Journal of Architectural Environment & Structural Engineering Research | Vol.3, Iss.2 April 2020

Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Seyed Mojtaba Sadrameli Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
Associate Editors
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Dr. Seyed Mojtaba Sadrameli
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Journal of
Architectural Environment &
Structural Engineering
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Volume 3 Issue 2 · April 2020 · ISSN 2630-5232 (Online)

A Comparative Analysis for Land Utilization: Steel and R/C Interlaced Structures
Kasim A. Korkmaz Saadet Toker Beeson Mohammed Elgafy
Design and Development of a New Lightweight High-speed Stacker
Zonghui Lu Yan Li Qianglong Zhou Duojia Yu
Research on Structural Design of Coal Crusher House in Thermal Power Plant
Junhu Wang
Research on Restoration and Intelligent Management of the Global Village
Guoquan Lu
Evaluation of Daylight Parameters on the Basis Simulation Model for the Tropical Climate
Trupti J. Dabe Vinayak S. Adane
Volume 3 | Issue 2 | April 2020 | Page 1-28
Journal of Architectural Environment &
Structural Engineering Research
Article
Contents
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Journal of Architectural Environment & Structural Engineering Research | Volume 03 | Issue 02 | April 2020
Distributed under creative commons license 4.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jaeser.v3i2.1940
JournalofArchitecturalEnvironment&StructuralEngineeringResearch
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jaeser
ARTICLE
A Comparative Analysis for Land Utilization: Steel and R/C Inter-
laced Structures
Kasim A. Korkmaz1*
Saadet Toker Beeson2
Mohammed Elgafy3
1. Eastern Michigan University, School of Visual and Built Environment, Ypsilanti, MI, United States
2. University of Texas at San Antonio, College of Architecture, Construction and Planning, San Antonio, TX, United
States
3. Michigan State University, School of Planning Design and Construction, East Lansing, MI, United States
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history
Received: 1 June 2020
Accepted: 30 June 2020
Published Online: 30 July 2020
In architecture, interlace structural concept is considered as a new design
approach for cosmopolitan cities with high density to minimize the land use
and increase the interaction. With various architectural approach, land re-
sources can be minimized by this interlace concept for residential complex-
es. Such buildings will eliminate the reduction of land resource problem
and on the other side safety measures in structural design is incorporated by
interlace concept of buildings. This new concept can be constructed steel or
reinforced concrete. In this paper, an analytical approach has been present-
ed for these buildings in architecture and structural design. In the research,
design considerations were taken for interlaced structures with reinforced
concrete and steel. Components of steel structure, isolated footing, and
columns. This paper is presenting a step wise process for interlaced struc-
tures. They are identification of project area, layout and model preparation,
analysis and design of concrete interlaced structure, analysis and design of
steel interlaced structure, drafting of the plans and costing and estimation of
the structures. Comparison of both reinforced concrete and steel structures
were carried out. The main aim of the paper is to provide a comparison be-
tween steel and concrete interlaced structure. A cost estimation was carried
out to determine optimum design and construction for interlaced structures.
Keywords:
Interlace
Design project
Structural analysis
Reinforced concrete
Steel
*Corresponding Author:
Kasim A. Korkmaz,
Eastern Michigan University, School of Visual and Built Environment, Ypsilanti, MI, United States;
Email: kkorkmaz@emich.edu
1. Introduction
I
n today’s developed countries, which are also famous
with their busy and colorful cities, finding land for
residential and commercial buildings has become a
big problem. Increasing population, wide range in de-
mands and expectations, and scarcity of land have been
the main reasons for this challenge. Architects and the
engineers of our time have pushed themselves to find
resolutions to combine functional spaces for both private
and public use while also increasing the quality of space,
conforming and raising living standards and protecting the
environment.
Some of these designs are less than ideal in more than
one aspects listed above; but there are significant exam-
ples around the world to prove that successful examples
for combining public and private spaces in the same com-
plex is possible.

2
Distributed under creative commons license 4.0
Historically, buildings used to serve for both residential
and commercial purposes. The lower levels were used
for commercial purposes while the owner of the building/
business used the upper floors as residences. This was
very common while the owner of the land and the busi-
ness was the same person. In time, mixed-use facilities
became less popular for various reasons, lands becoming
too scarce and too pricey for one person to hold being one
of them [1]
.
One of the resolutions to address the lack of land is
to increase the density of cities. As one of the pioneers
of the topic, Clark discussed that the density of the large
cities increases at the center and decreases at the suburbs
[2]
. However, it should also be kept in mind that density is
more than just a number; it certainly depends on the city’s
age, history, culture, policies, geography, attitudes and
economy [3,4]
. So, it may not be appropriate to generalize
the situation about the density of cities with 320different
backgrounds, histories and cultural values.
Increasing the height of the buildings in order to in-
crease the occupants in the building is one of the first
obvious solutions to increase the density of the cities. Tall
buildings have been the research topic of many studies in
architecture, engineering and urban planning in the recent
decades. With all the technological advancements in the
fields of architecture and structural engineering in the last
century, design and construction of high-rise structures
have been a challenge for both architects and engineers.
Today’s built environment is a proof of all the improve-
ments in the area. It was a success to build a 10 story
building few decades ago, today there are several build-
ings with more than a hundred floors. This success came
with several discussions as they brought up some other
challenges that needed to be addressed. Today, there have
been several studies in literature assessing tall structures
in different aspects such as structural performance [5-11]
;
environmental sustainability [12,13]
; and their effects on ur-
banism [14-16]
. All of these topics are interconnected to each
other and have been discussed widely in the built-environ-
ment platforms.
While designing taller buildings and accommodating
more space seemed like an appropriate method to increase
the density of the cities, the effects of density on the en-
vironment are still in question. Claiming that increased
density leads to reduced emissions due to shorter travel
routes and that it promotes public transportation and lays
the opportunity for more effective public transportation,
which helps towards a sustainable development, the same
study also suggests that tall buildings increase pollution
since they change wind direction [17]
.
Gehl in his study also defines tall buildings as either
workaholic business environments or cages [18]
. Al-Kod-
many lists the studies that agreeing on the negative effects
of urban sprawl on the environment due to various reasons
such as wasteful us of water, scattered shopping plazas,
and amplified air and water pollution [19]
. Urban sprawl is
seen as the main reason for the loss of natural habitat and
damaged natural ecosystems. It is also linked to serious
health problems caused by automobile dependent lifestyle
[19]
.
As urban sprawl have become inevitable and the cen-
tral areas of the towns have been more popular and in
demand, efforts on building design have started to focus
mostly on improving their energy efficiency. While most
of this efficiency would depend on the operational costs,
construction materials and the processes they go through
are also important[20]
. There are many factors affecting the
design of structural systems for buildings such as architec-
tural aesthetics, structural efficiency, spatial organizations
and availability of resources. Structural systems have
evolved significantly throughout the years and have be-
come both efficient and economical in the recent decades.
Economic demands, architectural trends and technological
developments in structural analysis both necessitated and
enabled these changes [21-23]
. Steel and reinforced concrete,
as the most common structural materials of the century,
have been discussed widely due to their effects on the en-
vironment. Though it may not entirely be possible to com-
pare two separate buildings with different construction
materials, Guggemos and Horvath conclude that concrete
dominated the energy use and emissions during the con-
struction phase while the impact of steel is higher at the
life-cycle stage [24]
. Kua and Maghimai in a more recent
study, compared different proportions of steel to replace
reinforced concrete to compare the Life Cycle Analysis
results [25]
. They suggest adopting energy-efficient steel
making technologies and increasing the share of second-
ary steel use to reduce the global warming potential and
embodied energy [25]
.
Despite all the negative environmental effects listed
above, and the debates about the structural materials and
their effects on the environment, big cities around the
world have started to look alike in the recent decades
in terms regarding dense city centers and urban sprawl.
Some cities attempt to challenge this by putting certain
regulations about building heights into use. A study about
Beijing shows that costs of the building height restrictions
in terms of land prices, housing output, and land invest-
ments and improvement are substantial. The building
height restrictions also leads to a shortage in the housing
supply, which in turn contributes to urban sprawl. As a re-
sult, housing prices increase by 20% and the city edge in-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jaeser.v3i2.1940

