The Negative Impact Of Classical Liberalism During The...

The Negative Impact Of Classical Liberalism During The...
In response to the negative impacts of classical liberal policies such as laissez–faire capitalism
during the Industrial Revolution, many different political and social movements developed. With
such things such as the labour unions and the recognition of the rights of women and other groups,
liberalism evolved into modern liberalism. In order for classical liberalism to evolve, challenges
should be implemented so that it can adapt to the needs of the society. Classical liberals gradually
came to see the merits of some of their opponents views and modified the practical applications of
some of their values and beliefs. These developments gradually evolved classical liberalism over
time and eventually transforming into modern liberalism. The socialist critique of classical
liberalism undermined the political, social, and economic foundations of the classical liberal state.
Rather grudgingly, classical liberals began to recognize that some modification where necessary.
Moreover, as the right to vote was extended to a wider range of voters, governments began to enact
laws to protect the rights of workers, improving working conditions and addressing crucial issues
globally. The labour unions and standards was an example of how the concept of equality and
liberalism expanded. Times of Industrial Revolution stand out as pivotal turning points for all
western nations that brought prosperity and fast paced expansion. Labour unions arose because there
were many who wanted to improve
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John Rawls and Political Liberalism Essay
John Rawls and Political Liberalism
Describe in detail the role that the ideas of "overlapping consensus" and "comprehensive doctrine"
play in Rawl's theoretical answer to the fundamental question of Political Liberalism: "How is it
possible for there to exist over time a just and stable society of free and equal citizens, who remain
profoundly divided by reasonable religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines?" (Rawls 4). More
specifically, how do these concepts help to preserve the traditional liberal values of freedom and
equality? And do these concepts help to preserve stability within a pluralistic society?
John Rawls book, Political Liberalism, addresses the need for the reformation of the unjust ... Show
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The original position is a device of representation, and the principles of justice which "survive" this
"filter" are deemed a suitable for the real world. Moreover, it is important to clearly understand that
Rawls uses these theoretical intellectual tools to help achieve reform in the actual and concrete real
world rather (opposed to truths based in metaphysics).
Thus, we return to the first order intellectual tool: principles of justice. There are many possible
principles of justice; however Rawls tests the following two principles of justice in hopes which are
theoretically capable of achieving institutional reform. The first principle of justice is that "each
person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties" (5).
Moreover, this is the translating of rights into real possibilities to guarantee that one really does have
freedom. And this is a fair and concrete value which society does, in theory, guarantees. The second
principle of justice is that "social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first they
are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of
opportunity; and second, they are to be the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of
society," (6). Thus, there is no exclusion of any group.

The Puritan Settlers And How Puritanism Involved Aspects...
In one of the stories about the American founding, settlers that came to America inherited a "vast,
unpopulated land" . Due to the abundance of land, settlers did not have to fight for resources .
Therefore, everyone had had an equal opportunity and it followed that there was no need for a
hierarchical feudalistic system in order to distribute the land . This in turn became the foundation of
American liberal thought. Additionally, the settlers had also adopted some ancient republican ideas
and this led to the creation of a complex American political thought with characteristics of both
liberalism and republicanism. Although both paradigms seem to contradict each other to a large
extent and hence one would expect that both paradigms may be unable to coexist in the same
political environment, in this essay, I argue that in American politics, liberalism and republicanism
coexist, interact and overlap to a large extent. This is illustrated in the adoption of both paradigms
by the settlers of the New World. For this essay, I will focus specifically on the Puritan settlers and
how Puritanism involved aspects of both republicanism and liberalism. Additionally, I will illustrate
how both paradigms are also present to a large extent in the respective, uniquely American
arguments of both the anti–federalists and federalists and in the Constitution and its 10 amendments.
For the purposes of this essay, I define liberalism as a school of political thought concerned with
liberty,

Positives And Cons Of Neo Liberalism
Neo–liberalism has its ruts in 1938 when it was firstly introduced by the German scholar Alexander
Rusto in a conference hold for intellectuals by Luis Rougier, at the time to be "neoliberal" meant to
encourage a modern economic policy with state intervention.
Although often used as a trend of globalization and studied mostly in economic, neo–liberalism is
very complex. The varieties of values, ideologies, and practices of neo–liberalism have a significant
affect in the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the society. Martinez and Garcia(2000)
define neo–liberalism as:
"A set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. You can
clearly see the effects of neo–liberalism here as the rich grow richer and the poor grow poorer.
Around the world, neo–liberalism has been imposed by powerful financial institutions like the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter American Development Bank.
The capitalist crisis over the last 25 years, with its shrinking profit rates, inspired the corporate elite
to revive economic liberalism. That's what makes it 'neo' or new."
The term neo–liberalism it references in the majority of the cases to the policies and processes
which influences the social life ("whereby a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim was that of the "global" adaption with the perspective of the western model of education
(F.Arnove 2013). Mostly of the post–socialist countries followed the goals implemented by the west,
which with the influence of external forces adopted neoliberal policies. The Western Balkan
Countries, aimed to transform the education system, from an old and antiquated one to a modern and
recognizable worldwide model. Moreover this model was presented as the embodiment of progress
and modernity and as the only way for these countries to be competitive with the western European

Political Feminism And Marx 's Theory Versus Liberalism
What role does liberalism play in socio–legal theory? How do the theories you've chosen address
law's liberalism?
Natural law, Legal Feminism and Marx's theory versus Liberalism.
What role does liberalism play in socio–legal theory?
Liberalism is a theory where the rule of law is based on principles of equality and freedom. The first
principles for this theory came from the classical liberalism while the latter principles known are
more obvious in social liberalism. The first liberals embraced a wide range of practices depending
on their point of views of these philosophies, but in general, they supported ideas and behaviors
such as freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, civil rights, secular governments and democratic
societies. Of course this is very easy to understand and explain nowadays, after so many authors
have struggled to defined what liberalism really is and seeks. Using theories of Natural law, Legal
Feminism and Marx's theory versus Liberalism, this paper will analyze the implication of rights for
each theory and how they can be used in a negative and/or positive way within the socio–legal
framework.
Indeed, for many years, philosophers have sought to encounter a definition to liberalism, though
their attempts have revolved around abstract and philosophical arguments to come to a 'neutral'
definition, which accordingly to Suda (2000, p. 140) can be:
"Liberalism is above all a system of thought which puts at the center of its preoccupations

Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the National...
Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the National Curriculum
I shall maintain in this essay that the civic education proposed in the new National Curriculum
subject called Citizenship is not in harmony with the educational aims and principles stated in The
Education Reform Act, 1988, in which the National Curriculum itself was established. I shall argue
further that the present institutional arrangements for the whole of education are contrary to the
spirit of the civic education outlined in Citizenship.
To pursue the argument I shall draw on John Rawls' insight that, in a modern democracy such as that
in the UK, the idea of a democratic state with a single generally agreed moral or religious doctrine is
no longer useful. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is most unlikely that a government established on the principles of a particular religious creed can
be seen to be operating fairly. Political liberalism is thus an attempt to provide a theoretical
framework to enable the democratic state to operate, and be seen to operate, fairly in a pluralist
society.
Rawls defines political liberalism in terms of justice as fairness:
Justice as fairness honours, as far as it can, the claims of those who wish to withdraw from the
modern world in accordance with the injunctions of their religion, provided only that they
acknowledge the principles of the political conception of justice and appreciate its political ideals of
person and society (p.200)
Inside political, social and economic institutions all social groups are to be treated equally in a fair
and just manner with equal access, equal opportunity and equal rights. Outside them the competing
notions of the good must be left to thrive. The prescriptions of religion, for example, must be treated
tolerantly both as guides to individual conduct and as recipes for living a good life. On this basis, I
maintain, therefore, that the state, in a pluralist society, cannot have an established religion. If the
state is to be neutral then it must be secular.
An examination of the programme of study for Citizenship reveals a political

Political Ideologies, Communism, Socialism, And Liberalism
An ideology as defined by Merriam–Webster is "a systematic body of concepts especially about
human life or culture." This specifically does not relate to politics, but when applied it means a body
of concepts that define a country's goals and views of citizenry. All ideologies; religion,
communism, socialism, and liberalism have varying traits and goals led by their governments. An
example of these differences is that communism values equality while liberalism values freedom.
Some do not last too long, while others have spread, liberalism especially. These ideologies also
have had opposition throughout history and have had an effect on the entire world. Political
ideologies throughout the world, including liberalism as can be seen in Great ... Show more content
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Socially, prejudice toward other groups of problem come forth. In Iran, the Sunni Muslims are hated
due to the country religion being Sunni. This hate culminated after the image of Khomeini whom
was a Shiite himself. Other than religious groups, people such as women and homosexuals are
retaliated against in religiously based countries; "Religion proposes equally dire outcomes for gays,
people who get tattoos, men who get haircuts, anyone who works on Sunday, or who eats shellfish.
But the cafeteria religious believers are focused like a laser on gays and find prescriptions for hate in
their ancient texts."(Wingrove) Wingrove believes that religion inside of government only increases
hatred toward people that is backed up by text and carried out harshly. Politically, laws form out of
the religion as seen in sharia in Iran. These laws affect how the country is perceived by its own
people and others. The United Nations for example could nail Iran for its laws that go against human
rights. The UN will not do this for fear of worse relations with the Iranians, but it could someday be
on the table. Many westerners find Iran's ways cruel, but they do not know anything different and
most support their government's

Modern Liberalism and Political Policies
Modern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau's political philosophies
and theories each differ from one another's, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims
as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their
notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three
philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state.
Modern liberalism is the philosophical standpoint for an increase in social progress. Jean Jacques
Rousseau provides a compelling account of modern era liberalism through his advocation because
of his notions on good government, his social contract, and ... Show more content on
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Man will be unable to become corrupt and will live his life in ignorance.
Social Contract A social contract is an agreement, whether implicitly or explicit that defines the
legitimacy, or lack thereof, of the authority of the state over it's subjects. Thomas Hobbes' state is
one that is filled with constant fear. Fear of their enemies and those who will betray them. Through a
social contract, individuals of the state are able to establish a civil society and achieve security for
the purpose of self–preservation. The social contract is a surrender of an individual's rights and
freedoms, but he must be willing to, for "when others are so too, as far forth as for peace and
defence of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things" (LEVIATHAN
16). John Locke's social contract differs from Thomas Hobbes' social contract in the manner that
Locke views human nature as peaceful, with no corruptive temptations. There was no constant fear.
A key component to the establishment of a social contract in Locke's state was for the protection of
property from those who are feared. Individuals of the state surrendered the right to enforce the law
of nature while preserving and maintaining order. For Jean Jacques Rousseau, the state of nature is
good. Rousseau believes that individuals are better off in a state of nature than in a state with an
establishment

Classical Liberalism Is A Political Philosophy Originated
Classical Liberalism is a political philosophy originated in the 18th century based on the idea of
individual liberty created to preserve an open and accepting, and open–minded society. Classical
liberalism is very solemn when advocating for the value of freedom in which emphasizes the
importance of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets which includes free trade market
capitalism, and economic liberalism. Up until around the 1900s, this ideology was commonly
known as Liberalism, however, it's now important to classify it as "Classical Liberalism" mostly in
English–speaking countries. Worldwide however, Liberalism is a wide–ranging term that can also be
associated with private property and designated with social, instead of social, ... Show more content
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John Locke, an English philosopher, shared some of the same ideas that Hobbes possessed. Locke
believed in the power of a government to preserve freedom, but he also believed in overthrowing
any government that violated a citizen's rights, and as a solution, getting a new government
competent for the duty of serving the people. Locke also believed in freedom by nature. "Everyone
has a natural right to life, liberty, and property." Locke believed in men preserving their own "civil
interest," by those he means life, liberty, health, and the possession of land, money, houses, and such
things. He believed that all men are free by nature, and that "no private person has any right in any
manner to prejudice another person in his civil enjoyments." Locke also believes that God gave men
the world to make use of it, therefore he values so much the right to property.
Another philosopher from the 17th century, and who made an impact on how political economy
works is Adam Smith, one of the major philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith is
considered as one of the source of classical liberal commitments, reducing state regulations on
economic life and trade. He was very powerful with his argument, he believed

Social Liberalism: Equilibrium Between Individual Liberty...
Social liberalism, often referred to as modern liberalism, is a political belief that aspires to attain
equilibrium between individual liberty and social justice. Social liberalism was discovered after the
liberal revolution by those who were dissatisfied with the focus on liberty, which allowed extreme
economic inequality at the end of the ninetieth century. It developed as an alternative to classic
liberalism, which shared the similar ideas of freedom of religion, speech, power and markets but
without government intervention. The political ideology endorses the improvement of life for the
poor and disadvantaged systematically through a market economy and the expansion of civil and
political rights with the use of collective authority in reducing

