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1. Nama : Lelis Zikriana Zein
NIM : 21539141013
Kelas : E1
Prodi : Teknik Manufaktur
Tugas Bahasa Inggris
1. Dengangoogle Translationterjemahkan artikelini dalam bahasa
Inggris.
2. Bagaimanakahlangkah-langkahmenggunakanGoogletranslate.
3. Identifikasi berapa tenses yang digunakan dalam artikel tersebut?
4. Ada berapa vocabularies yang anda temui dalam artikeltersebut
5. Apa kesulitanyang anda temui dalam terjemahan ini.
Jawab :
1. Terjemahan artikel dalam bahasa indonesia
ISSN 1411 – 0393
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
ITS DEVELOPMENT
IN INDONESIA
Titik Mildawati
Lecturer at the Indonesian College of Economics (STIESIA) Surabaya
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the role of information technology which is a combination of
computertechnology and communicationtechnologyneeded in theinformation age.One
form of information technology is the emergence of the internet which is an information
network that has a large and wide reach and the existence of an e-commerce business
which is another alternative for business people. Besides that, the development of
information technology in Indonesia, its obstacles and expectations.
Keywords: information technology, internet, e-commerce business
1. PRELIMINARY
Information Technology changes things quickly. Information technology, which is a
combination of computer technology and telecommunications, has replaced the industrial
paradigm into a post-industrial paradigm which also means changing the behavior of the
business or business environment, which means that information technology gains

2. closeness between business people and their customers, because it shortens distance and
time so that it will reduce the distance and time gap in consumer demand and fulfillment
of their needs. With the changes in the business environment, it will cause changes in the
form of management decision making which means that the organizational structure with
the existence of this information technology demands a structure that is quickly formed and
reshaped as a result of rapid changes.
The history of economic development is divided into three eras,namely the agricultural
era, the industrial era, and the information era (Robert K. Elliot, 1992). Before 8000 BC,
people lived from hunting, gathering, fishing, so they ate from what they got and moved
around (nomads). Then 10,000 years after that until 1650, began an era called the
agricultural era with the start of sedentary life and cultivating land.
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Information Technology and Its Development(Point Mildawati) 101

3. agriculture. Beginning in 1650, the industrial era began with the invention of the steam
engine which assisted human labor in factories that turned rawmaterials into rawmaterials,
the growth of the city where the factories were located, the expansion of the industrial
market. In 1955 the transistor was invented and the installation of the first commercial
computer (although the first computers used vacuum tubes to combine a computer with a
semi-conductor) began the information age.In the information age,the driver of the system
is not humans like the agricultural era or machines in the industrial era, but information.
The accounting system in this industrial era only considers tangible wealth or assets,
focuses on products, accounting is recorded when it occurs, and the organization is in the
form of a hierarchy. While the third era accounting system is focused on changes in
resources and processes. Because information age managers must change organizational
forms that simplify the implementation of resources and processes. The resources and
obligations measured in the third-era system must also change,so the third-era accounting
system must allow for a networked form of organization, which is a form of organization
that allows members to move quickly, grow and eventually disappear. The resource that
drives third-era companies is information which is an asset,as well as other assets namely
researchanddevelopment, people, knowledge, data,and capacity for innovation. This asset
is not visible on the second-era balance sheet.
Third-era accounting systems must present information in realtime within the business
without waiting for new events to occur and then recording them. In practice, many
companies are entirely using computer integrated factory which is a continuous process
activity. This extraordinary added value is being able to see the goods in process on the
shop floor (production site) per week or per month without any manual counting of goods
and by stopping all activities.
2. INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
Information technology is needed in the third era,so that the accounting system can be run.
Information technology enables third-era companies to collect, analyze, report and
disseminate new types of information: (Robert Elliott, 1992)
 Automated Data Capture :
This is a great advantage offered by information technology, the opportunity to design
interfaces for customers, employees, suppliers by way of interaction of automatically
captured data.
 Instantaneous Access and Processing :
This is an advantage of the time dimension of information technology. Third-era
accounting systems must allow for analyzing and reacting to real-time market data.
Data and analysis must be accessible by the user or the user immediately.