3
creased by 12% [26]
. The EH/CABE guidelines of the UK
Government have a specified set of evaluation criteria that
are concerned with both the building and its relation to the
area to establish high quality environment for the users [27]
.
However, despite all these regulations, cities have contin-
ued to become increasingly homogenous. Once the design
of tall buildings was not the biggest challenge for archi-
tects anymore, their attempts focused on the impacts of
tall buildings on human scale and social life [28,29]
. To keep
the decrease the effects of tall buildings while keeping the
density at the desired levels, a new design trend started
to emerge. With this new approach, commutes would be
shorter as residents and workplaces would be together as
building complexes would have multiple functions. This
has become a much desired trend in large cities in a short
period. Many developed or developing countries that have
faced with land availability problem started hosting more
and more high-rise and interlaced buildings to create more
space, entertainment facilities and recreation parks for
interaction. Currently, different concepts have been pro-
posed for building giant residential complexes. In this cur-
rent research, the concept of interconnecting the buildings
has been considered as a solution for space development
strategy as a social constraint in case of land availability
for big cities. The most renowned of these examples is
the Interlace in Singapore, designed by Ole Scheeren.
Scheeren toppled the proposed twelve 24-story towers, ar-
ranged them in 31 six-story rectangular blocks that appear
woven, and rotated them 120 degrees. Instead of 115 feet
distance between the proposed towers, Scheeren created
200 feet space between towers allowing views to the for-
est, ocean and other buildings around [30]
.
In interlace concept, the outline is a diagrammatical ex-
ceptional and novel arrangement, yet not an intensely and
yearningly urban one. It is here at the urban scale that the
undertaking misses the mark. At the huge size of the Inter-
lace, there are various architectural design possibilities are
available as seen in Figure 1. Figure 1 simplifies a possi-
ble arrangements in design that gives alternatives in struc-
tural and constructional perspective. In architecture and
design, economy also plays an important role. Therefore,
a material selection and comparison for interlace design is
given in this paper.
Figure 1. The Interlace Buildings
The aim of this paper is to present a comparative study
demonstrating a model for proper and effective utilization
of land. The research work includes a complete compre-
hensive analysis of a steel interlaced residential building
and a concrete interlaced residential building and their
design with various considerations in design and construc-
tion.
2. Methodology and Analysis
Research started with architectural and structural inves-
tigation. Identification of project area, Layout and model
preparation were conducted. Then, analysis and design of
concrete interlaced structure, and steel interlaced struc-
ture were compared. Drafting of the plans and costing
and estimation of the structures using Microsoft project
was carried out. Project management plan was carried out
for economical implementation. Comparison of both the
structures was carried out. Results are important to decide
the better and economical structure of a result of com-
parison of concrete and steel structures. Methodology is
given in Figure 2. The various software were used in the
research. This research is based on a virtual investigation.
The first step in this research is data collection and analy-
sis of this research. In the research, the following realistic
design constraints are considered and work has to be done
accordingly to overcome these constraints.
Literature
Survey
Identification
Of Project Area
Layout And
Model
Preparation
Analysis and
Design of
Reinforced
Concrete
Analysis And
Design Of Steel
Drafting Of
Plans And Cost
Estimation
Comparison of
Both Structures
Result
Figure 2. Flow chart for Methodology
Environmental Constraints: Since the building is to be
constructed in seismic zone, effect of seismic load needs
to be considered in the application of loads. Since the
area is affected by earthquake forces, a provision is made
by considering the seismic loads during design as per the
standards, to overcome the environmental design con-
straints.
Social Constraints: Due to decrease in the land resourc-
es with the increasing population of a country, it is pro-
posed to have a building with proper utilization of space.
Health and Safety Constraints: Since the structure
takes more expansive and interconnected approach, de-
spite safety provisions in structural design are incorporat-
ed. As the building experiences greater loads, to ensure
safety, the building is designed for loads giving much
importance for safety considerations.
The starting point in selection of a site is the assess-
ment of the sustainability of the site, for the purpose for
which building is required, its type and orientation sys-
tem. The following information is obtained in the plan-
ning and data collection phase. The type of building, its

4
size and shape and overall land area required, The type of
city for which the building characteristics is helpful, The
population growth and development of the city, The type
of materials used and their availability.
The goal of site selection is to find a suitable location
to accommodate all functions of the building through
evaluation of feasibilities of possible locations from envi-
ronmental, geographic, economical and engineering stand
points. The various steps which are involved in selecting
the suitable sites in are: Requirements of land area, Eval-
uation of factors affecting location, Preliminary office
study of the site, Site inspection, Environment study, Re-
view of outline plans and estimates of cost and revenues.,
Final evaluation and selection, Report and recommen-
dations. The residential building should be located at a
place where cost of development is at optimum level and
it is an integral part of the city. For evaluation of different
available sites following factors are considered: Presence
of other buildings, Topography of the area, Obstructions,
Wind consideration, Atmospheric factors, Geological fac-
tors, Environmental factors, Availability of construction
materials, Availability of utilities, Social consideration.
3. Design for the Interlaced Buildings
This part of the study includes the whole planning of the
structure. Which includes planning for all the floors. The
structure consists of 4 block of 7 floors each. Every block
has one apartment on each floor. Elevation views are giv-
en in Figure 3 to present the connection in between the
buildings. USA Standard codes were used in the design of
the buildings.
Figure 3. Elevation X-direction and Y direction View
4. Reinforced Concrete Building Analysis
Structural analysis is the computation of deformations, de-
flections and internal forces or stresses within structures,
either for design or for performance evaluation of existing
structures (Figures 8, 9). Structural analysis needs input
data such as structural loads, the structure geometry and
support conditions and the materials properties [31,32]
. Out-
put quantities may include support reactions, stresses and
displacements. Advanced structural analysis may include
the effects of vibrations, stability and non-linear behavior.
The 3D model made by an engineering software (Figure
4) for the structure is shown and the bending moment di-
agram of the structure is shown in the Figure 4. In Figure
5, reinforced concrete sections as beam and column are
given.
Figure 4. 3D software model and Bending Moment Dia-
gram About Z Axis
Figure 5. Concrete Beam and Column
5. Steel Analysis and Design
Structural analysis is the computation of deformations, de-
flections and internal forces or stresses within structures,
either for design or for performance evaluation of existing
structures. Structural analysis needs input data such as
structural loads, the structure geometry and support con-
ditions and the materials properties [33]
. Output quantities
may include support reactions, stresses and displacements.
Advanced structural analysis may include the effects of
vibrations, stability and non-linear behavior [34,35]
. Analysis
of the steel structure is done using an engineering soft-
ware. As seen in Figure 6. The critical beam and critical
column which carries the maximum bending moment and
maximum axial force respectively is depicted in Figure 7
and Figure 8. Details are given for comparison purposes.
Figure 6. Critical Column and Beam

5
Figure 7. Column I Section and column splice
Figure 8. Column Baseplate Connection and Beam col-
umn Connection
6. Cost Estimation Process
Estimation is done on Concrete and steel structures in
between Table 1 to Table 5 where there is a proper face of
accommodation.
Table 1. R/C Building Cost Estimation
No
Description
of Bar
Length
(m)
Num-
bers
Total
Length
Kg/m
Weight
(kg)
Rate/kg
Total
Amount
1
Main
Straight
Bar (25
mm)
3.4 2 6.8 3.982 27.79 $ 19.49 $ 541.71
2
Main Bent
Up Bar
(25 mm)
3.736 1 3.736 3.982 14.87 $ 19.49 $ 289.9
3
Anchor
Bars
(10 mm)
3.13 2 6.26 0.616 3.86 $ 4.79 $ 18.48
4
Stirrups
(8 mm)
1.6 16 25.6 0.395 10.112 $ 0.91 $ 9.02
$859.11
Table 2. Beam (5m) - Per Building
No
Descrip-
tion Of
Bar
Length
(m)
Num-
bers
Total
Length
Kg/m
Weight
(kg)
Rate/
unit
Total
Amount
(Rs)
1
Main
Straight
Bar
(25 mm)
5.4 2 10.8 3.982 43.005 $ 19.49 $ 838.17
2
Main
Bent Up
Bar
(25 mm)
5.736 1 5.736 3.982 22.84 $ 19.49 $ 445.15
3
Anchor
Bars
(10 mm)
5.13 2 10.26 0.616 7.55 $ 4.79 $ 36.16
4
Stirrups
(8 mm)
1.6 26 41.6 0.395 16.43 $ 0.91 $ 14.95
$
1334.43
Table 3. Beam (3m) - Per Building
No
Descrip-
tion of Bar
Length
(m)
Num-
bers
Total
Length
Kg/m
Weight
(kg)
Rate/kg
Total
Amount
1
Main
Straight
Bar (16
mm)
3.788 4 15.152 1.580 24 $ 7.49 $ 179.76
2
Stirrups
(8 mm)
1.98 14 27.72 0.395 10.95 $ 0.91 $ 9.96
$ 189.72
Table 4. Concrete Estimation
Beams ( 3m ) - quantity =
56.7 m3
Rate/ m3
= $191
Total amount = $10829.7
Beam ( 5m ) - quantity=
94.5 m3
Rate/m3
= $191
Total amount= $18049.5
Column - quantity=
153.125 m3
Rate /m3
= $191
Total amount=
$29246.87
Total cost of concrete=
$ 58124.7
Total cost of concrete framed structure= $60,507.96
Total concrete structure for 4 frames - 4 * 60,507.96 = $242,031.84
7. Conclusion
The main objective of this paper is to provide a compar-
ison between the reinforced concrete and steel interlaced
Table 5. Steel Building Cost Estimation
No Description Length (m) Number Area (m2
) Volume (m3
) Weight (kg) Rate/ kg Rate
1 Beam 14.65 35 0.005094 2.6119485 20,503.8 $ 0.60 $12,302
2 Column 24.5 25 0.006971 4.2697375 33,517.4 $ 060 $20,110
3 Clip Angle 0.2 140 0.000684 0.019152 150.34 $ 0.60 $90.20
4
Seat Angle
0.2 140 0.0027 0.0756 593.46 $ 0.60 $356.07
5 Flange Splice 150 0.00675 0.10125 795 $ 0.60 $477
6 Web Splice 150 0.0018 0.027 212 $ 0.60 $127.2
7
Bolts
16 mm
560 $3.33 $ 25.87 $14,487.2
8 Bolts 20mm 660 $2.66 $ 25.48 $16,816.8
Total $64,775.2
Total cost of the steel framed structure - 4 * 64775.29 = $259,101.16