Essay on Liberalism has Helped Shape Western Political...
Throughout history, liberalism has been a key principle doctrine in which has helped shape Western
political philosophy. Western liberalism traditionally presents its core values around individual
freedom and equality. It is also typically associated with democracy, capitalism, freedom of religion,
and human rights. These principles have been highlighted in Europe and the United States for the
past three hundred years and has served as the dominant ideology of modern Western society.
However, although liberalism provides well–rooted concepts, there has been misconceptions
throughout history that needed reevaluation. For example, laws throughout liberal societies have put
constraints on racial and sexual equalities. Religious views have ... Show more content on
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They broke out of the theological traditions to open their minds on a broader scope. Religious
leaders did not have as strong of an influence in our society as the puritans would have liked. This
opened our minds to more secular views, the conception of human nature and political relations in
our society. But religion is still embedded into our constitution today. We still honor a code that
worships one nation under god. But since the signing of the constitution, several new ideas and
beliefs were made to truly ensure freedom of religion in our country. Immanuel Kant sheds light on
why we need to stand up for our beliefs and how to rid ourselves of immaturity in his article on
Enlightenment.
In the article What is Enlightenment?, Kant explains that in order for us to succeed as the human
race we must rid ourselves from our own self–imposed immaturity. Immaturity, he explained, "is
self–imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to
use our understanding without guidance from others." Basically you must think for yourself in order
to achieve Sapere Aude, or in other words, have the courage to use your own understanding to build
the life you want to build. This is the precept of enlightenment. Kant's ideas about taking
responsibility in one's own actions is one of the reasons we have evolved to where we are today. But
it has taken hundreds of years to evolve to where we are and the

The Political Differences, Social Liberalism And Conservatism
"We will not agree on every issue. But let us respect those differences and respect one another. Let
us recognize that we do not serve an ideology or a political party; we serve the people", by John
Lynch. In this quote written by John Lynch, it expresses the fact that there are many differences
within ideology and political parties, but at the end of the day they are to serve the people and they
should be respected for their differences. Therefore, there are wo major ideologies that have
numerous differences and similarities. Within these ideologies there are social conservatives, which
is "a version of conservatism that advocates public policies based on traditional morals and religious
values." (Demichele 2017). Likewise, there is social liberalism a version of liberals that belief "of
liberty, rights, and egalitarianism with a focus on collective equally" (Demichele 2017). The social
liberalism represents more of collectivism and the social conservatives is more individualism.
Religion in a society and government is very important because the rules and regulation can come
from religion. In a social conservatism society, religion and traditional morals are practiced and
embedded in their society while in a social liberal society is more focused on secular stance where
there is no religious or spiritual basis. This paper would explore, the similarities and differences in
regard to the two ideologies, social liberalism and social conservatives, and their views on
feminism,

Political Differences : Conservatism And Liberalism In Canada
Canada has been an independent nation for over 150 years, so it makes sense that there has been
numerous changes in the government, since the government has to reflect its society, and as time
changes so does its government. However, some ideologies do not believe it should change in order
to keep up with its time. Oxford Dictionary states that the definition of an ideology is "A system of
ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy."
There are various forms of political ideologies; conservatism and liberalism are being brought up for
discussion about what makes conservatives and liberals so different in Canada. Throughout the
years, the Canadian government has rotated between liberalism and conservatism, these ideologies
share some similarities; however, it can be argued that the significant differences are their political,
social, and economic views. The government determines how well the state will function, the
analogy of the car and driver helps simplify how the government and state correlate. The car
represents the state and the driver represents the government, so depending how well the driver
treats the car determines how well the car will function; for instance, if the driver is not good then
switching drivers will change how the car will work (Brodie, 2014). Through a political lens, it is
evident to see the distinct difference between conservatism and liberalism in Canada. Conservatives
are right wing on the

Contemporary Political Ideas Of Liberalism
Many contemporary political ideas concerning Liberalism have arisen from theories written by
Benjamin Constant, a Swiss–French political activist. The central principles of Liberalism are rights
and popular sovereignty. Constant's defense of individual rights are very much tied up with the idea
of limiting state power. His work reveals a subtle suspicion of governmental power and a slight
anxiety over the risks of giving power to those who may not have societal interest at heart. The
critique of society made by Constant has underlying similarities and forthright differences with the
Communist theorist Karl Marx. Marx wrote about true political representation and the ways in
which political power in certain hands can revolutionize society. In terms of popular sovereignty and
democracy, the two scholars seem to write in the interest of the sovereign, the social body. They are
opposed on the topic of rights, especially property rights – the Communist theory is centered around
the abolition of such, whereas Constant writes that property owners are better qualified for politics.
The similarities within their theories lie in their writings on representation and their ideas
concerning which hands power should be concentrated into. Constant argues for popular sovereignty
through an argument against political sovereignty. His logic behind limiting government power and
enacting direct elections is concerned with popular sovereignty. In the Principles of Politics, it is
articulated

Political Attitudes : Extreme Liberalism And Political...
Political Attitudes
Political attitudes refer to the different attitudes that people have on areas of their lives affected by
political psychology. This includes their views on political conservatism, nationalism, political
liberalism etc. Many factors, which include a person's sexual orientation, their gender, their race,
their socio–economic status etc., influence different political attitudes. In the United States, the
attitudes of most citizens fall under two categories, which are extreme liberalism or extreme
conservatism.
I carried out an experiment to determine my political attitude and that of the older members of my
family. The experiment involved answering questions from three different surveys and recording the
results. The results from the different survey questions I answered were similar however; they
differed from those of the older members of my family.
The results from the three surveys that I carried out revealed that I was an extreme liberalist whilst
some of the older members of my family were extreme conservatives. An extreme liberalist is a
person who stands for equality, freedom of speech, rule of law, transparency in governance etc.
Extreme conservatives on the other hand are people who believe that their views on political issues
supersede those of others and that their views are always right.
Aspects such as age influenced the difference in opinion. The older members of the family appeared
to be extreme conservatives because they were not open to

Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism Essay
Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism
The subject given for this paper was to "assess the alienation from liberalism found in modern and
contemporary political theory." To be honest, I don't see a correlation with alienating liberalism and
modern political thought through the time line of political theory in the 18th and19th century and
through the 20th century. So, for this paper, I will prove the opposite. I will show, in my opinion,
how the rise of liberalism has kept alive modern and contemporary political thought and action. I
will begin with what I know of the beginning of liberal ideas and move through time showing how
these liberal movements have been the basis for major changes in countries and that liberalism, in
my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This unprecedented growth and profit was another social change that occurred during the Industrial
Revolution. The laissez–faire method taken by the government permitted to thrive. This allowed the
wealthy, middle–class owners to pursue whichever path was most profitable because no government
action was taken against this harsh treatment of workers. Before the Report, governments were
averse to the implementation of reforms based on their strict policy of laissez–faire the government
found this sacred. Citizens claimed "human rights" and "natural rights" they began to rebel, breaking
into factories and destroying hundreds of them in the span of a few weeks. After this outcry and
revolt of many citizens, the British government was forced to act. In the future many changes were
made due to the social and working conditions in Britain. Politics separated from the electoral
system due to the effects of the Industrial Revolution on.
Guided by the political notion of liberalism in the 18th century this meant a new age in British
politics, which continued through the Industrial Revolution. The industrialization of Europe, like the
French Revolution, left a permanent mark on society. Changes such as the Health and Morals
Apprentices Act, where 12 hours of work a day was all that was allowed with no night shifts and
employers were to provide education and the Factory Act where women and children of the ages
13–18 could not work more than 12

Conservatism And Political Liberalism
Political liberalism is dedicated to the individual: individual inalienable rights, tolerance for varied
beliefs, personal freedom, capability of reason and self–governance, and justice. In man's 'natural
state', one is subject to brutish conditions; society provides the protection of life and property, and
therefore provides room to enjoy one's natural freedoms. Joining a society is "for the mutual
preservation of ... lives, liberties and estates, which I call by the general name, property" (1) as John
Locke states. Additionally, although society limits some inherent freedoms –– the freedom of self–
preservation and to punish crimes –– it provides a known law, an indifferent judge, and the power of
enforcement (Locke 1–2). Thus the state is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Socialism
Socialism focuses on a collectivist vision of society with no hierarchy, based on cooperation with
common ownership of private property. The socialist explanation of world conflict/development is
Karl Marx's dialectical materialism: "[t]he history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of
class struggles" (1). Marx and Friedrich Engels hold that the theory of the communists can be
summarized as the "[a]bolition of private property" (7). Socialisms vary on how to abolish private
property. Under a communist interpretation of Marxism, the state must first own private property
before the state dissolves to collective ownership. Under a communist ideology, pre–dissolution of
an authority (normally a state, but in this case an administration), a Grinnell dorm would function
with administrative ownership of private property. Rather than items (private bourgeois property)
belonging to students, the administration controls the distribution and organization of materials and
means of production. As an example, dorms would perhaps function as communal property. Dorms
would be delegated to students irrespective of class year; single dorms could be used by first–years.
With an abolition of inequality, each student would have equal access to the private property owned
by the state.
Anarchism
Collectivist anarchism operates under an abolition of both the (unaccountable, coercive,
authoritarian) state and private property; ownership of the

Liberalism And Conservatism Are An Abstract Political...
Liberalism and conservatism are an abstract political ideology that is formed from evolving list of
political attributes (Bruns & Gimpel, 2000). While it may be difficult to create a comprehensive
definition, Smith (1990) defined liberalism as individuals who are reformist, democratic, libertarian,
humanitarian, egalitarian, and permissive. Conservative attributes focus on, "small state, minimal
regulations, individual freedom and responsibility, patriotism, and strong law and order" (Dommett,
2015). When measuring trends in a variety of topics, Smith (1990) found that trends dealing with
individualism and equal rights were mostly associated with liberal views, while trends on the topic
of crime was mostly associated with conservatives. Bruns and Gimpel (2000) noted that Americans
identification as either liberal or conservative was not entirely due to political knowledge, instead,
their identification reflects the individual's actual feelings towards particular groups and topics. Such
findings (Smith, 1990; Bruns & Gimpel, 2000; Dommett, 2015) on the topic of crime and
individualism have recently been the subjects of debate throughout the presidential election. On
June 16, 2015, Donald Trump began his Republican National Committee (GOP) presidential
campaign with a speech labeling Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals. Throughout the rest
of his successful campaign, now president–elected, Trump continued to use such rhetoric towards
Hispanics as one of the leading

Political Liberalism In The United States During The Cold War
The doctrine of United States foreign policy has changed significantly during and after the Cold
War, as the United States redefined its foreign policies during each of these eras. Although
inarguably United States promotes liberal democracy, how it goes about doing so currently, could
not be necessarily categorized as a liberal approach. During the Cold War United States had a more
liberal approach towards promotion of democracy. Yet this approach has since changed as it did not
emphasize enough the importance of other states materialistic needs and its impact on their
international behavior, thus leading United States to adopt a more constructivist perspective toward
its foreign policy.
Realism regards states as rational, solitary units in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to constructivism "The world of international relations is not just the world of material
capabilities and materialistic opportunities it is also a social world". Constructivists believe that
actor states are occupied with both normative and material factors. They do not deny that the
material world shapes their structure, but they believe that through reflections and discourse, actor
states are malleable and influenced by each other. Constructivism thus deals with the process
through which principled ideals become social norms. In being so, constructivism becomes a critical
component for the international recognition of a state. This becomes crucial for actors, as the
internationalization of social norms will ensure compliance over external pressure. Thus, democracy
promotion can be subsumed under the socialization and internalization by actors. The persistence of
democratic international institutions after the cold war as well as the mass identification of states as
democracies and the absence of a strong alternative political ideology have contributed to a process
of socialization promoting democratic cooperation. Therefore, after the Cold

Liberty and Political Liberalism
William D. Towah
The Relationship between the Concepts of Liberty and Political Liberalism
In his publication: "The Equality Trust", Goddard, J. (2013) discussed that liberty as defined by
many to mean the ability of an individual to carry out his/her will without any active obstruction or
impediment from any persons is narrowed and, therefore, flawed. He proposed that liberty should
rather be viewed as the "absence of relationship domination and dependence between persons –
regardless of whether any actual interference takes place" (para. 1). According to him once this
broader view is keenly considered, the comparability between liberty and equality becomes ... Show
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Negative liberty is a freedom from restrictions that would not permit an individual from making
desired choices. The action of the individual is control externally to the extent that it conflicts with
is internal desires. For example, a professional footballer who still has 4years left on his contract
with his club may harbor the desire to join other clubs. He is said to have his liberty to make
decisions but parent club could restrict his desires so he could complete his term of contract; this can
be best termed as negative liberty (Liberalism: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
The Debate around Political Liberalism
Political liberalism which is seen by many theorists as a doctrinal exercise of the natural rights and
freedom of the individual has created the platform where government's total control of citizens'
behavior and will is minimized. It is now argued that, state interference in the life of the governed be
limited to enable the individual exercises his rational intellect to his liberty and to acquire property
and all others that may allow him to enjoy his freedom without any violation. As many countries
have adopted liberalism, democratic governance with the adherence to the rule of law has taken
preeminence over the conservative regimes. The liberal social order has now brought the debate as
the conservatives continue to argue that, Political Liberalism has given birth to Liberal Feminism
which aimed at gender equality. This fight for feminism has

