce. Others have expressed concern that the
regulations could severely distort China's most productive urban land markets (Lichtenberg and
Ding 2009, Ding 2003).
This paper estimates the causal effect of the primary farmland protection regulation on urban land
development across China. I use a satellite–based data set that measures time–varying rates of
agricultural and urban land change before and after the regulatory change in 1998. Satellite data
have played an important role in assessments of farmland loss in China for over a decade, but have
not been used to examine the impact of the regulatory policy. I make use of an important feature of
the regulation's design, the 'no net loss' rule, which provides an arbitrary discontinuity in the
likelihood that the regulation will bind in different provinces. I estimate effects using the province–
level as well as across discontinuities at provincial borders. The simultaneity of regulatory decision–
making and

Agricultural Policy in the United States
The beginning of agricultural policy in the United States situated around developmental policy until
the great depression. The impact of the Great Depression led to farmers losing money, and the
United States Government to begin passing laws to distribute subsidies to farmers. Government
subsidies and tax policies have both helpful and harmful impacts to the environment. The
government has regulated farming in the United States to domestically have little international
competition through laws enacted after the Great Depression. More recent laws have manipulated
farming to become more than a means of self–sustenance, but a corporate capital–oriented industry.
The impact of federal policy in agriculture on the environment has ultimately benefited large scale
agribusinesses at the cost to taxpayers, small farmers, and the environment. The federal government
offers a wide range of aid to farmers, including: price supports and price floor programs; crop
insurance against both lost crops and lower than expected prices; government purchases of excess
food stocks; and promotion of domestic crops through international trade agreements. The United
States was forced to develop agriculture price and income support policies after the end of World
War I due to the closing of major international export markets. The passing of laws of agricultural
subsidies, a price aid to farmers grew from the farm income and financial crises. Agricultural
subsidies are justified as necessary to

Social And Economic Issues Around Small Farms
Since the founding of America, the small family farm has been a pillar of United States culture and
economics. These small generational farms were known for molding very capable, independent
families that were known for their morality, strong character, and high work–ethic. Urbanization,
industrialization, the growth of U.S. agribusiness, and other economic factors have slowly chipped
away at the presence of the U.S. small family farm. Technology and mechanization developed by
colleges, agribusinesses, and other government sponsored research programs have caused farm
supply to increase exponentially while farm demand grows at roughly the rate of population growth.
Most modern small farms are too commodity focused to compete in niche ... Show more content on
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Many of these younger workers often see farming as an antiquated profession and relatively
unprofitable. The draw of higher education and the bright lights of city life are constant distractions
pulling them away from the less "exciting" rural life of farming. Without a generation of farmer to
replace the last many small farms are sold and developed commercially or absorbed by larger
commodity driven farms that surround them. Technological advancements have been a strong driver
of change in agriculture over the last 100 years. "Technology is, in fact, the key force driving the
shift of farm activities off farms" (Smith, 1992, p. 8). After the World Wars, mechanical
advancements were made at a rapid pace. "Advances in mechanization and increasing availability of
chemical inputs led to ever–increasing economies of scale that spurred rapid growth in average farm
size, accompanied by an equally rapid decline in the number of farms and in the farm and rural
populations" (Dimitri, Effland, & Conklin, 2005, p. 6). Essentially, the use of mechanization has
dramatically increased the supply of agricultural products while also drastically reducing the size of
the necessary workforce. "The amount of capital used per farmworker increased 15 times between
1930 and 1980, permitting a fivefold increase in the amount of land cultivated per farmer"
(McConnell,