6
structures. The reinforced concrete is the most widely
used material for construction of high-rise structures. Steel
is an alternative can be used to build high rise structure.
Decision was taken to analyze, design and compare a six
floor Interlaced building both in concrete and steel as ma-
terials and to find out which one is economical in general
construction of the building. In this paper, the planning of
the Interlaced Structure includes plan of the Residential
and Elevations of the building. The planning was drawn
with the aid of software. The sustainability constraint re-
garding the durability of the interlaced structure was tack-
led while the environmental effects of wind and the erratic
weather conditions are encountered by suitable design
procedures provided by the Bureau of USA Standards.
The Knowledge on analysis of the building was obtained
by using an engineering software. From the analysis re-
sults, the capacities of critical elements were identified
and an appropriate design was carried out by us. The
design of the components of the Structural system was
done manually as per USA Standard codes. In addition to
the Design of the Structural members, Determination of
the effective cost by estimation for the concrete and steel
members is done. Optimum design of structure is found
out as a result and it is found to be the reinforced concrete
structure. According to research results, concrete material
cost is found less than the steel material cost. However,
due to labor and time components, steel would have ad-
vantage over the concrete.
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[14] Karimimoshaver, M., Winkemann, P. A framework for
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164-176.
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Choi, S. Cost and CO2 Emission Optimization of
Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns in High-Rise
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[21] Moon, K. S. Sustainable STructurl Systems and Con-
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7
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[23] Ali, M.M.; Moon, K.S. Advances in Structural Sys-
tems for Tall Buildings: Emerging Developments
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8
JournalofArchitecturalEnvironment&StructuralEngineeringResearch
ARTICLE
Design and Development of a New Lightweight High-speed Stacker
Zonghui Lu* Yan Li Qianglong Zhou Duojia Yu
RIAMB (Beijing) Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100120, China
Article history
Received: 22 June 2020
Accepted: 22 June 2020
A new lightweight high-speed stacker is designed and developed. Its tech-
nical parameters are leading the industry level, which can meet the current
requirements for high efficiency of intelligent logistics system. Starting
from the key structure of stacker, through the theoretical analysis of the
new mechanism and the comparison of the new and old equipment, the
advantages of the new mechanism in improving the efficiency and light-
weight design of stacker are explained. Through ANSYS Workbench finite
element software, the structural strength of the main bearing mechanism is
analyzed, and the results show that the strength meets the requirements.
Keywords:
Lightweight high-speed stacker
Lattice column
Rail clamping type
Synchronous belt
Zonghui Lu,
RIAMB (Beijing) Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100120, China;
Email: liyanyd@126.com
1. Introduction
W
ith the increasing efficiency requirements of
all walks of life, the logistics storage system
needs to be improved in hardware system and
software control. As the core equipment of the logistics
storage system, the upgrading and technology upgrading
of the stacker system is particularly important. The tech-
nical parameters of stacker, such as horizontal operation
speed and acceleration, vertical operation speed and accel-
eration, fork storage and pick-up speed, play an important
role in improving the operation efficiency of stacker and
the efficiency of intelligent warehouse. However, the
premise of improving these technical parameters is that
the design and structural strength of the stacker should
meet the requirements.
In this paper, the lightweight measures of lattice alumi-
num alloy column are selected to reduce the self weight
of the stacker and play a fundamental role in the speed-
up of the stacker. Through the design of the new driving
mechanism, it is possible to improve the acceleration of
the stacker. Through the design of the lifting mechanism
driven by synchronous belt, it provides a guarantee for
the improvement of the lifting acceleration of the stacker.
The lightweight high-speed stacker designed by the above
measures can meet the requirements in terms of running
speed and warehousing efficiency.
2. Introduction of Lightweight High Speed
Stacker
In the current intelligent logistics system, lane stacker is
often used. According to the structure of the stacker, it can
be divided into double column stacker and single column
stacker. The lightweight high-speed stacker researched
in this paper is one of the single column stacker, and its
structure is shown in Figure 1. Working principle of the
stacker: the clamping rail driving mechanism drives the

9
stacker to run horizontally along the rail of the three-di-
mensional warehouse, the synchronous belt lifting mech-
anism drives the pallet and the fork to rise and fall to the
designated position along the column, and the goods are
sent to the target location address or taken out through the
expansion mechanism of the fork.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of lightweight high-speed
stacker: 1. Upper crossbeam 2. Lattice aluminum alloy
column 3. Electrical components 4. Freight platform 5.
Lower crossbeam 6. Synchronous belt lifting mechanism
7. Clamping rail driving mechanism
3. Key Structure Design of Lightweight High
Speed Stacker
For the requirement of high speed, high acceleration and
high efficiency, the conventional design of the traditional
stacker can not meet the requirements, which requires
new design methods such as changing the structural form
and material of the column, adopting new driving mode
and lifting mechanism. The specific implementation of the
design is as follows.
3.1 Application of Lattice Aluminum Alloy Col-
umn
It is the first time to use a new lattice aluminum alloy
column, whose density accounts for about one third of
the density of steel, which is helpful for the lightweight
design of stacker and plays a fundamental role in the re-
alization of high-speed and high acceleration technical
requirements. See Figure 2 for the structural diagram of
lattice aluminum alloy column. Lattice aluminum alloy
column is the main load-bearing component of lightweight
stacker, in which the two legs are the main load-bearing
structure of the column, and the battens (also divided into
battens and battens) connect the two legs, so that the two
legs can be integrated for the overall work. Different from
solid web members, the battens of lattice members will
produce a certain amount of shear deformation due to the
action of shear force, so compared with solid web col-
umns, their bending stiffness is different [1]
, and the bend-
ing deformation is also different under the same load, so
calculating the bending deformation of lattice aluminum
alloy columns is very important for the design and devel-
opment process.
1
2
Figure 2. Structural diagram of lattice aluminum alloy
column: 1. Aluminum profile split 2. Aluminum profile
batten
3.1.1 Column Deflection Analysis
According to the superposition method calculation [2]
, the
column deflection is composed of three parts, which are
the deformation caused by the action of each mass unit
on the column, the deformation caused by the loading
platform and the acceleration of the cargo rise, and the
deformation caused by the inertia force of each mass unit
including the column itself. The deflection equation of the
column can be obtained from reference [3]
, as shown in
formula (1).
EI
f f f f
1
= + + =
d
 
 
 
 
 
 
∑ ∑
∑
M a a
i
i i
=
= =
5
2 5
1 1
1
m a x y h y m a y h y qh a
M y h y
i i i i i i i
i i i
v H
v H H
( − +
( − + − +
)
)
1 1
6 8
2 4
(3 )
(1)
Formula (1): Mi is the moment of each mass unit to the
column, n·m; xiyi is the coordinate of each mass unit; h is
the total height of the column, m; mi is the mass of each
mass unit, kg; av is the lifting acceleration, m·····s-2
; aH is
the horizontal running acceleration, m·····s-2
; E is the elas-
tic modulus of the column; Id is the equivalent moment of

10
Journal of Architectural Environment Structural Engineering Research | Volume 03 | Issue 02 | April 2020
inertia of the column section.
This formula is derived from the solid web column,
but for the lattice aluminum alloy column, the equivalent
moment of inertia is derived. Because this paper studies
the double leg lattice aluminum alloy column, only the
equivalent moment of inertia of the double leg lattice
component is derived. There are two methods to deduce
the equivalent moment of inertia [1,4]
: one is to use the con-
version slenderness ratio method, that is to use the method
of equal critical force to obtain the conversion slenderness
ratio. Compared with the definition formula of slenderness
ratio / /
l I A
λ µ
= , the equivalent moment of inertia
can be obtained. The second is to use the displacement
comparison method, that is, by comparing the expression
of top lateral displacement of solid web members and
lattice members under the action of horizontal load Q, the
calculation formula of equivalent moment of inertia is
derived. The equivalent moment of inertia derived from
the conversion slenderness ratio method is only applicable
to the mechanical analysis of a single member, and it is
impossible to carry out the overall analysis and calcula-
tion of lattice members. Therefore, this paper adopts the
displacement comparison method to derive the equivalent
moment of inertia of lattice members, and the derivation
process is as follows. The schematic diagram of the dou-
ble leg lattice members corresponding to the new column
is shown in Figure 3, and the dotted line in the figure rep-
resents the batten.
H
l
a
Section
diagram
y
x
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of double leg lattice mem-
bers
Based on the theory of structural mechanics, it can be
concluded that the displacement of the top of a double leg
lattice member can be expressed as follows:
=Qδ
∆ (2)
δ is the lateral compliance coefficient of lattice
member. According to the unit load method of structural
mechanics, the lateral flexibility coefficient of double leg
lattice members can be calculated as follows
3
1 2
2
2 1
1
3 8
H
H
n
δ λ λ
 
= + +
 
 
(3)
where： 1 2
1
x
EA a
λ = , 2 2
1
cos sin
y
EA
λ
α α
= ; Ax,
Ay is sectional area of legs and battens; n is Number of
battens, /
n H l
= .
When the influence of battens on the deformation of
lattice members is not considered, the moment of inertia
of battens on the y-axis can be expressed as
( )
2
2
x
I aA a
= (4)
By substituting equation (3), (4) into equation (2), the
displacement calculation formula of lattice members un-
der horizontal load Q can be obtained
3
2
2
1
3
1
3 2
H
Q
EI H
λ
λ
 