Political and Economic Liberalism
Political liberalism emphasizes the social contract, in which citizens make the laws and they all
agree to abide by those laws. It is supported on the belief that individuals know what is best for
them. Political liberalism grants political representation to all adult citizens regardless of sex, race,
or financial status. It highlights the "rule of law" and favors liberal democracy. It works on the
principle that individuals are the foundation of rules and civilization. Furthermore, society and its
organizations are created and subsist to advance the goals and achievements of individuals, devoid
of additional support to elite members of society. Economic liberalism supports the individual rights
of personal property and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We cannot survive without a social contract. There would be constant war because of the
development of men's acquirement of property. Rousseau summarizes this in his Discourse on
Political Economy. "You need me, for I am rich and you are poor. Let us come to an agreement
between ourselves. I will permit you to have the honor of serving me, provided you give me what
little you have for the trouble I will be taking to command you." (p. 134) He explains the negative
aspects of personal tax and why political and economic liberalism benefits society. When people feel
they are treated well by their governments, they are more likely to be civil to each other which is
why it is necessary for governments to make sure they maintain individual liberty, peace, security,
and property rights, and their interferences are kept to a bare minimum. John Locke believes there is
a natural law, a moral standard that is intrinsic in the origin of human nature. Humans, being
basically good by nature, are born equal and free, with out the ties of government. Because humans
were in essence good, there was no need of a government. However, as time passed, the need for the
benefits of civility became necessary. It is at this point that people agree to leave the state of nature,
and thereby give up their absolute freedom. Locke focuses mainly on the lack of any natural moral
authority of one person over another. No one is born master, or captain, or chief, of any other

Liberalism Is A Political World View
Liberalism is a political world view which was founded on the ideas of liberty, which economically
means that the government should not try to control rents, wages and to control prices but to instead
let open competition and forces of demand and supply create an equilibrium. Politically the concept
is that preservation of individual liberty and maximization of freedom should be the main aim of the
government. Liberalism states that all individuals should be equal before the law, no special
privileges for those higher up in society. Liberalism is a political and/or social philosophy promoting
the freedom of individuals in a society, parliamentary systems of government, promotes the
nonviolent change of social, economic or political institutions to ensure that it is not restricted in the
development of all spheres in human efforts and the reassurance of individual human rights. There
are two main principles of liberalism, individualism and liberty. It places the individual at the center
of society and argues that the highest social order is to be built around the individual. The purpose of
society is to let the individuals to be able to reach their full potential if that individual wants to, and
to do this, is to give the individual as much liberty as possible to reach their goal.
Leading up to the invasion of Iraq on the 20th of March 2003, Iraq was been led by the Ba'th Party
who was headed by Saddam Hussein. They had managed to retain power by suppressing uprisings
of the

Does Ideology Matter in Politics Anymore? Essay
Does ideology matter in politics anymore?
Political ideology has been an intrinsic part of world history for over two hundred years (Heywood
1998). The modern world was moulded by ideology resulting in political, economic and social
upheavals. It has been argued in the 20th century that the importance of ideology in the political
world has been declining and the question set requires an analysis of the arguments put forward by
those who believe that ideology influence has come to an end.
This essay will challenge the view that ideology is no longer relevant in modern politics and argue
that ideology is rife around the world. It will start with a definition of ideology followed with the
theoretical basis required to support the claim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Marxists argue that exploitation occurs even when the exploited consents since
exploitation is independent of consent. Simply put: workers must allow their labour to be exploited
or face starvation (Marx 1967). Since some degree of unemployment is typical in modern
economies, Marxists argue that wages are naturally driven down in free market systems. Hence,
even if a worker contests their wages, capitalists are able to find someone from the reserve army of
labour who is more desperate (Engels 2010). Therefore it can be argued that a liberal society will
never be regarded as equitable by most of its members and even if most members consent to the
status quo.
The Occupy movement, seen and replicated around the world may be the symptoms of cracks in
liberal ideology. The movement could be understood as citizens, many of whom may have
previously been liberals, have been demoralised by liberalism after the worst global economic crisis
since the Depression (Marshall 2011). Although Occupy is not overtly promoting any specific
ideology, in fact "occupiers" seem to come from a range of the political spectrum, it is a sign that
even in areas where liberalism is rife, it is now facing challenges and therefore ideological conflict
and debate is unlikely to end with a global domination of

The Theory Of Liberal Ideology
Political Science Midterm I will be speaking on important political terms, explain the development
of liberal ideology in the United States of America, and touch on a few other areas of political
culture. First off liberalism; liberalism is a way of political worldview by the ideas of liberty and
equality. Although in a certain time in our history equality was somewhat of a lie. Slavery, racism,
and feminism prove that not every single person on the planet had equal rights. In the 1650's to
1780's western Europe had people that were thinking of ways to enlighten the people and bring
change to the world they all live in, called the Age of Enlightenment. Mostly philosophers
emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism. People like ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are liberal liberals, conservative liberals, and radical liberals. Which mostly all follow the
basic structure of liberalism. For example liberal liberals believe that for social safety people need
help to feed their families and take care of themselves because not everyone can make it in this
world and put food in peoples mouths, afford medical insurance, civilized people try to help each
other, not leave them starving and without care. On the conservative side, there views are that
people should be responsible for themselves, if they are given the chance they are completely
capable of supporting themselves and their families. They also believe that if government always
picks up and pampers the poor or needy, they will be weak and lose their motivation to work. For
money, taxes, and the part that the government plays; the conservatives believe that government
should serve the people. Not the other way around. The liberals say that the proper function of a
government is to solve issues, decrease poverty, protect civil rights and liberties. And to make sure
that all Americans have a fair chance to succeed.
The dimensions of the ideology of liberalism are political and economic liberalism. Political
liberalism underlines the social contract. Where citizens can make laws and agree to follow those
laws. Most people believe that individuals know what is best for them. Also it allows people to
represent themselves without the need to worry