4.  Geographical Freedom :
This is the spatial dimension of the advantages of information technology. The third
era accounting system must be aimed at all aspects of the company without neglecting
remote areas which means that information from anywhere in the company can be
accessed by managers immediately.
 Fully Versatile Analysis and Reporting :
Information technology enables third-era accounting systemsto carryout new analyzes
and report in new formats as required. Managers of third-generation companies must
have data reported in the manner requested,even if the report has never been requested
before.
 Capacity For Additional Data Types :
Information technology allows managers to add new information to new information
systems without redesigning the entire structure.
 Access To External Data Bases :
Information technology can enable third-generation accounting systems to open
externaldatabases.Alot of information is neededin third-era accounting systemsabout
competitors and other market descriptions.
Also information will be able to be used from the community database and will have
to be organized at the request of management.
Technology is needed to shape the third-era accounting system, but that's not enough. The
technology used in the system must be designed to serve the needs of the company, must
reflectthe company's vision and managerial strategy,and must be integral to the company's
structure,style and goals. So technological capabilities must be managed effectively so that
they can encourage changes in the behavior of someone who uses technology for profitable
competition.
Information technology can cause a shift in the way of practice and a change in the way
of thinking, for example if previously optimal business practices were often considered the
main principle, this can be shown by a change in the optimal principle, namely the presence
of information technology has made this principle questionable, namely it is not
optimization that plays a role. important, but innovation holds the key. So fastis innovation
for innovation that optimization with an innovation is easily broken by optimization with
the following innovations, so that with new innovations that develop rapidly, the
optimization principle is not a benchmark for the success of a business.
Information technology in the computer field is developing very rapidly, starting from
advances in the cost/performance field of computers, the architecture known as
client/server, appearances that make information technology easier to use,

5. its storage media with a larger and more reliable capacity, advances in artificial intelligence
to its physical appearance that is getting smaller and more portable. Technically advances
in the field of information technology are no longer in doubt, but can companies use them
optimally, this is not an easy and complex job. In implementing information technology, it
is necessary to balance 5 elements of information systems, namely: hardware,software,
human resources,data and facilities/procedures (including strategy).
The internet which is one of the results of information technology is an information
resource that is able to reach the whole world. The information resources are so vast and
enormous that no single person, organization, or even a single country can handle it alone.
However, the internet is not just a network and the usefulness of the internet is not from
the computer itself but from information resources obtained from the internet. Computers
are important in relation to the internet because computers do the job of moving data from
one place to another, and executing programs that provide opportunities to access
information.
The internet can be seen as a global library, so that all users can participate at all times
(the internet never closes), besides that it doesn't matter who the user is, the internet always
accepts and the internet never sees how someone looks, the internet doesn't see what color
someone's skin is, what religion he adheres to, where he lives, what is his social status. The
Internet provides an opportunity for users around the world to communicate and enhance
these information resources. A person can communicate with other users around the world
by sending and receiving electronic-mail (e-mail) or by establishing a connection with other
computers and entering messages to and from that computer. One can share information
resources by participating in discussion groups or by using programs and information
resources that are freely available. The internet will communicate with people from
different countries, work together and share information resources. People share their time,
their efforts, and their work. Internet is a dynamic picture that humans are able to
communicate freely will choose to be social and selfless. Information resources exist
because some people and some groups give their time, effort and work, they have ideas,
organize them, create something useful, and make it available to every user around the
world.
Information technology, in addition to providing many benefits in business,
management must be aware of the risks and threats of harm from information technology,
therefore managers need to be careful in formulating plans/strategies for implementing
information technology.