∆
= +
 
 
(5)
According to the mechanics of materials, the integral
method is used to calculate the bending deformation of
the web member, and the deformation of the top under the
action of horizontal load Q can be obtained as
3
3
H
Q
EI
∆ = (6)
The equivalent moment of inertia for calculating the
top deflection of lattice column can be obtained by com-
bining formula (5) and formula (6)
2
2
1
3
1
2
d
I I
H
λ
λ
 
= +
 
 
(7)
Combined formula (1), (7) can be used to deduce the
deflection formula of lattice aluminum alloy column in
operation.
3.1.2 Column Simulation Analysis
In the last section, the stiffness of the column is calculated
theoretically. In order to reflect the deformation and stress-

11
strain of the column more intuitively, the finite element
analysis software ANSYS Workbench is used to simulate
the lattice aluminum alloy column.
The mechanical structure of the stacker is simplified.
The pallet and the electrical control cabinet are equivalent
to the mass unit and coupled to the corresponding position
of the column. The simplified model is modeled by Solid-
Works, imported into workbench, and meshed by the mul-
tizone module in mesh. The density of mesh is controlled
by the sizing controller [5]
.
Boundary condition setting: set the fixed constraint at
two walking wheels to constrain their degrees of freedom
in X, y and Z directions respectively. Because the upper
crossbeam moves in a circular straight line along the track
direction according to the sky rail, the degree of freedom
of the upper crossbeam in the z-axis direction is con-
strained. Apply the gravity acceleration and the running
acceleration along the tunnel direction to the stacker as a
whole, and apply the corresponding load at the synchro-
nous pulley of the upper crossbeam [6]
.
Set a path in the column height direction, and select the
deformation and stress-strain curve on the path as shown
in Figure 4 and figure 5. The maximum deflection of the
column appears at the top of the column, the maximum
deformation is 1.6mm, and the allowable deflection range
of the column is [ ]
1 1
2 4
2000 1000
f H
 
= =
 
 
 
mm. The comparison shows that the simulation results
meet the requirements and the design is reasonable. From
the stress-strain curve, the maximum stress appears near
the top of the column, the maximum stress is 10.6mpa,
far less than the yield strength. Because of the existence
of battens in lattice column, the stress-strain curve along
the column height direction is not a smooth curve, but a
sudden change occurs at the junction of battens column,
as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 4. Deflection curve in height direction
Figure 5. Stress strain curve in height direction
3.2 Design of Driving Mechanism with Clamping
Rail
Compared with the traditional direct drive method, the rail
clamping drive mechanism adopted in this paper can make
the stacker achieve higher acceleration without sliding, so
it is more suitable for the high-speed and high acceleration
high-efficiency lightweight stacker.
Design of Driving Method of Clamping Rail
The driving mode of clamping rail refers to a group of
driving wheels located on both sides of the track abdomen
to provide traction. The reduction motor drives the clamp-
ing wheel, which generates the friction force through a
set of positive pressure between the clamping device and
the track, so as to realize the walking drive of the stacker
on the track. The supporting wheels on both sides of the
stacker are only used as driven wheels. The clamping
device can be spring or disc spring assembly, and the
clamping force can be adjusted. The schematic diagram of
clamping rail drive is shown in Figure 6.
Fj
M
M
Drive wheel Drive wheel
Fj
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of clamping rail drive
1max 1 j H 2 2 j
2 2
f F ma mg F F
µ µ µ
= + + = (9)

12
Where fj is the clamping force between the driving
wheel and the track. Sorting out formula (9) can get the
value range of acceleration of rail clamping driving mode
( )
1 2
j 2
2
H
a F g
m
µ µ
µ
−
− (10)
According to the above formula, the horizontal running
acceleration is directly proportional to the clamping force
fj and inversely proportional to the self weight m of the
stacker. The acceleration can be increased by adjusting
the clamping force, increasing the friction between the
driving wheel and the track, and reducing the weight of
the stacker itself. With this driving mode, the horizontal
acceleration of the stacker can reach 3.5~5 m·s-2
, which
greatly improves the running speed of the stacker and the
efficiency of the warehouse.
3.3 Design of Synchronous Belt Lifting Mecha-
nism
The hoisting mechanism of traditional stacker is composed
of drum, steel wire rope or chain wheel. In the long-term
use, it is found that the above two mechanisms have de-
fects that can not be optimized. For example, when higher
lifting speed and acceleration are required, the chain drive
has polygon effect and the chain vibration is obvious,
which leads to the vibration and noise of stacker. After
long-term use, the wear is serious When the width of the
roadway is small, it can not meet the requirements of the
height direction of the three-dimensional warehouse, and
the ratio of the lifting pulley block is generally changed.
When the drum is large and the wire rope is long, the wire
rope is seriously worn and easy to cause the phenomenon
of winding and rope disorder, resulting in the risk of fall-
ing.
Compared with the traditional hoisting mechanism,
synchronous belt drive is a kind of meshing transmission
body. The circular arc or trapezoid synchronous belt is
used to mesh with the belt wheel, and the driving wheel
drives the synchronous belt and carries the goods. Al-
though the synchronous belt is a kind of elastomer, it can
ensure that it does not stretch under the allowable working
tension due to the function of internal steel rope or other
reinforced structure. The pitch of the synchronous belt
does not change, and it is correctly meshed with the belt
pulley to realize no sliding transmission and ensure accu-
rate transmission ratio.
Calculation of the best lifting speed of the synchronous
belt. Refer to GB / t11362-2008 for the accurate formula
of rated power pt of synchronous belt drive: when the
number of teeth engaged by the small pulley of synchro-
nous belt drive is, the width is
2
3
0
10
s
z w a
so
b m v
Pt K K T v
b
−
 
= − × ×
 
 
(11)
Where bso is the reference bandwidth; v is the trans-
mission speed; m0 is the unit mass of the belt; Kz is the
coefficient of meshing teeth, when Zm≥6, the value is 1,
when Zm≤6, the value is Kz=1-0.2 (6- Zm), 888 is the width
coefficient, and 999 is the allowable working tension of
the reference bandwidth.
By calculating the first derivative of equation (11) and
returning to zero, the optimal velocity[7]
is obtained
o
3
z w a so
s
K K T b
v
b m
= (12)
The parameters of the synchronous belt mechanism
used in this paper are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Parameters of synchronous belt mechanism
m
Z s
b /mm so
b /mm 0
m / -1
kg m
⋅ a
T /N
17 100 10 0.69 2928
By substituting the parameters into formula (12), the
optimal operation speed of the designed synchronous belt
lifting mechanism is 44.19 m·s-2
, which is consistent with
the technical parameters of the stacker, and the design
scheme is reasonable.
4. Conclusion
(1) Through the selection of lattice aluminum alloy
components as columns, it plays a fundamental role in
the lightweight design of high-speed stacker. By using
the equivalent moment of inertia method of transforming
lattice members into solid web members, the calculation
formula of deflection deformation of lattice columns is
derived, which lays a good foundation for the later appli-
cation of lattice members in stacker.
(2) Through the design of the new type of clamping rail
driving and the comparative analysis with the direct driv-
ing, the advantages of the clamping rail driving mode are
clarified, and the acceleration range that the clamping rail
driving mode can achieve is deduced through theoretical
calculation, which provides a theoretical basis for the later
engineering application.
(3) Through the design of the lifting mechanism driven
by synchronous belt, it provides a guarantee for the im-
provement of the lifting acceleration of the stacker. Using
the formula of the best speed of synchronous belt, the best

13
speed is 159 m S-2
, which proves the design is reasonable.
The lightweight high-speed stacker designed by the
above measures can meet the requirements in terms of
running speed and warehousing efficiency.
References
[1] Huanding Wang. Structural mechanics[M]. Beijing:
Tsinghua University Press, 2004.
[2] Zailin Yang. Mechanics of materials[M]. Harbin:
Harbin University of Technology Press, 2018.
[3] Jizhuang Hui, Zhaolu Chen, Ting Song, et al. Dy-
namic deflection calculation and control simulation
anslusis of stacker column[J].Journal of Chan’an
University (Natural Sicence Edition), 2015, 35(04):
145-152.
[4] Yuan Xue, Nianli Lu, Mingsi Liu. Efficient calcula-
tion of lateral displacement of lattice tower[J]. Con-
struction Machinery, 2002(03): 31-34+4.
[5] Jinjun Zhang. Finite element analysis and ANSYS
Workbench engineering application[M]. Xi’an:
Northwest University of Technology Press, 2018.
[6] Yuqiao Zheng, Jianlong Huang, Wengang Lin. Rigid-
ity analysis of Staker based on ANSYS[J]. Science
Technology and Engineering, 2009, 9(07): 1979-
1981+1988.
[7] Chuanqiong Sun, Yongde Liu, Aihua Ren. Maximum
and Optimum Velocity of Synchronous Belt Drive[J].
Journal of Hubei Automotive Industries Institute,
2009, 23(02): 63-65.