The Radical Ideology Of Early Liberalism
Two political parties dominate the United States political system, liberals and conservatives. Smaller
parties have come and gone, but ultimately donkeys and elephants continue to rule. Some 200 years
ago these parties began with the ideals of liberalism and conservatism in France. Liberalism
blossomed from dreams of rebellion, following hundreds of years of tyrannical monarchy. While
conservatism faced liberalism with a fierce belief in tradition and maintenance of the status quo. The
radical ideology of early liberalism can be summed up into a few main ideas; equality under the law,
freedom of religion, and a major overhaul of how France was to be run. In the same way, early
conservatism had two main ideological points; to maintain the monarchy, and to uphold the church.
Early liberalism in France operated based on the concept of mass equality under one common law.
During the Ancien Régime, France was split into three estates, or classes, that separated the clergy,
nobles, and citizens. The first estate, made up of clergymen, was considered the highest, and held
the most power due to their close interaction with God. The second estate, consisting of nobles, was
privileged via access to education, military promotions, and lack of want for any basic necessity.
Finally, the third estate, comprised of every other individual in France, had almost nothing, working
their whole lives simply to service the first and second estates. Early liberalism aimed to disband the

Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy Essay
Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy
This paper argues that liberalism provides democracy with the experience of civic reformism.
Without it, democracy loses any tie–argumentative or practical–to a coherent design of public policy
endeavoring to provide the resources for the realization of democratic citizenship. The case for
liberalism rests on an argumentative reconstruction of the function it performs before the rise of a
world economic order and, more specifically, in the creation of the welfare state after the Second
World War. Accordingly, liberalism defines a reformist political program: it is an emancipatory
political project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship
rights. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For its later history, liberalism owes as much to its antecedents (situated at the rise of parliamentary
assemblies and of the rule of law in the Middle Ages), as to its linkages with the republican tradition
of communal self–government (from the seventeenth century onwards), and with the socialist
tradition in support for an egalitarian model of society (as from the eighteenth century). Indeed, it is
this double tie what determines that the political history of liberalism belongs to the history of
modern democracy: a representative democracy but, thereby, pluralist. The tie also explains that the
economic history of liberalism cannot be separated from the birth of the welfare state.
In both respects liberalism defines a reformist political program: it is an emancipatory political
project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship rights.
This is but a formulation of the modern idea of citizenship, conceived of as a universalizable
contract of rights. At the same time, liberalism embraces a socio–economic emancipatory project
that endeavors to provide the conditions, within the institutional frame of modern societies, for the
accomplishment of citizenship rights. Let us comment on this double characterization.
Liberal Citizenship: A Universalizable Contract of Rights
Firstly, if citizenship denotes the membership statute of individuals and social groups belonging to a
political community (namely, a

The World Politics And The Ones Obscured By It
Abstract. This essay attempts to explore the various features of Liberalism that are explained by the
world politics and the ones obscured by it. It looks into how elements like Free trade,
Internationalism, Theory of Democratic Peace, Security Co–Binding have shaped global politics and
how the idea of liberal and illiberal fights been obscured in the realm of global politics. The essay is
concluded with a gist of how post–cold war liberalism has shaped the west and is responsible in
engaging the world in a liberal order.
Introduction
When we look back and try to comprehend history in order to make an understanding of the present
events, there is always a difficulty in deciding which of the events of the past are more important
than the rest. Which aspects of those events are more impactful and which ones hold lesser or no
value. Although realism is regarded as the dominant theory of international relations, liberalism has
a strong claim to being the historic alternative. Many liberal theories have attempted to understand
and explain the distinctive features of the Western political order and their overall picture of the
West's future is much more optimistic than that of realism. Theories of the democratic peace,
pluralistic security communities, complex interdependence, and the trading state attempt to capture
distinctive features of liberal, capitalist, and democratic modern societies and their relations. The
aim of the essay is to explore the features of Liberalism

Liberalism Vs Conservatism
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. The difference between Liberalism as an ideology and Liberalism as a theory of International
Relations. 1
3. A contemporary development in IR that links up with Liberalism 2
4. Conclusion 2
5. Reference List 3
1. Introduction
Liberalism as a political concept is defined as a doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the
freedom of the individual to be the principal issue of politics, liberals have faith that government is
compulsory to protect individuals from being harmed by others but they also recognize that
government itself can pose a threat to liberty (Ball, s.a). In other words, the liberals believe that
there should be government if the citizens of the particular liberal country are to feel safe and
protected. They think that it is the duty of the government to ensure that the citizens of its country
are far from threat and harm, thus ensuring maximum security and protection for them. However,
the government in its whole can also be viewed as bad. The liberals believe that the government is a
threat to the freedom of individuals– the existence of the government restricts the individual from
being free to do what they desire (liberals believe that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trademark of liberalism is concerned with the limits of authority and the opposition to state
interference (Goodwin, 2007:36). The liberalists believe that the government should be given
minimum opportunity, roles and duties in the activities of the whole country. The government
should not have a say in what must happen with the individual and their individual affairs. Thus
human rights and liberty should always be uplifted and promoted by the government. Liberals value
the individual over the collective. The role of government should thus be limited and it should not
be allowed to act independently. As long as the individuals do not infringe upon each other's rights,
then they are free to act how they wish

Political Liberalism And Conservatism
A physiological study was conducted by Jacob Virgil, a psychology professor at the University of
New Mexico, to determine if Conservatives (Republicans) intercepted visual stimuli (image of
faces) different from their liberal (Democrat) counterparts (Virgil, 2010). They wanted to know if
liberals and conservatives process information differently. Using the data collected from their
experiment, they were able to establish that "Conservative sympathizers" show a "heightened threat
reactivity," when viewing the visual stimuli, compared to the liberals (Virgil, 2010). In addition to
that, Jacob Virgil, along with four others, was able to determine that Republicans felt a greater sense
of overall happiness with their lives, while Democrats report ... Show more content on
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Similarly, Ronnie Janoff–Bulman, a psychology professor at the University of Massachusetts,
studied the fundamental psychological differences between "political liberalism and conservatism"
in individuals. Janoff–Bulman was able to identify that peoples' political base was reflected from "
[A] psychological distinction between approach and avoidance motivation," which is rooted from
how that perceived situations. In other words, individuals who are labeled as sympathizers of the
political right (Republicans) practice conservatism, which focuses on" preventing negative outcomes
(e.g., societal losses)' by the regulating society, which restraints the progression of societal gains
(Bulman, 2012). On the other hand, people who are identified as political left supporters
(Democrats, Liberals) practice Liberalism, which "focuses on advancing positive outcomes (e.g.,
societal gains)" and seeks to regulate society though interventional activity in the interest of
pursuing social justice (Bulman,