The Common Agricultural Policy
This report concerns the workings of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and how and why it
was implemented in the European Union. I will explain how the CAP operates, including
mechanisms and subsidies. I will be explaining and evaluating how the two CAP reforms have been
carried out and if they have been successful or not.
2.0. Findings
2.1. How and why the CAP was implemented
The Common Agricultural Policy is the agricultural policy of the European Union (EU) and it is a
partnership between agriculture and society and Europe and its farmers. The CAP is a complex and
extensive policy that can only be understood by explaining how it was developed. It was foreseen as
common policy with the objectives to provide affordable food for the ... Show more content on
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These measures had a high budgetary cost, distorted some world markets, did not always serve the
best interests of farmers and became unpopular with consumers and taxpayers. At the same time
society became increasingly concerned about the environmental sustainability of agriculture, with
the Rio Earth Summit being a notable landmark in the early 1990.
2.2. How the CAP operates
When the CAP began, many small farmers of the post–war generation still milked cows by hand and
mowed hay with scythes. For them, as for the rest of society, memories of shortages and food
queues were still fresh. Subsidies from the CAP helped them to buy equipment, renovate farm
buildings and obtain better seeds and fertiliser. With higher earnings they could borrow from banks
to develop their businesses. Food production rose.
Protectionism is a part of CAP and it supports farmers through maintaining artificially hight prices.
There would be a single market for agricultural products and EEC preferences meant granting
European producers privileges at the expense of overseas suppliers. The instrument of the CAP was
organised into two pillars; market instrument and rural development. Market instruments included

Sanger Automotive Companies: the Fisker Franchise Decision
National Agro–Food Policy (2011–2020) in Agriculture Sector In Malaysia, agriculture remains an
important sector and it plays role as food providers, create employments and generate earnings from
export products. The development of the agricultural sector is generally governed by a
comprehensive and market driven agricultural policies. The agricultural policies were formulated
and have enabled the agricultural sector to grow sustainably and also contributed to economy
development in Malaysia. The agricultural policy set the direction for the agricultural sector. As a
result, this sector has been transformed from a conventional and passive sector that focused on
single commodity to a dynamic, diversified and modern sector. There are ... Show more content on
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Under National Agro–Food Policy, agriculture sector has been identified as a National Key Result
Area. Under this initiative, the agriculture sector is targeted to increase the Gross National Income
by RM28.9 Billion (USD9.1 billion) to reach RM49.1 billion (USD15.4 billion) by 2020. The
agricultural sector is also targeted to create more than 109,000 job opportunities by 2020, primarily
in the rural areas.
The National Agro–Food policy has incorporated strategies that are in line with the nutritional
aspects of the food system. The programs implemented under the policy include increased food
production through optimization and sustainable land, development and upgrading agriculture
infrastructure and increase the quality and safety of food by expanding the compliance of standard.
Efforts have also been taken to strengthen human capital and to ensure sufficient skill labor force in
the agricultural sector. This includes the use of modern technology and mechanization to reduce the
dependency of manpower. The government also provides sector–based incentives to encourage the
private sector to invest in the agriculture and agro–based industry. The development of the
agriculture sector is an ongoing process to promote to Malaysia's economy. However, the
agricultural sector is facing new issues such as changes in global economy and trade liberalization.
The agricultural sector requires new strategies that can address issues in order

Role Of Subsidies To Farmers
Subsidies to Farmers yxc163430 Yun–Ruu, Chen Regulation is a means to achieve to certain goals
or objectives, and we assume that these goals or objectives are coming from the public interest
rather than from regulators own interest. Subsides to farmer is a regulation/policy that federal
government pays money to the farmers for the farmers produces. The purposes of subsidies to
farmers are protecting the safety food, enhancing the productivity, increasing the farmers' income
and thus can boost the economy from agriculture sector. The Agriculture Adjusted Act(AAA),
passed in 1933 the midst of Great Depression, started the American's agriculture subsidies. The
government paid to the farmers and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Farmers can grow 100% of their plant acres and produce any produces without limitation. They
would be paid by multiple the base rate and participated quantity. In the 2000s, based on the FAIR
Act of 1996, the government continued direct payments and provided 16.3 billion dollar of
agriculture subsidies in 2002 Farm's Bill. Meanwhile, there were some criticisms to Farm's Bill.
Critics regard that those large number of subsidies violate the agreement of World Trade
Organization because of subsidies is a kind of trade barrier. In the 2008, the Congress passed the
Food, Conservation, and Energy Act (2008 Farm's Bill). The budget of 2008 Farm's Bill was $288
billion. With this high budget, it caused controversy of budget deficit. Besides, in the past ten years,
the 75% of the subsidy dollars were received by only 10% farmers. In the 2014, the budget of
Agricultural Act (2014 Farm's Bill) was $956 billion for the next 10 years. However, important
changes in this Act are the cancellation of direct payment program, the decreasing budget to
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). With these main cuts, it improves the fiscal
deficit of the United States. From my point of view, I thoroughly regard that government should not
carry out subsidies to farmers. I have several reasons to support my arguments. First, with the
subsides, farmers would produce more than before and thus the supply would larger than demand in
the market.