14
JournalofArchitecturalEnvironmentStructuralEngineeringResearch
ARTICLE
Research on Structural Design of Coal Crusher House in Thermal
Power Plant
Junhu Wang*
Powerchina Guizhou Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd., Guiyang, 550000, China
Article history
Received: 3 July 2020
Accepted: 3 July 2020
This paper takes the specific characteristics of pulverized coal room in ther-
mal power plant as the starting point, firstly, this paper analyzes the process
layout and structure selection, and then the structural design and vibration
design requirements of coal crusher house are introduced in this paper. Fi-
nally, based on the engineering example, a new structure form of vibration
isolation design is creatively proposed, which provides a new design idea
for the practical engineering design.
Keywords:
Coal-fired power plant
Coal crusher house
Vibration calculation
Vibration isolation design
Junhu Wang,
Powerchina Guizhou Electric Power Engineering Co.,Ltd., Guiyang, 550000, China;
Email: 794593304@qq.com
1. Introduction
I
n the field of industrial construction, power plants are an
important branch with a complete and mature system.
Power plants can be divided into thermal power gener-
ation, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, geothermal
power, tidal power, photovoltaic power, etc. Among them,
the most traditional is thermal power generation, and ther-
mal power stations can be divided into coal, gas, burning
garbage combustion, biomass combustion and other types,
and coal power generation is the most traditional. After de-
cades of research and development, coal-fired thermal power
generation has formed a very complete process system. As
a fossil fuel for coal-fired power generation, raw coal must
undergo a series of treatment in order to improve its com-
bustion efficiency and reduce the generation standard coal
as much as possible. The most common treatment steps are
briefly described as follows: dry coal → pulverized coal →
grinding coal. This paper mainly discusses the important
link of “pulverized coal”. Crushed coal the necessary equip-
ment commonly known as required for coal pulverizer, and
provide structure for normal operation of the coal pulverizer
platform called coal crusher house [1]
, the coal crusher house
through constant development, according to the requirements
of the process, in the coal conveying system, can rise to coal
transport, raw coal screening, raw coal breakage and a series
of functions in an organic whole, is an important part of the
coal conveying system.
2. Overview of Coal Crusher House
2.1 Brief Introduction of Coal Crusher House
Process System
In coal-fired power plants, raw coal is crushed by pulver-
izer to reach the particle size acceptable by pulverizer,

15
which can be considered as coal grinding pretreatment.
The Coal crusher house is normally arranged before the
coal belt conveyor enters the main workshop or the coal
storage silo, and its structural arrangement mainly in-
cludes the belt entrance layer connected with the coal con-
veying trestle [2]
, raw coal screen stratification, coal seam
crushing and the coal belt outlet layer at the bottom, etc.
Under normal circumstances, in order to ensure the
normal operation of the power plant, two coal crushers
are generally installed, one is transported and one is pre-
pared. The bottom plate and vibration isolation platform
supporting rotor bearing are generally provided on both
sides of the coal crusher, and the supporting platform of
the equipment is connected with the structure through the
embedded parts of the floor or the reserved anchor bolts [3]
.
2.2 Brief Introduction of Structure Selection of
Coal Crusher House
The most common structural form of coal crusher room
is the cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame structure [1]
,
and steel frame structure can also be used under normal
circumstances. When high seismic intensity zone is en-
countered, frame + shear wall or frame + support structure
is selected. Due to the large vibration generated during the
normal operation of the coal crusher, in order to reduce
the adverse impact of equipment vibration on the struc-
ture, it is suggested to set up vibration isolation device on
the coal crusher, that is, the vibration isolation device built
by the coal crusher. In actual production, the dynamic dis-
turbance force of coal crusher will vary with the different
installed capacity, coal consumption and equipment, etc.
When the disturbance force is large, extra measures must
be taken to ensure the normal operation of the structure
and equipment. When coal pulverizer dynamic distur-
bance force in more than 4.6 t, coal crusher equipment
supporting structure system, should choose independent
wall type, the overall frame type or the spring vibration
isolation foundation[4]
, independent wall type, the foun-
dation of the frame type and spring spring vibration iso-
lation at the top of the table should be around with setting
antivibration joint between the floor structure in order to
separate, the seam width is 50 mm.
3. Key Points of Structural Design of Coal
Crusher House
3.1 Calculation of Structural Dynamics and Bear-
ing Capacity of Coal Crusher House
In the structural design of coal crusher house, the dynam-
ic calculation and vibration isolation design of structure
and structural components are the key points. In the coal
crusher house, the structural beam or the platform plate
used to directly support the coal crusher equipment or the
vibration isolation foundation must be calculated verti-
cally according to the requirements. If the base form of
equipment with spring isolation or other effective vibra-
tion isolation measures is adopted and the measured base
vibration isolation efficiency is not less than 90%, the
supporting structure below the vibration isolation device
of coal crusher equipment can be exempted from dynamic
calculation according to regulations [1]
.
In the coal crusher house, floor beams directly support-
ing the coal crusher are not subject to vertical vibration
calculation when their high-span ratio meets the require-
ments of Table 1[1]
.
Table 1. The high span ratio limit of structural beam
supporting coal crusher can be calculated without vertical
vibration
Dynamic disturbance
force(P0,kN) of coal
crusher
Beam span (m) and the number of coal crusher
5l≤6 6l≤7 7l≤8 8l≤9
One
set
Two
sets
One
set
Two
sets
One
set
Two
sets
One
set
Two
sets
15 P0≤25 1/6 1/5.5 1/5.5 1/5 1/5.5 1/5 1/5.5 1/5
25 P0≤35 1/5.2 1/4.7 1/5 1/4.5 1/5 1/4.5 1/4.7 1/4.2
35 P0≤46 1/4.8 1/4.5 1/4.7 1/4.2 1/4.7 1/4.2 1/4.5 1/4.1
The method of transforming dynamic load into static
load can be used to calculate the bearing capacity of the
structure directly bearing the dynamic load of coal crush-
er, the specific conversion method is shown in Formula 1
：
In the formula：P-The equivalent static load（KN）
-Power coefficient of coal crusher
G-Total load of equipment（KN）
3.2 Structural Design and Construction Require-
ments of Coal Crusher House
When the coal crusher equipment is directly supported on
the floor, the corresponding supporting beam must be set
under the coal crusher equipment, and the dynamic dis-
turbing force direction of the equipment should be consis-
tent with the longitudinal axis direction of the beam. The
arrangement of coal crusher floor should avoid overhang-
ing arrangement.
In the cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure, the
floor plate directly supporting the coal crusher shall have
a thickness of at least 120mm.
According to relevant regulations, the minimum re-
inforcement ratio of longitudinal stressed bars at the top
and bottom of concrete beams used for directly bearing
dynamic loads should not be less than 0.2%. The stirrup
of the beam should be enclosed. The diameter of the stir-

16
rup should not be less than 10mm. In special cases, it can
be relaxed to 8mm. When the concrete beam is taller than
2m, the diameter of stirrup should not be less than 10mm
- 12mm. The stirrup spacing shall conform to the current
national standard “Code for Design of Concrete Struc-
tures” GB 50010 and shall not be greater than 300mm.
When the coal crusher is directly arranged on the con-
crete floor, corresponding measures can be taken for the
seismic structure of the filled wall of the frame structure
according to the requirements of Chapter 13 of the Chi-
nese standard “Code for Seismic Design of Buildings” GB
50011-2010.
When arranging the frame structure of coal crush-
er house, the center line of frame beam or column and
seismic wall (support) should be consistent, the distance
between the beam center line and the line in the column
should not be more than 1/4 of the column width, other-
wise, the effect of eccentricity should be considered.
The columns of the frame structure of the coal crush-
er house should avoid the necessary channels, and the
structural beam of the coal crusher house should be set to
ensure the net height requirement between the coal crush-
er house and the coal trestle [5]
. The net height should be
determined by the coal transporting specialty, and the net
height should be no less than 2.2 meters.
The single frame structure should be avoided in the
coal crusher house, especially in the areas with high seis-
mic fortification requirements.
3.3 Practical Engineering Example of Coal
Crusher House Structure
In order to feel more intuitively the concept of structural
design of coal crusher house, This article takes an actual
engineering project as an example. The project is a coal-
fired power plant, rated generating capacity is 350MW.
The structural calculation model and main deformation re-
sults of this practical engineering case are shown in figure
1 to figure 4.
Figure 1. Three-dimensional view of the structure of this
Coal crusher house
Figure 2. Deformation of this Coal crusher house struc-
ture in the X direction
Figure 3. Deformation of this Coal crusher house struc-
ture in the Y direction
Figure 4. The vibration mode of this Coal crusher house
structure