Opposition between Liberalism and Conservatism Essay
People's views on a wide range of issues are influenced or determined by the kind of foundational
belief systems they hold. Therefore, the difference in the nature of opinions among individuals or
groups of people alludes to the existence of distinct belief systems. In the course of history, the
distinction between Liberalism and Conservatism has become more vivid particularly in the political
arena where various players have expressed opposing points of view regarding the nation's future. It
is indeed undisputable that the foundational beliefs of Liberalism are diametrically opposed to those
of Conservatism. This essay will give a definition of each term and describe how the two oppose
each other.
Liberalism is a political ideology which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the event that the government turns out to be tyrannical, the people have the power and the right
to overthrow it and bring appropriate changes for the good of all. However, this change has to be
instituted rationally (Riley, 1990).
From a conservative point of view, this liberalist position is flawed with limitations. Instead,
conservatives advocate for a government that acts in a resolute and strong manner in order to
maintain order, traditions, and customs that have been tested and proven to be effective. In any case,
conservatives regard human nature as being selfish and inclined towards acting cruelly and
violently. Therefore, as opposed to entering into a compact with the people on the basis of limited
powers, liberalism encourages governments to act strongly and impose harsh punishment on those
who go against the law. A sense of community and adherence to social values is paramount and
never dependent on voluntary, conscious, or rational decision (Riley, 1990).
The second point is that liberalism upholds the principle of equality for all regardless of name,
social status, and gender, racial, cultural, or ethnic background. Liberalists advocate for a level
playing ground which calls for the government to strictly control the economy and also have more
power in the social arena so as to protect people from economic exploitation. Liberalists strongly
push for controlled corporations, an economy that is well

Political Philosphies of Liberalism
Liberalism If we want to speak about liberalism, we have to speak about how liberalism came into
the nationals systems of many countries. Liberalism includes a lot of different political philosophies
and people have fight for it or against it over time. Nowadays it is criticized but
In 1689, John Locke published his book "Two Treatises on Governments" which established the
natural right theory and two fundamental ideas on liberalism: the economic and the intellectual
liberty. The natural right theory argued that "life, liberty and property". It was the classical
liberalism at that time and it was a new way to see human possibilities.
"Classical liberalism is founded upon a notion of free rights for every person, including freedom of
speech and freedom of religion." This was also for free market economy, and only little intrusion on
private property by the government. Classical liberalism rose in the 16th and 17th century. It is
based on free trade to govern and ruled the interactions within the society.
In the French Enlightenment, Voltaire and Rousseau were for the creation of a constitutional
monarchy which could help to get a natural freedom. Rousseau spokes also about the social
contracts within a country between the population and the government.
In the Scottish Enlightenment, Hume and Smith agreed that "capital, not gold, is the wealth of
nations". Smith published in 1776 "The Wealth of Nations" which main subject, as we all hear a lot
about, was the invisible hand

Neo Liberalism And Its Impact On Society
Introduction
There is a heated debate on this concept during the past 20 years and is somewhat named as
exhortation. Many authors have tried to describe this concept and related it with the spread of
capitalism and along with a proactive welfare state. The concept of neo liberalism basically revived
from liberalism. By this it can be suggested that liberalism was absent from politics in order to
emerge in a new form. Neo liberalism is not basically a distinct ideology and a not proper form of
liberalism. It shares only some of the historic views with liberalism which would be general.
Another concept which is introduced is economic liberalism. It is defined as that the states do not
intervene in the matters related to economy rather on the individuals. Economic liberalism and
neoliberalism are separate entities from liberalism. In oxford English dictionary describes economic
liberalism as, Favorable to constitutional changes and legal or administrative reforms tending in the
direction of freedom or democracy.
It also describes neo liberalism as, A modified and revived form of traditional liberalism one based
on the belief in free market capitalism and the rights of the individuals.
Liberalism
Liberalism was an important concept but it also lost some of its importance in order to emerge as a
new form. In the today's world hardly any one speaks for the freedom and democracy

Liberalism, The Political Philosophy On Ideas Of Equality...
Liberalism Liberalism is the political philosophy on ideas of equality and liberty. Liberalisms focus
is on the general ideas of fair elections by the people, civil rights, freedom of speech, freedom of
religion, free trade, and private property. As with all things though, the way the idea of liberalism
can viewed differ by each individual person and the trails they have gone through. Liberalism is no
exception from this phenomenon and during the nineteenth Century there were many trails changing
people and there by their views on liberalism. This change would eventually lead to Social
liberalism and many other similar yet different sects of what is now considered classical liberalism.
Liberalism inception in the west actually began with the ancient Greeks and sprung up in full force
during the English Civil war. The modern ideology of Liberalism though can be drawn back to the
Humanism which defied the supremacy of the traditional church in Renaissance Europe. The idea of
Liberalism gained more momentum during the Glorious revolution of 1688 which led to what some
consider the first modern liberal state of Europe. It was not until John Locke though that the total
idea of liberalism was drawn up and produced. Locke nurtured the notion in his book Two Treatises
on Government of 1689 that established two central liberal philosophies: economic liberty (the right
to own and acquire property) and intellectual liberty (freedom of conscience). Locke's natural rights
theory

Neoliberalism : Political And Economic Theory Of...
Neoliberalism is a political and economic theory that highlights the ways in which practices such as
free market activity, free trade, and the protection of private property rights promote human
prosperity and the overall success of society. The ideology prioritizes expanding competition
through deregulation, as well as reducing the role of the state through privatization. Neoliberalism is
a product of globalization, the spread of free market capitalism, and the spread of liberal democracy.
While this theory claims to encourage equality, there is evidence that neoliberalism in fact augments
class inequality. This political philosophy emerged in the late 1970s, but is rooted in classical
liberalism–the belief that individuals have natural rights and should live their lives without
government interference. Classical liberalism intended to promote equality by giving individuals an
equal chance to enter the marketplace. Neoliberalism uses this idea as a foundation for a system of
economic and political practices that benefit large corporate interests. This results in the mixing of
private and public sectors causing business interests to infiltrate public systems. In David Harvey's
book A Brief History of Neoliberalism, he explains how the neoliberal state must assure economic
stability, and the quality and integrity of money. He suggests that the state "must also set up those
military, defence, police, and legal structures and functions required to secure private property