6. the use of information technology and in its implementation. Information technology is
often used to increase productivity in companies, however,there are severalthings that can
cause delays in success in the use of information technology which can be described as
follows:
 High cost: Compared to the price of old equipment, such as typewriters, storage
cabinets, even though they have been discounted, locally made personal computers are
still more expensive.
 The process of mastering technology is slow.
 Very rapid technological developments and incompatibility problems.
 Barriers to work, there are often situations where groups of workers refuse to enter
fully automated equipment.
 There are still many information technologies that are less reliable, namely hardware
that suddenly breaks or software that still has many errors.
 Unprepared organization in change management, decision making, coordination and
others.
 Wrong management: The use of computers by management is often still inappropriate:
underutilized, too much use or use for the wrong purpose.
 Inconsistency between software design and use and use.
3. E-COMMERCE BUSINESS IN INDONESIA
In this article, the author focuses on electronic-commerce or e-commerce and its
development in Indonesia which is one example of the benefits of information technology
using the internet. E-commerce is anothertraditional form of commerce that offersphysical
goods. With the increasing number of suppliers offering in malls or stores, suppliers can
develop and replace other ways of offering their products by utilizing computer-based
information technology, namely by utilizing the internet.
E-commerce is a new way for business people to do business, so this is not a way or
tool to earn income or save costs, if the results obtained by using e-commerce are to
increase income or reduce income, then this is a positive impact of using e-commerce.com-
merce. The main advantage in using e-commerce is that the market that can be reached is
not only the local market but the global market, which is not limited by time, geography,
actors, so that transactions can be carried out anytime, anywhere and anyone.

7. As stated above that the information technology business faces many problems,
especially problems regarding the high costs associated with the technology, on the other
hand there is an opinion which states that businesses that rely on information technology
do not always require expensive investments, so that more and more people shift their
business to business. e-commerce. One of the attractions of this business is the high value
of an e-commerce company, although to set it up does not require a large investment, for
example Verisign an information technology company in the United States whose annual
income is only USD 25 million, but the company's market capitalization reaches USD 20
to USD 25 billion. This business is a business with small capital and low prices at this time
(present value), but based on the future value the price becomes large. (Andi Sutejo, 2000).
From this description, it can be concluded that the establishment of an e-commerce
business cannot be said to be expensive, the investment is only USD 25,000.00 and the
company has been able to open this business and sell by opening a large mall. The value of
the company can be so high, this requires special calculations, for example, it is measured
using indicators of the number of networks and the number of existing subscribers. This
measurement can be analogous to a mall which can be measured by the number of visitors
who come to the mall. If each member is valued with a few dollars, then the network of an
e-commerce company that is so extensive will be an invaluable asset.
In starting an e-commerce business, one of the most important things and must be
prepared in advance seriously is the readiness of the state and certificates that protect
shopping through this online network, for example to anticipate if the customer has paid,
but the goods that have been delivered paid not delivered, this requires legal infrastructure.
In addition, it also requires cheap communication infrastructure because this e-commerce
business is closely relatedto satellite or fiber optics. What is called ane-commerce business
is not only that someone can create a home page or view via the internet, but also requires
complete infrastructure support, namely the existence of certification as previously stated,
adequate systems and procedures in doing business on the line. this, management,
guarantee of products traded whetherthe products sentare in accordance with those ordered
both in terms of quantity, quality, and delivery, anticipation of global access, language
diversity, currency differences and others. In terms of technology infrastructure, Indonesia
is seen as ready to organize e-commerce because Indonesia already has satellites, has
developed and has a growing number of internet service providers (Internet Service
Providers), and various kinds of products are available and can be traded, so that the the
biggest ones that cost investment funds have been met.
The things mentioned above are things that support the existence of an e-commerce
business, besides that there are things that are the main obstacles in developing an e-
commerce business.