17
4. Exploration and Research on Structural
Design of Coal Crusher House
In the structural design of coal crusher house, it is not
difficult to find that the vibration isolation and reduction
design of coal crusher equipment is the key content. The
structural components of the direct support equipment and
the main structural load are controlled by the vibration,
dead weight and disturbing force of the equipment. If the
vibration can be further reduced, it is very beneficial to the
overall structure. Normal circumstances, the coal crusher
equipment vibration isolation bearing itself bring, is now
considering to form an independent whole concrete sup-
porting structure, and coal pulverizer layer main structure
release to decorate, this method can be directly partition
coal crusher equipment vibration on the adverse impact of
the main structure, if considering the earthquake under the
action of equipment independent supporting system there
may be a large horizontal deformation, may be considered
in a separate supporting platform and device layer sepa-
ration seam set in the buffer between the main structure
components, the components in the device when can have
the effect of vibration isolation, vibration in the earth-
quake, can have the effect of seismic energy dissipation.
Concrete idea is shown in the figure 5.
Figure 5. A vibration isolation structure of coal crusher
house
5. Brief summary
Coal crusher house structure design of concrete design,
needs from the craft, construction, structure, and even
have electrical, hvac, hydraulic and so on many special-
ized consideration, this article mainly aimed at the key
points of the design and construction requirements, makes
a brief analysis on the basis of engineering examples,
highlights the importance of structure design of vibration
isolation, and power plant steam turbine generator base
isolation design principle, in view of the coal crusher
equipment put forward a new design of vibration isolation
structure can be realized, this kind of structure design
idea, the principle of simple, clear structure and force,
and can effectively solve the equipment vibration on the
negative impact of the main structure in the engineering
practice, This design method has high practical value.
References
[1] V. Solovyova, D. Solovyov,I. Stepanova. Concretes
with Unique Properties for Special Building Struc-
tures[J]. Materials science forum, 2019, 945: 64-69.
[2] Zhiqin Liu, Guoliang Bai. Study on Seismic Perfor-
mance of Unit Thermal Power Main Plant Steel-Con-
crete Structure for 1000 MW in High Intensive Seis-
mic Region[J]. Research journal of applied science,
engineering and technology, 2014, 7(1): 23-29.
[3] Jin Cheng, Yixiong Feng,, Zhicliang Lin, Zhenyu
Liu, Jianrong Tan. Anti-vibration optimization of the
key components in a turbo-generator based on het-
erogeneous axiomatic design[J]. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 2017, 141(JAN.10): 1467-1477.
[4] Engle, Travis J.. A floor slab damper and isolation
hybrid system optimized for seismic vibration con-
trol[D]. Colorado State University, 2014.
[5] Engle, Travis, Mahmoud, Hussam, Chulahwat, Akshat.
Hybrid Tuned Mass Damper and Isolation Floor Slab
System Optimized for Vibration Control[J]. Journal of
Earthquake Engineering, 2015, 19(7-8): 1197-1221.

18
ARTICLE
Research on Restoration and Intelligent Management of the Global
Village
Guoquan Lu*
Hunan Zhongzhou Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Hunan, 414104, China
Article history
Received: 6 July 2020
A sharp rebound in global energy emissions in 2018 is disappointing as
the carbon-dioxide data monitored by mon ppm, hawaii reached 415.09 on
may 3, the highest level in at least 800,000 years. We are well known to
emit 0.272 kg of carbon dust, 0.997 kg of carbon dioxide (C02),0.03 kg of
sulfur dioxide (S02),0.015 kg of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and huge amounts
of heat to the earth for each electricity we use a 1 degree thermal power
plant. Therefore, the full use of renewable energy instead of fossil energy,
not only to achieve reduction. The effective measures to open the era of
boiler and automobile cold emission are also the trend of the development
of national environmental protection and energy strategy.
Keywords:
Renewable resources
Energy conservation and environmental pro-
tection
Garbage energy
Intelligent management
Recycling economy
Guoquan Lu,
Hunan Zhongzhou Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Hunan, 414104, China;
Email: 985510198@qq.com
1. Introduction
T
he energy problem, from China and even the
whole world, is gradually becoming an urgent
problem. With the development of the times, this
problem will become more and more urgent.
For a long time, garbage disposal technology is a key
industry in all countries in the world. The country has is-
sued many guiding policies to encourage the development
of garbage disposal industry. In line with the support and
call of the state for renewable resources, the development
of new green and efficient waste disposal methods not
only advocates the national environmental protection poli-
cy, but also is a major industrial innovation. As a new type
of high-tech industry innovation, waste pyrolysis tech-
nology has been gradually approved by many scientific
research departments. It can be seen that the energy sav-
ing and environmental protection characteristics, no heat
pollution, huge economic benefits and effective solutions
to the national waste industry problems of waste pyroly-
sis treatment cold discharge technology. The state, to the
nation, to the enterprise, is a win-win or even multi-win
profit model.
2. Key Technical Points and Major Innova-
tion Points
“Distributed waste pyrolysis cold emission energy sta-
tion” integrates key technologies, constant catalytic
suspension combustion at 1100 ℃ to solve the formation
conditions of dioxins, and the cold emission technology

19
below 35℃ solves the end synthesis problem of dioxins.
The investment per ton of construction is 50% of the
waste power generation, and the income is more than 10
times that of waste power generation, saving 80% of the
cost of treatment for the government, and the thermal ef-
ficiency of waste power generation in the world The heat
efficiency of the technology is up to 99%, without thermal
pollution, saving about 20% of the energy emitted by the
chimney compared with the traditional method, solving
the problem of haze and the generation of the earth’s heat
island effect. It has a broad application prospect and good
ecological and social benefits to realize the on-site harm-
less treatment and intelligent treatment and disposal of
high-efficiency calorific value resources of organic solid
wastes, such as domestic waste, and reduce secondary
pollution.
The main scientific and technological innovation of
“distributed waste pyrolysis cold emission energy sta-
tion” includes four aspects: systematic thermodynamic
research, which provides theoretical basis for the design
of crushing equipment and pyrolysis furnace of “energy
station”. The science and technology innovation belongs
to: urban domestic waste treatment and comprehensive
utilization. According to TG and DTG curves, the pyrol-
ysis process and characteristics of MSW are analyzed:
the first stage is the precipitation of interstitial water and
bound water, and the concentration of steam in the furnace
increases; in the second stage, when the material tempera-
ture continues to rise, organic compounds in waste such
as garbage will undergo a pyrolysis reaction, C-C, C = O
and C-H bonds will break continuously to generate free
radicals, and various complex polymerization cyclization
will occur among them At the same time, steam reforming
reaction takes place in the furnace; the third stage is that
the primary pyrolysis product further takes place, and the
larger molecule of organic matter is broken to form small
molecule non condensable gas In addition, cyclization and
aromatization reactions will occur, which will change the
composition of tar in the primary pyrolysis and generate
more PAHs. Some complex metal oxides produced in the
process of pyrolysis can form autocatalytic effect on the
primary and secondary pyrolysis of MSW.
The equipment intelligent integration of “distributed
waste pyrolysis cold emission energy station” has devel-
oped a cogeneration and cogeneration industrial operation
system with waste pyrolysis and multi energy efficient
utilization.
The science and technology innovation belongs to:
heating engineering. Through the further integration and
innovation of various key technologies, intelligent control
and efficient utilization of multi-level heat exchange, the
project equipment constitutes the modular assembly of
complete equipment and the serialization of products; the
equipment and equipment organically integrate the ther-
mal and chemical equipment. In the equipment production
process, to ensure the standardization and interchange-
ability of the interfaces of different functional modules of
products, so as to realize the modularization of equipment
components, it is convenient to form different series of
products through flexible combination of different mod-
ules to meet the multi-level target requirements based on
the requirements of customer scale and thermal energy
utilization. The “energy station” pyrolysis incinerator and
other major equipment are installed in underground build-
ings. The ground buildings can be artistically designed
into unique shapes, which not only solves the problem
of “difficult site selection” for waste treatment, but also
saves land resources and reduces the cost of municipal en-
gineering [2]
.
Through the integration of new HVAC technology,
further innovation and automatic control, the system ef-
fectively reduces energy consumption, recycles the heat
generated by pyrolysis and combustion, optimizes the en-
ergy utilization efficiency of waste treatment, and realizes
multi energy and efficient utilization. Innovation of cold
exhaust emission technology, not only make full use of
energy, but also avoid high temperature emission synthe-
sis of harmful gases. Using plastic PVC pipe as chimney
can reduce the cost and solve the problem of condensate
corrosion caused by hot discharge of steel chimney. At
the same time, there is no aerosol formed by cold and hot
air exchange in tail gas,The aerosol wrapped PM2.5 was
pushed into the air to form haze and exhaust pollution to
the atmosphere. The exhaust gas is cold discharged below
35℃ , and the utilization rate of heat energy is increased
by more than 20%. The system adopts high-temperature
flue gas high-speed internal circulation flushing device to
realize external heating for heat exchange utilization and
improve energy utilization efficiency. Therefore, the total
energy utilization rate of “energy station” reaches more
than 99% [1]
.
To sum up, the project will adopt the continuous mov-
ing fluidized bed to integrate the key technologies such
as tar free pyrolysis, catalytic suspension combustion,
and environmental protection cold emission of tail gas,
to build a “distributed waste pyrolysis cold emission en-
ergy station”, intelligent control system, realize the joint
production and supply of waste pyrolysis and multi-ener-
gy and efficient utilization, innovate the new concept of
waste treatment and disposal, and develop a new concept
of waste treatment and disposal Clean energy. The imple-
mentation of the project can truly realize the on-site harm-