Farm Subsidies Essay
Agricultural subsidies is a very complex and controversial economic topic today. It will continue to
be a hot topic as government continues it. It is largely debated in the United States as well as in
other countries. The reason it is so largely debated is because it literally have an effect on the entire
world market. Not to mention that the farm has been booming the last 5 to 10 years. This topic also
tends to draw strong opinions in our area in particular due to the large agricultural community in our
region. However, even within different states there are many supporters as well as opponents to
these government subsidies. To really begin to understand this complex topic a person really needs
to understand the basics of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2002 wheat was $3.80 a bushel so farmer's received $.06 for the difference in the guaranteed
price and $.52 for every bushel of wheat they sold ("Farm bill resources, 2008"). The idea behind
the government subsidizing of agriculture is a good idea in theory. However, it is controversial
because there are many people who oppose this policy for different reasons. There are many reasons
why it is controversial but there are a few in particular that cause the most debate. One reason that
people do not support the subsidizing is because of the sheer cost. In 2009, the U.S. government
paid over 12 billion dollars to the agricultural sector (Vogel, 2001). When you consider that fact that
the payments are being made with taxpayer dollars it explains why some people immediately oppose
it. There have been past years where the government has actually paid double that. These payments
do consume a fair portion of our governments budget. Although it is not a confirmed fact, a
Canadian report said that for every dollar earned by a U.S. farmer, 62 cents comes from some form
of government payment (Wikipedia). Basically some people view this as nothing more than
transferring income from the general tax payers to farm owners. In fact, farm subsidies is actually
the United States' largest corporate welfare program. People also blame these subsidies for
increasing poverty in some

In 1957 the Common Essay
In 1957 the Common
In 1957 the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was outlined by the then six member states. The
main reason for the Common Agricultural policy was to make Agriculture a self sufficient entity in
The European
Union.
The six member states of the European Union proposed to do this by creating a stable market for
agricultural produce and at the same time keeping prices at an affordable level for consumers.
The heads of the European Union (E.U) believed that Agriculture was one of the most significant
industries within the E.U; .and as a result agreed that special attention needed to be focused on this
area of European policy. "When the nations of Europe got together in the late 1950's, agriculture
was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper I will look in detail at the Common Agricultural Policy and then I will examine the
controversy associated with the policy. I will look at the steps taken by the E.U to counteract this
controversy and whether or not the controversy is likely to continue in the future. The common
agricultural policy is funded by means of the European
Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee fund (EAGGF) this fund amounts for almost half of the E.U
budget. The EAGGF incorporates two basic areas which are support and guidance, support of prices
and markets and to guide rural development. (Nugnet, N. 2003)
At the onset of Cap it was thought that revenue generated from import levies would finance the
EAGGF but due to the unforeseen and indeed rapid increase in agricultural produce within the E.U
and therefore a reduction in imports this has not been the case and the financial burden has fallen on
to national governments, however in recent years the E.U has decided to rely on its own resources
for the funding of
EAGGF. (EL Agrai, Ali. M. 2001)
The area of support within the EAGGF ensures that farmers have a market for their goods setting
prices which allows