Political Idelogies: Differences Between Liberalism and...
Dear Imabong, It's been thirty years since the long anticipated letter was written and I'm sure that
you are excited to see what your little mind had to offer at that time. Don't worry you will be in for a
surprise. So my lecturer gave this assignment to figure out which political ideology I really loved. It
is important for me to mention that as I wrote this I had not really decided on which one I strongly
believed in. Sit back and relax while I take you on a journey to discover what my heart believes in
I'm telling you that you might be in for a surprise but don't worry only time shall tell. My lecturer
Kobina Graham was a very interesting person and so he made it very easy for me to find an interest
in the subject. I always found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have a pessimistic view of human nature. They see the world as being rather complicated for
humans to be able to grasp fully. According to Michael Oakeshott he sees the political word as
'boundless and bottomless' (Heywood, 2012). They relate their argument to the doctrine of the
"original sin' as described in the Bible in which Adam and Eve disobeyed God (Genesis 3 vs. 1–24)
They also argue that crime is not a product of inequality or social disadvantage as modern liberals
say but it is rather a consequence of the base of human instincts and appetites. To an extent fascists
also believe that human beings are irrational and they are motivated by powerful emotions, their
'will' rather than their rational mind and in particular the 'will to power' as described by Friedrich
Nietzsche. My belief is that human beings cannot be equal as linked to the conservative idea
therefore there is no such thing as equality. I strongly believe in the mindset of the conservatives on
this concept rather than what the liberals believe in. The world is based on hierarchy and this has
been passed on from generation to generation, there is always a leader of a community or a group.
This also in line with the Marxist view in which people are economically ranked in two classes
either the bourgeoisie which is the ruling class or the proletariat which is the ruled class as Karl Max
describes it. Liberals believe that people are born equal because they have equal moral worth with
equal

Human Rights And The International System
Understanding Human Rights in the International System Through a Liberal Perspective
Human rights as a topic of study may have a simple, incontestable sound to it, but this is far from
the case. Yes, most people will recognize that human beings deserve certain rights, but past that
point all opinions begin to split and scatter. As it stands, human rights are an ever changing and
complex category of issues. In order to try and make sense of these complex topics, scholars employ
a range of theories. Theories act like a lens, helping to organize the analytical process and point
people in the appropriate direction. Without the foundation that theory lays out, the thought process,
as well as arguments, can quickly become a mess of smaller thoughts, often with contradicting
outcomes. In this paper, I will utilize Liberalism to try and understand the nature of human rights as
a political issue within the international system.
Human rights and the discussion thereof are complex and dynamic. Human history is filled with the
sluggish progression of human rights. The rapid process of ever increasing globalization has helped
to speed up the fight for human rights over the last century. However, many obstacles still exist, the
most notable being the debate over Universalism and Cultural Relativism. Put simply, Universalism
asserts that all rights should be universal (everyone deserves the same rights regardless of sex, race,
religion, geographic location, age, etc.). On the

The Crisis Of Modernity Within Political Liberalism
The crisis of modernity within political liberalism can be seen as a result of modern man slowly
losing faith in reason and trust. In addition to, as a substantial factor to arguments that modern man
will do anything he to achieve his vision of what "greater human life is or can be". Through the
reflection of the thoughts, experiences, and writings of Thomas Hobbes, one can can to begin to
question where the crisis arises from. Hobbes argues that "modern man no longer knows what he
wants" and has lost "faith in reason's ability to validate its highest aims" manifesting into a spiraling
crisis where modern man creates a destructive path between "greater life" and the trust that binds
human society together. Furthermore, argues that are distant differences between passion and reason,
which thus relates to the overarching factors of political liberalism and what the true crisis within is.
Through insightful writings and thought processes Hobbes creates the key argument that trust is an
ever sensitive and complex notion that human nature. Which is be cataclysmic through religious
warfare and the ever weakening governmental structure. Hobbes mind set of having no trust in
humanity has the ability for society to lose trust in a blank of eye. Which has developed into a
human nature in which no individual may trust another within a given society. Leading to not only
the destruction of basic social contracts of communities, but the ability to have justified reasons for
humans to do

Political Philosophy Of Liberalism
Liberalism is a political viewpoint that is established on the thoughts of liberty and equality. Thus,
liberalists promote various ideas that are aligned to the concepts of liberty and equality such as
freedom of speech, freedom of religion, gender equality, and civil rights. In general, it can be argued
that the philosophy of liberalism is focused on protecting and promoting the freedom of the people
(Celikates and Jansen). As such, it presents the people as the central issue of politics. In fact,
according to the liberalists, the main function of the government is to protect individuals from being
oppressed by others. Nonetheless, liberalists are also aware that in the process of offering this
protection, the government is also likely to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women are perceived to be weaker than men owing to the independence of men ad ability to control
resources. Tim look sees liberalism as an impediment to social communism owing to the fact that it
fosters individualism and independence of a person. It challenges the ability of an individual to
make informed choices and reveals the benefits of fostering communism to realize socio–economic
and political excellence.
3. What is neoliberalism (you get a sense of neoliberalism in David Harvey, Elizabeth Povinelli,
Michel Foucault, and Wendy Brown's work)? What critiques of neoliberalism do Harvey, Povinelli,
and Brown offer? Neoliberalism refers to a perspective that sees mall time as working time. It
encourages people to participate in socio–economic activities at all the time in a bid to realizing the
desired development. It plays an essential role in empowering the people to remain committed to
realizing success in life by engaging them to work at all the times (Harvey 44). It does not
acknowledge the significance of leisure in the socio–economic development of an individual. Critics
of neoliberalism are against the fact that a person solely focuses on realizing success at the expense
of their wellbeing. It is of the essence for a person to allocate adequate time for rest and leisure to
realize the desired socio–economic success (Harvey 47). Although the critics of neoliberalism are
not against working, they are against the non–stop working of the

Political Liberalism During The Enlightenment Era
Political liberalism, another ideology that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and gained
momentum during the French Revolution centered around the idea that individual's civil liberties
must be protected. These civil liberties included freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom
of assembly, freedom of religion, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. Theses liberals also encouraged
peaceful opposition of government and the ability for elected officials to legislate. Though
promoting religious beliefs was encouraged, political liberals urged for the state to remain separate
from the church. The foundation of political liberalism was based primarily on the protecting and
enhancing political rights. According to John Stewart Mill's document, On Liberty, "The object of
this Essay is to assert one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The writings of the Enlightenment era profoundly affected political thinking and led to the
development of liberal ideals. Political liberals aimed to reduce government involvement would help
preserve individual freedom. Slogans coined during the French Revolutions such as "liberty,
equality, and fraternity" championed the political ideals of the time as well as reflect upon the ideas
originating during the Age of Enlightenment. Sentiments of political liberalism, which gained
strength during the French Revolution, stressed the importance of pursuing liberty and ensuring that
the government protects and preserves this fundamental right. Many ideals from the French
Revolution were exemplified in the political doctrine of liberalism. French citizens, rebelling against
the monarchy and nobles, supported a minimalist state, or a government that did not interfere with
the commerce of the lower or middle class. Political liberalism differs from the principles of
conservatism in that liberals promoted the concept of limited governmental and emphasized the
importance of civil

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