20
less treatment and resource utilization of urban garbage,
no heat pollution discharge, and adjust measures to local
conditions to improve the ecological environment.
3. Start the Era of Automobile Cold Exhaust
In 2018, the global consumption of oil is 3.5 billion tons
(625 million tons in China) * 40% = 1.4 billion tons (42%
of the kinetic energy is generated by the oil burned by the
automobile, and about 40% of the energy is discharged
after the work consumption is removed) (the three-way
catalytic chamber is about 500 degrees, and the tail gas is
discharged.
The temperature is about 80-100℃ , and the exchange
with cold air produces fog. After the combustion of fossil
raw materials, PM2.5 particles are pushed out by heat en-
ergy and wrapped up by fog to form haze. 40% of energy
is converted into heat, which gives the reason for rapid
warming of the earth. There was the theory of oil deple-
tion very early, which means that sooner or later, the earth
will be mined out of oil. There are two reasons, one is the
limited resources, the other is the uncontrolled exploita-
tion of human beings. As we all know, oil, natural gas and
coal are non renewable resources, mainly because their
formation process is very slow.
Compared with knowledge management, the higher
level of intelligent management lies in its ability to use
intelligent resources. Smart management is not only re-
source management, but also capability management. The
ability to use smart resources is reflected in two aspects:
construction ability and operation ability. Construction
ability refers to the ability to ensure that the enterprise or-
ganization has the inner mind, including the psychological
contract force, emotional connection force to maintain
the basic structure of the enterprise organization, and the
value judgment to guide the development and evolution
of the enterprise organization. Operational capability re-
fers to the ability of enterprises to apply smart resources
to decision support, including factor allocation, platform
synergy and value transformation. Since intelligent man-
agement is called management, it can not stay at the static
level of resources or capabilities, but must have executive
and operational functions to realize the concretization of
abstract activities. In the traditional enterprise manage-
ment, enterprise management is usually divided into plan-
ning, organization, leadership, control and other functions.
As an important part of smart city construction, smart
energy management system can provide strong technical
support for smart city construction by relying on self-de-
veloped biomass particles, energy-saving equipment,
distributed energy station and big data analysis platform,
and provide a package of system solutions for the con-
struction of smart parks, smart communities and smart
campuses. The service mode of “convenience, benefit,
benefit and people-oriented” and the industrial chain form
of “cross-border cooperation and multi win-win” light up
a promising future for the healthy development of smart
park industry.
4. The Basic Situation of Waste Pyrolysis
Cold Emission
The solution to dioxin can only be controlled in the in-
ternational minimum standard by the two waste power
generation technologies, i.e. garbage pyrolysis cold emis-
sion energy stage grate furnace, waste incineration power
generation and circulating fluidized bed incineration boil-
er. However, the heat energy generation is increased by
adding coal for combustion supporting, high temperature
quartz boiling and coal blending combustion.
The distributed waste pyrolysis cold emission energy
station does not violate the natural purification law of
nature. Waste pyrolysis gasification gas carbon catalytic
combustion has changed the fluctuating data of the ground
burning temperature of materials for waste incineration
power generation fluctuates greatly around 800 ℃ . The
new technology splits the garbage pyrolysis into gas car-
bon and then breaks the wall for catalytic combustion,
forming the air catalytic rolling of the carbon under high
pressure The furnace temperature can be maintained at
about 1050℃ and dioxin emission is 3.9 times lower than
the international standard, which changes the problem
of dioxin synthesis at the end of the chimney due to the
high emission temperature (international standard chim-
ney emission temperature 180 ℃ -260 ℃ ). The emission
temperature of this technology is 28 ℃ -35 ℃ , which can
not meet the requirements of dioxin synthesis. No heat
emission, energy conservation, changing the world’s
combustion utilization rate to more than 99%, energy
saving about 20% (generally around 20% energy into heat
emissions). Without heat emission, there will be no fog
formed by cold and hot air exchange. Without heat emis-
sion, PM2.5 will not be carried by heat energy to form
haze. It has changed the haze of the world caused by the
heat emitted by combustion. No heat emission (about 20%
(furnace combustion) occurs when underground energy is
mined and burned - 40% (automobile) is converted into
heat emission.
In order to make good use of waste heat in power
generation, it needs to rely on the cooperation of steam
turbine generator set and waste heat boiler. The waste
heat boiler can convert the heat from incineration waste
into superheated steam, and apply steam kinetic energy

21
to steam turbine generator to provide technical guarantee
for power generation. There are many methods to treat or
purify flue gas, including activated carbon, dust removal
and deacidification. There are many kinds of garbage in
the city and the structure is complex. Even after effective
treatment, there are still a lot of harmful substances in the
flue gas, such as heavy metals, carbon dioxide, acid gas
and so on. These toxic gases will cause serious air pollu-
tion [3]
. At this time, it is necessary to carry out treatment
and purification measures. According to the different
types of reaction materials, the treatment methods can be
divided into dry method, semi dry method and wet meth-
od. The wet process has the best effect, but it also needs
higher cost as support.
5. How to Replace Traditional Waste Inciner-
ation with Distributed Waste Pyrolysis Ener-
gy Station
Through the waste incineration power generation technol-
ogy, the urban garbage can be effectively treated, the en-
vironmental pollution caused by garbage can be reduced,
and the secondary utilization of resources can be realized.
At this stage, there are still many factors restricting the
development of waste incineration power generation tech-
nology. Only by finding the source of the problem and
proposing effective solutions can we improve the applica-
tion level of waste incineration power generation technol-
ogy and make the urban development more healthy.
The traditional method is centralized incineration with
many links, high cost, high treatment cost and pollution
on the way. Several links break the natural purification
law of nature, spend thousands of yuan to treat a ton of
garbage, generate power generation income of about 200
yuan, and lose more than 80% of the total. The power on
the Internet can be spread thousands of miles to reduce the
pressure for users, and mainly for cooling and heating
References
[1] Jianjun Sun, Ying Cheng. Quantitative Analysis
Method (2nd Edition)[M]. Nanjing: Nanjing Univer-
sity Press, 2005: 8.
[2] Rui Zhou. Discussion on Library Strategic Manage-
ment in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan Period[J]. Sci-
ence and Technology Intelligence Development and
Economy, 2011(30): 43-45.
[3] Keping. Library strategic management[M]. Beijing:
Ocean Press, 2015: 1-3.

22
ARTICLE
Evaluation of Daylight Parameters on the Basis Simulation Model for
the Tropical Climate
Trupti J. Dabe*
Vinayak S. Adane
Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India
Article history
Received: 6 March 2019
Use of natural daylight in the building is energy saving with respect to il-
lumination levels and health benefits. However in, the hot and dry climatic
zone increase in daylight availability may result into thermal ingress. This
might lead to excess energy conservation. The aim of this paper is to evolve
the methodology which could be used as a pre design tool for assessing the
lighting provisions and thermal performance of spaces within buildings ad-
opted by designers during the design process. The field measurements were
conducted on the liveable spaces of a dwelling unit of the Nagpur region.
Simulation studies using Ecotect Analysis 2011 was conducted for both
illumination and thermal energy. The field measurements were compared
with the simulated results. It has been found that the percentage difference
(PD) between the Ecotect measurements (EM) and field measurements (FM)
for both thermal loads and an illuminance level was less than 15%, the
simulated model was considered precise for further study. The result imply
that the simulated model would be ample for designers to evaluate the pa-
rameters associated to wall to window ratio, shading devices with respect
to orientation of the building which helps to achieve the optimum useful
daylight index.
Keywords:
Daylight level
Simulation
Percentage difference
Wall to window ratio
Thermal analysis
Trupti J. Dabe,
Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India;
Email: truptidabe78@gmail.com
1. Introduction
D
aylight is a readily available natural resource. It
has a very special characteristic of having ability
to illuminate the interior spaces and makes them
very interesting for occupants. Due to this reason, the Ar-
chitects and Designers try to make provisions for day light
come into the interiors of building whenever it is possible
practically. For a building designer it is not an easy task to
provide good daylight in architectural spaces. It requires
that the illuminance level of the space be kept within the
adequate range that does not critically affect occupant’s
heath. There are many factors affecting the illuminance
level in spaces. The main task of building designers is to
deal with these factors. The amount of indoor daylight
illuminance depends upon the size and position of a win-
dow and the sky luminance distributions. Integrating day-
light with architectural design is of great interest to those
who are with the issues of energy and environment and
visual comfort and health[1,2]
.
India is one of the developed countries, broadly divided
into two area urban area and rural area. In urban area over-
all, electricity consumption seems to be growing exponen-
tially. Urban and rural homes are distinguished due to their
difference in energy requirement. The number of urban
and rural households is used as drivers for residential en-