How Does Farm Subsidies Affect The Economy
Like much of the midwest, Indiana is especially dependent on agricultural success to boost their
economy. Farming is the backbone of the Hoosier state, with 57,500 farming operations functioning
in 2016, per the United States Department of Agriculture. While Indiana relies heavily on the
agricultural sector of their economy, the agricultural sector in turn often relies upon subsidization.
According to "Food Policy: Looking Forward from the Past", a book written by Arlene Spark and
Janel Obenchain, "An agricultural subsidy is governmental assistance paid to farmers and
agribusiness to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and
influence the cost and supply of such commodities." Now that we accurately ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Farm Bill only faced minor changes up until 1996, when a Republican Congress in favor of
deregulating the industry redrafted the legislation to allow for more free market engagements. Since
then, the debate over deregulating and unsubsidizing farmers has grown immensely.
Although farm subsidies all have their roots to one major piece of legislation, there are multiple
variations that are common. One of such subsidy programs allows farmers to counter fluctuations in
various aspects of their production. If prices for a crop take astounding hikes or fall dramatically,
subsidies can provide in time of need. This is the most well–known farm subsidy program, but there
are other aspects that get remarkably overlooked. Even insurance coverage, product marketing,
research and conservation efforts are subsidized under the current Farm Bill. With the present
situation, many Americans believe that the government carries too much control in the agricultural
market. For a more detailed breakdown of where the funding in the Farm Bill goes to, see the pie
chart below for a reference. These numbers are accurate as of the 2014 Farm Bill, per the National
Sustainable Agriculture Coalition.
Plenty of benefits have steamed from the implementation of subsidizations in the agriculture
industry. First, farmers are receiving a more consistent income than they were before the
government's subsidies were enacted. As stated by Connect Us Fund, subsidies allow

Abolishing Farm Subsidies In The United States
In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, Secretary of agriculture Henry Wallace introduced farm
subsidies as a "temporary solution to deal with an emergency." That emergency was a collapse of
farm incomes with 25 percent of the population depending on agricultural earnings (Riedl, 2007).
But today farmers make up just 1 percent of the population and farm incomes are well above the
national average, making the original purpose of subsidies irrelevant (Kelley, 2016). On average, the
United State's Department of Agriculture spends $25 billion on farm subsidies every year with the
majority being handed out to large farms and corporations. Through these subsidies, the government
has created an exceptionally large welfare system for farmers (Edwards, ... Show more content on
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The distortion of the economy and the damages caused to young farmers and small family farms are
causing enough to end the practice of subsidies. Along with that, subsidies harm the worldwide
economy and keep people in poverty. Abolishing subsidies would result in immense benefit for not
only Americans but also for people around the world. It is time to end the practice of taking
American tax dollars to harm American farmers, the American people, and millions in poverty
around the world. It is time to end farm

Agricultural Machinery Market : A Case Study Essay
Agricultural Machinery Market
A Case Study
Department of mechanical Assistant Professor and Industrial Engineering Department of mechanical
and Industrial
Indian Institute of Engineering
Technology Roorkee Indian institute Of Technology Roorkee
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
Problem Highlights
Topic Justification
scope and limitations
II Policy
III Tractor sales
IV Growth in different segment
IV Indian agricultural machinery in the world
V Farming land per farmer
VI conclusion
Introduction
India is an agricultural country. Seventy percent of its people live in villages. One–third of our
National income comes from agriculture. Our economy is based on agriculture. The development of
agriculture has much to do with the economic welfare of our country. Agricultural market is
continuously increasing for the past couple of decades in India as the technology is developing. The
continues increasing demand of food products has resulted in the increased demand of food grains
and thus has increased the use of farm machinery in rural areas. India is seeing the movement of
labour from rural to urban areas which with the demand of increasing production efficiency in food

