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Industrial Revolution
and
Aftermath of WWI
Industrial Revolution
Spread of Industrial Revolution
1760 • United Kingdom
1830 • France, Belgium, United States
1840-
1850 • Germany
Industrial Revolution of Germany
invest
ment
Mono
poly
Great
power
Zollve
rein
innov
ation
Industrial Growth in 1800s
2.7%
4.1%
6.4%
6.1%
1860s
1870s
1880s
1890s
Foreign Trade
58%
42%
1872
Import Export
49%51%
1880
Import Export
Protective Agriculture
Protective Tariff
Grain Production Increase
Enough Labor Supply
Aftermath of WWI
Treaty of Versailles
deprec
iation
Disarm
ament
Loss of
Land
Stab-in-the-back myth
Reference
• https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ドイツ関税同盟
• https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/工業化
• https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/大国
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles
• https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/第一次世界大战
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth

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Industrial Revolution, WWI Aftermath & German Growth

Editor's Notes

  1. 1890年代 俄國,日本
  2. ドイツ関税同盟などを背景に経済的な領域を確立したドイツでも工業化が起きた。イギリスの例と対比されることも多い。 銀行資本の出資による積極的な拡張投資:ハイペースな事業拡大 独占企業の発生:シェアと利潤の確保 研究に基づく技術革新:科学者との協力で技術を生み出す 化学や軍事の分野で成果を挙げ、イギリスと伍する大国になり覇権を争うこととなる。
  3. 德國統一掃除了德意志經濟發展中的最大障礙,加速形成統一的民族市場,重視現代科技,發展生產力。單就工業增長而言:1860—1870年(德國統一前)的年均增長為2.7%;1870—1880年即達到 4.1%;1880—1890年為6.4%;1890—1900年為6.1%。其增長速度遠遠超過英法等國,僅次於美國。在30年時間內,德國經歷了英國用100多年才完成的工業革命,由一個落後的農業國家轉變為一個現代高效的工業國家。 可是,
  4. 另外,加入德意志帝國的各聯邦在「自由貿易」和「關稅保護」的激烈競爭中,它們的工業實力和作用亦大為提高。德國的貿易逆差也得以扭轉: 1872年德國的對外貿易中,進口為32.62億馬克, 出口為23.21億馬克;total55.83 到1880年,進口下降為28.3億馬克,而出口則上升為29.23億馬克。Total57.53
  5. 不同於英國,德國工業化的過程不是以犧牲農業為代價的,相反是在工業現代化的基礎上,保護農業的發展,並在工業革命中起相互促進的作用。 公元1879年,俾斯麥對農產品實施保護關稅,以抵抗大量穀物從東歐和美國湧入,公元1885年和公元1887年他又再次提高農產品關稅。在國家關稅的保護下,德國農業蓬勃發展。據統計,公元1870至公元1913年,德國穀物產量由1500萬噸增至3100多萬噸。農業經濟的發展加快了德國工業化的發展,為發展工業提供了豐富的農業原材料和充足的勞力。 6.95 7.63
  6. 德國在第一次世界大戰後戰敗被逼求和,與戰勝國簽訂凡爾賽條約,國力被大幅削弱。第二次世界大戰就是德國再度挑戰以英法為首的舊秩序的嘗試,但結果再次失敗,德國被分裂為兩個國家。 自從1990年兩德統一後,德國被公認為歐洲四大經濟體(德國、法國、英國、義大利)當中最為優秀的國家,是當今歐洲乃至世界一流的經濟強國[25][26]。然而與經濟還有科技相對,德國在國際政治和軍事上的影響不大,因為德國是曾經發動過兩次世界大戰的國,其他國家〈特別是歐洲國家〉對其插手國際政治與軍事是有顧忌的。不過相較於同為二戰發動國的日本,德國對國際政治和軍事影響稍微大日本一些〈因為他們有承認二戰時的罪行〉。德國是世界第四大經濟體(按照國際匯率計算)、世界第五大經濟體(按照購買力平價計算)、世界第二大商品出口國和第三大商品進口國[27];德國同時在科學技術的許多個領域當中處於世界絕對領先的地位[28]。德國人口將近8200萬,在現今歐盟成員國和歐洲國家中排名第一和第二[29]。 《凡爾賽條約》將發動戰爭的責任悉數推給德國,從而對德國實行條件極為嚴厲的經濟與軍事制裁,德國失去13%的國土和12%的人口,還被解除武裝,德國陸軍被控制在10萬人以下,且不許擁有空軍。但德國雖然在一戰中最後戰敗,其元氣並未受到過大的傷害,工業體系依然保存完整,本土也並未受到戰火的波及。《凡爾賽條約》過多考慮戰勝國的利益分配,完全沒有考慮戰敗國自身的利益,加上條約的空前苛刻性和掠奪本質,造成德國貨幣瘋狂貶值,使得德國國民對強加給他們的條約有極強的抵觸和反感情緒,因而引發德國民眾強烈的民族復仇主義情緒。德國人為擺脫《凡爾賽條約》桎梏,各派政治勢力、各種政治思想在德國你爭我奪,顯得尤為激烈。種種因素配合,以及德國在希特勒的納粹黨的領導下,終於爆發了規模空前的第二次世界大戰。
  7. 刀刺在背傳說(又譯為匕首傳說或背後一刀傳說 用這個傳說譴責外國人與非民族主義者出賣德國。 1920年総選挙時の国家人民党によるポスター。敵と相対する騎士(ドイツ軍)を背後から社会主義者が妨害している。 1919年に発行されたオーストリアのポストカード。ナイフを持ったユダヤ人が戦場のドイツ兵を背後から刺そうとしている。