23
ergy consumption [3]
. The Energy Statistics 2013 of India’s
National Statistical Organisation (SO) shows electricity
accounted for more than 57 per cent of the total energy
consumption during 2011-12 in India, and building sector
is already consuming close to 40 per cent of the electricity.
This is expected to increase to 76 per cent by 2040. A large
quantity of incremental electricity demand will come from
the residential sector in India [4]
. One of the major reasons
behind the increased cooling load in new buildings in the
subcontinent is the growing use of big windows to the ex-
ternal wall made of glass in buildings. Glass traps heat from
the sun and warms up the interiors of the building. Window
glazing tends to reduce lighting demand by using daylight.
However, along with light, the rate of heat exchange of
the building with the outside environment also goes up.
Thus, size of window should be optimised on the basis of
minimum specific energy demand for both air conditioning
and lighting inside a building. In other words, ratio of wall
to window in a building should be balanced in a way to
improve day lighting without compromising the building’s
thermal performance. In the tropics, buildings are subject to
significant cooling requirements due to the high intensity of
solar radiation penetration through fenestration [5,6]
.
The aim of this study is to achieve the optimum day-
light and indoor temperature by evolving the methodolo-
gy, which helps to evaluate the daylight parameters related
to the windows. This research helps as a “Design Tool”
to the Architects and Designer to achieve the optimum
daylight and indoor temperature in the interior spaces of
residential buildings. The finding of this study is the appli-
cation of the evolved Methodology in this study.
In this study, Autodesk Ecotect has used for analysis of
thermal loads, lighting design, shadows and reflections,
shading devices, and solar radiation [6]
. Architects with its
application in architecture and the design process in mind
develop Ecotect. Engineers, local authorities, environmental
consultants, building designers, owners, builders, and envi-
ronmental specialists can also use Ecotect. Ecotect uses the
CIBSE Admittance Method to calculate heating and cooling
loads and daylight factor method to calculate illuminance
levels [7]
.
2. Case Study Area for Research Work
The rapid growth in the residential sectors and its energy
demands in developed cities of India, the typology used
for this study was multi storied residential building at Nag-
pur city (Latitude 21.1 N, Longitude 79.1 E). The annual
climate of the city is hot and dry. In Nagpur city, the max-
imum electricity consumption is from Residential Sector,
which consumes about 42.96% of the total electricity con-
sumption in the city. The Sectorial Growth in last 5 years
for residential, commercial, industrial sectors is 51.48%,
33.47% and 24.14% respectively and 19.20% for municipal
sector for the last four years. Overall, the electricity con-
sumption has increased by 40.17% in 5 years span[8]
.
Figure 1. Residential development in Nagpur city
Table 1. Electricity consumption in Nagpur city by Resi-
dential sector
During last five years, the residential and commercial
sectors have shown higher growth in electricity consump-
tion as compared to the municipal and industrial sectors.
Figure 2. Pattern of electricity consumption in Nagpur
city
Therefore, it is essential to reduce the energy consump-
tion of residential sector of city. To overcome these chal-
lenges, the architect must use tools that are precise and, at

24
the same time, interactive, to evaluate the lighting choices
or solutions throughout the architectural design process
[6]
. Hence, the typology selected for this study was the
residential building. The residential building of Associate
Professor, which is designed and constructed by Architect
Dr. V.S. Adane, is selected, as a case for this research is
located in an educational campus of VNIT, Nagpur. The
total built up area of residential building is 1652.50 sq m.
built up area of selected dwelling unit is 120.12sq.m.
This residential building facilitates common services area,
lifts, staircase, and four flats on each floor.
3. Methodological Procedure
To achieve the aim and objectives of this study, the proce-
dure adopted was to compare the values of daylight level
generated from simulated results with those of measured
values and calibrated the simulated model of Ecotect for
evaluating the parameters including wall to window ratio
and shading devices with respect to orientation of building
for good indoor daylighting environmental performance. Figure 4. Methodology workflow
Figure 3. Shows the plan of the selected residential building

25
Figure 5. Plan and interior views of selected liveable
spaces of dwelling units with sensors position
4. Criterions for Dynamic Simulation Process
Parameters have been considered for the Ecotect programs
that allow an optimum accuracy of the results obtained.
The criterions were considered for calculation for simula-
tion as per shown below
Table 2. Parameters considered for simulation measure-
ments
INPUT FOR SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Sky Conditions CIE Intermediate Sky 8500lx
Type of Calculation Natural Light Levels
Calculation Over daylight Analysis Grid
Ray-Tracing Precision Full
Window cleanliness Clear x1.00
Calculate Room Averaged Yes
Window Areas
Grid Data Scale Minimum 0.20
Maximum 0.40
Contours 0.15
To obtain the same status of existing day light level
into simulation model, it needs to take the same sample of
hours and same day, which were taken in field measure-
ment [9]
. To get actual and accurate results it is required to
enter the accurate materials properties of walls, ceiling,
and floor into the simulation model. In this simulation
model to identify the internal colours, its reflection and
colour rates of wall, ceiling and floor, colour analyser was
used. To get the actual and accurate result of simulation
model the reflectivity values of Red, Green, and Blue
components were modified [10]
.
5. Calibration method of simulation model
5.1 Analysis of Field Measurements of Living
Room
The field measurements of daylight levels obtained in
2014 were used in this study. Thus, the Ecotect simulation
measurements of daylight levels were also simulated for
the same. The field measurements of the daylight levels of
living room show that the highest total daylight level 1219
lux was recorded by sensor (S1)placed near window while
the lowest total daylight level 347 lux was recorded by
sensor (S3) near wall.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
06:06:04
06:36:04
07:06:04
07:36:04
08:06:04
08:36:04
09:06:04
09:36:04
10:06:04
10:36:04
11:06:04
11:36:04
12:06:04
12:36:04
13:06:04
13:36:04
14:06:04
14:36:04
15:06:04
15:36:04
16:06:04
16:36:04
17:06:04
17:36:04
DAYLIGHT
LEVEL
(LUX)
TIME
S1-sensor near window S2-sensor middle of room S3-sensor near wall
Figure 6. Field measurements of living room
5.2 Analysis of Simulation Measurements of Liv-
ing Room
The Ecotect simulation measurements of daylight levels
were also simulated in 2014. The simulation measurements
of the daylight levels of living room show that the highest
total daylight level 1117.5 lux was recorded by sensor (SO1)
placed near window while the lowest total daylight level
455.32 lux was recorded by sensor (SO3) near wall.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
06:06:04
06:36:04
07:06:04
07:36:04
08:06:04
08:36:04
09:06:04
09:36:04
10:06:04
10:36:04
11:06:04
11:36:04
12:06:04
12:36:04
13:06:04
13:36:04
14:06:04
14:36:04
15:06:04
15:36:04
16:06:04
16:36:04
17:06:04
17:36:04
DAYLIGHT
LEVEL
(LUX)
TIME(24HRS)
SO1-sensor near window SO2- sensor middle of room SO3- sensor near wall
Figure 7. Simulation measurements of living room
5.3 Comparative Analysis of Field Measurements
and Simulation Measurements of Living Room
The comparison between the Ecotect simulation measure-
ments and field measurements of daylight level showed
the daylight level simulated by Ecotect had frequently
lower values than the daylight level obtained by the field
measurements.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
06:06:04
06:36:04
07:06:04
07:36:04
08:06:04
08:36:04
09:06:04
09:36:04
10:06:04
10:36:04
11:06:04
11:36:04
12:06:04
12:36:04
13:06:04
13:36:04
14:06:04
14:36:04
15:06:04
15:36:04
16:06:04
16:36:04
17:06:04
17:36:04
DAYLIGHT
LEVEL
(LUX)
TIME
S1 S2 S3 S01 SO2 SO3
Figure 8. Comparison of simulation measurements and
field measurements

26
5.4 Percentage Difference between the Ecotect
Simulation Measurements and Field Measure-
ments
To validate the accuracy of study, the results obtained by
Ecotect simulations and by field measurements were com-
pared by analyzing the percentage difference between the
measurements. The percentage difference (PD) between
the Ecotect simulation measurements (EM) and field mea-
surements (FM) for illuminance levels was calculated by
using the equation:
PD = ((EM-FM)/FM)/100
Based on the literature, the acceptable percentage dif-
ference between computer simulation results and field
measurements is maximum 15% (Maamari et al. 2006).
In this research, the percentage difference was found to
be 1-15% which is less than 15%, and thus the simulation
model was calibrated and now can be used for further ex-
perimentation.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
06:06:04
06:36:04
07:06:04
07:36:04
08:06:04
08:36:04
09:06:04
09:36:04
10:06:04
10:36:04
11:06:04
11:36:04
12:06:04
12:36:04
13:06:04
13:36:04
14:06:04
14:36:04
15:06:04
15:36:04
16:06:04
16:36:04
17:06:04
17:36:04
PERCENTAGE
DIFFERENCES
(%)
TIME
S1/SO1 S2/SO2 S3/SO3
Figure 9. Percentage difference between simulation mea-
surements and field measurements of daylight levels
Figure 9 shows the percentage difference between the
simulation measurements and field measurements of the
daylight level. The percentage difference was less than
15% (acceptable) for all the sensors of living room. For
sensor near to window S1/SO1 the largest percentage dif-
ference 13% was observed at 17:36:04 while the lowest
percentage difference 1% was observed at 06:06:04. For
sensor middle of room S2/SO2 the largest percentage dif-
ference 15% was observed at 17:36:04 while the lowest
percentage difference 1% was observed at 06:06:04. For
sensor near to wall S3/SO3 the largest percentage differ-
ence 15% was observed at 17:36:04 while the lowest per-
centage difference 2% was observed at 06:06:04. There-
fore, these results show that the simulated model can be
considered as an accurate tool for further evaluation study
of the parameters.
6. Parameters for Evaluation
Further this research has done the evaluation of param-
eters to judge the calibrated simulated model of living
room was used which helps to predict the optimum day-
light level into interior space of room. There were several
parameters for evaluation including wall to window ratio,
types of shading devices, depth of room from external
window wall, types of glazing, sill level of window, head
height of window (lintel level), orientation of window/
building, internal surface reflection. This study was con-
ducted considering only two parameters wall to window
ratio and type of shading device for evaluation of perfor-
mance of day lighting into interior of building.
Simulation results for different WWRs show that a
Table 3. Configuration of parameters
Wall to Windo Ratio
(%)
Window Without
Shading Device
Window With 0.60M Projected Shading Device
Window With 0.45M Projected Box Type
Shading Device
10
20

Journal of Architectural Environment & Structural Engineering Research | Vol.3, Iss.2 April 2020

Journal of Architectural Environment & Structural Engineering Research | Vol.3, Iss.2 April 2020

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