product is the evidence that there is a future for farm mechanization in India. Make in India is an
initiative of the Government of India, to encourage companies to manufacture their products in
India.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Ep Economy
Advantages and Drawbacks
Despite the fact that agriculture engenders an insignificant percentage of the EU's GDP and employs
less than 5% of the EU native, the CAP takes up more than half of the EU budget. Additionally,
knowing that the BRIC countries have become some of the most significant competitors to the EU,
it has been suggested that payments to farmers should be decreased, thus concentrating more on the
investment in technology. The distribution of the payments among nations has been highly doubted.
We might believe that the CAP aids small family farms to prevent them from going into bankruptcy,
yet this is a long way from the reality. A campaign, Famsubsidy.org, consisting of economists,
activists and reporters, has been established to reveal the truth about the transparency of the CAP;
the movement has found out that rich landlords and even "the British Royal family earn millions in
EU farm subsidies". As argued by Harvey: "Prince Charles and the Duke of Westminster are two of
the biggest recipients of the aid in the UK", hence a negligible amount is going to the poor farmers.
It is also indicated that the CAP spending is most likely focused on the wealthier regions rather than
on slacking ones.This fact proves that the CAP's work is inconsistent with other major and more
important European Union goals such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, in the late 80s and early 90s, export subsidies were taking up to one–third of the CAP
spending plan (about 10 billion euros a year). Hence, given the main subjects of the WTO
negotiations, export subsidies weren't as important anymore and can only be used in cases of severe
market crises. However, recently, the EU, in collaboration with Brazil and other South American
countries, issued a proposal for the "Nairobi Ministerial Council meeting" this December that would
end all export subsidies by the end of 2018

The Growth And Dynamics Of Bangladesh Research
Abstract
The present paper is a Scientometric Study of agriculture research in Bangladesh during the year
1973 to 2015. The study attempts to examine the distribution of journal articles/ papers (age–wise,
year–wise, and article–wise), authorship pattern, subject, language, and geographical distribution.
The web of Science Citation Index used to determine the scattering of journal articles in the
publication pattern on the LISTA database. There ........... papers in all, and these were published in
more than ..... scholarly journals. The scope of the paper is limited to study the growth and dynamics
of Bangladesh research output in agriculture research. Results indicate that majority of articles
published during the year 2009–2011 and focus mainly on academic education. International
Information & Library Review has published greater number of articles on agriculture research.
Keywords: Bangladesh Agricultural Research, mapping, Scientro–metric
Introduction:
The invention of agriculture is one of the greatest revolutions of human history. Agriculture is
regarded as the lifeline of Economy in many countries. It is also an important social sector
concerned with issues like food and nutritional security, income generation and poverty reduction.
The availability of nutritional adequacy of food has been driving forces for human evolution and
civilization.
Agriculture is a dynamic sector in Bangladesh which needs regular adaptation of new farm
technologies in order to meet the

Agricultural Education and Training on Crop Producing...
1. RESEARCH TOPIC Agricultural Education and Training on crop producing rural subsistence
farmers in the area of KwaMadundube (Stanger, Kwa–Zulu Natal). 2. BACKGROUND The rapid
growth of agricultural education and training began during the late 19th century in the United States
of America (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_extension). Since the establishment of the
democratic South African government in 1994, visionary policies and programs, strategies and
Agricultural education and training governance structures have been established (Didiza, 2005). In
2005 (DoA, 2005), the national agricultural education and training strategy was launched with the
aim to address the needs of the country's economy and improvement of agricultural production
through quality Agricultural Education and Training. The area of KwaMadundube is located in
Kwa–Zulu Natal. Before April 2013, the area of KwaMadundube was not under Municipality
(Nhaca and Ngobese, KwaDukuza Municipality–Corporate communications Department). There
was no development in any way. It was owned by families who paid money for it. The receipts they
received when they bought the land served as certificates so that they could enjoy the privileges
enjoyed by white people and served as a right to own the land. These families were forced to change
their surnames e.g. Mhlongo became Champion and Khuzwayo became Forbay; so that they would
own the land freely as it was during the apartheid era that they bought the

The Discovery Of Crude Oil And Oil Prices
Introduction
Agricultural production, which used to be the mainstay of Nigerian economy, has been declining as
results of crude oil discovery and subsequent increase in production and exportation of crude oil
(Edo (2013). The discovery of crude oil and appreciation of oil price in the World market some
years ago leads Nigerian government to abandon all other means of revenue generations, including
agriculture, just to depend solely on crude oil revenue to finance most of her budgets. However,
crude oil exports are no longer sustaining the economy due to the current downturn in crude oil
price. For instance, the Nigerian government generated lots of revenues from crude oil exports, but
majority of her populations are still under the poverty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper will be organized into various sections such as problem statement, purpose of the study,
Research questions, and Research method. The research paper will also, try to identify the strengths
and weaknesses of the research method and design used. Moreover, the paper will endeavor to
justify why the chosen method and design is most appropriate for the research questions. Finally, the
paper will discuss why alternative methods/designs would be less desirable for your study.
Statement of the Problem
Many developing nations, including Nigeria neglect agricultural sector development, as such
derived the sector of the necessary resources needed the boost economic development. Most
advanced nations developed their agricultural sector first before embarking on development of the
industrial sector (Bezemer, & Headey, 2008). As such, it may be hard for developing nations,
including Nigeria to achieve their industrialization without fundamental development of the
agricultural sector (Bezemer, & Headey, 2008). This is because, agricultural sector, provide food for
the populations, feed for livestock, fiber and raw materials for the local industries. Also, surplus
products from this sector will be exported for foreign revenues. However,

Eu Is The Largest Gdp Development Economy Group Essay
Introduction
EU is an important economic group in the world. And now EU is the second biggest agribusiness
partner to New Zealand in the world. EU has sufficient natural resource and has created a big
number of agribusiness employments. Also, EU has compared better agriculture supply chain which
providing verity agribusiness production to domestic and international markets. In addition, it is
necessary to notice there is a huge market which could be an opportunity to export. As a unit, EU
successfully supports their local farmers and development of agriculture. However, it still gets some
issues which challenge their agriculture in future.
Economic Background As an important economy group, EU was built up after WWII. The first aim
of EU is recover the economy from the damage in WWII. After years great effort there are some
significant success from EU. Now EU is the biggest GDP development economy group. Also there
are some positive conditions supports their sustainable economic development. Firstly, EU has large
population which is 503 million inhabitants. It is account 7.3% of total population of the world
which is 7093 million. Compared with other economic groups, the workers in EU with high skilled
and educated which can be a comparable advantage to agribusiness. Secondly, EU has large land
which is 1628 square miles. In addition, 40% of it is about 170 million hectares build as farms.
Thirdly, there are three main climates in Europe. North–eastern part of EU

T-Shirts form Lubbok
It is very likely that our T–shirts are born near Lubbock, Texas, which is the known to be the
cottonest city in the whole world. Nelson Reinsch is a very successful cotton farmer. Him and his
wife Ruth tend to be seen as people whose minds are opening rather than closing as they approach
the ends of their lives. Producing cotton is no longer the exhausting physical process that it used to
be, but Nelson and Ruth still fight both the impulses of nature and the moods of the markets. Every
summer, they take on the different types of weathers they have to face and compete with cotton
farmers from over 70 countries. Nelson Reinsch 1,000 acres can produce about 500,000 pounds of
cotton lint if it is fully planted, which is enough for about 1.3 million T–shirts. Him ending his life
in the same occupation that he began with makes a clear statement about the U.S. cotton industry.
For over 200 years, The U.S. has been the certain leader of the global cotton industry. Poor countries
have a very small chance to catch up with all the challenges they face. The U.S. has dominantly
occupied first place in cotton production, cotton exports, farm size, and yields per acre. American
industries usually compete with countries that are similar to them. For example, U.S. forms compete
with Japanese automakers, German chemical companies, and Swiss pharmaceuticals. For climatic
reasons, there are few advanced industrial economies that produce cotton. American cotton growers
compete with

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