8. commerce is the knowledge of the community, including business people, which is still
low. Businesses generally lack knowledge and information, while the people who are
targeted as customers do not understand and understand technical issues such as payment
and delivery of goods.
From the description of e-commerce mentioned above, it can be seen that the rapid
development in the use of information technology in developed countries does not fully
occur in Indonesia. The development of information technology in Indonesia is still far
behind when compared to Singapore and Hong Kong, which are still in the Asian region.
In the countries mentioned above, more and more individuals are meeting their needs via
the internet and there is a tendency for all systemsto be online, ranging from grocerystores,
cooperatives, information / news or entertainment media, and stock exchanges. This brings
various kinds of convenience, smoothness and efficiency as well as being able to quickly
expand the market network without having to spend a lot of promotion costs (Info
Financial, 2000).
The most basic factor of the slow application of information technology in Indonesia
stems from the culture of the people who are still accustomed to a traditional life.
Information technology problems in Indonesia include the following: KNA III, 1996)
 The culture of the Indonesian people who still rely a lot on manual work because of
the low cost of labor.
 The development of information technology is still carried out on a sectoral basis.
There is no government agency that specifically handles it. The only control over
information technology development in Indonesia is the screening of information
technology development proposals by Bapenas. And of course this is only limited to
the implementation of information technology projects among government agencies.
 There is no uniformity in the national database and uniformity in terms of the use of
hardware and software. This is also due to the absence of agencies that plan the
development of information technology in an integrated manner.
 There is still a culture of protection for certain industries/companies.
 In terms of telecommunications infrastructure: the tariff for data telecommunications
lines is still considered very expensive and of inadequate quality.
Even so, the enthusiasm to enter information technology continues along with the trend of
globalization which requires a person to be open to the development of the external world
environment which has a big role in the development of the environment.

9. With the development of information technology, the influence of information technology
spreads throughout the world, not only around developed countries but also in developing
countries including Indonesia.
For Indonesia, although so far it is felt that it is a bit late in applying it due to various
things that have become obstacles in its development, progress in the field of information
technology is believed to be something that must be continuously followed, for example
PT.Astra Graphia Tbk, currently developing e-business for its customerswho are overseas,
is currently studying e-commerce because it intends to develop it. Mastering in this field is
a must, at least continuing to study advances in the field of information technology, this is
done while continuously applying it to their daily work. (Warta Ekonomi, 2000). In
addition, Lippo Life, which was previously a company in the life insurance sector,
In addition, if you look at the stock exchange, it is estimated that more internet-based
companies are ready to get big payouts through the IPO process. Information technology
stocks on the JSE are starting to attract investors, this can be seen from the strengthening
of severalstocksof information technology issuers on the JSE accompanied by high market
capitalization on the stock exchange in general in the first and second weeks of the month.
In January 2000, for example, Lippo Life's initial price this year (as of January 4, 2000)
was in the position of Rp.475.00 on January 13, 2000, reaching Rp. 950.00 with a good
upward trend. Metrodata shares once reached the highest point at Rp. 3,275.00 on January
11, 2000 from the initial trading position on January 4, 2000 of Rp. 2.350, 00 while Astra
Graphia reached the highest position of Rp. 10,000.00 on January 11, 2000 from the initial
trading position on January 4, 2000 of Rp. 6.100,00 (Warta Ekonomi, 2000).
Basically, people buying information technology stocks represent the world of the
future economy (new economy) which will be driven by information technology or the
internet will change the way people live, so this will be attractive to investors.
4. HOPE FOR INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT IN
INDONESIA
The philosophy of top management in Indonesia is still a lot of reluctance or lack of use of
information technology in Indonesia because there are still many who focus on increasing
efficiency and productivity, this shows the fact that awareness

10. the importance of information technology is still not an important thing and this awareness
is only happening at the lower and middle levels. Efforts to start this awareness can be
started from one of the professions, namely accountants as someone who helps
management in making decisions by increasing their knowledge of information technology,
so that it makes a very large contribution to corporate strategy. From this it can be seen that
the widespread application of information technology in Indonesia will of course have a
special impact on the accounting profession, so that: (KNA III, 1996)
 Accountants can no longer focus on issues surrounding accounting.
 Accountants are expected to contribute in determining the company's strategy by
analyzing the company's activities.
 Accounting is expected to understand the strength of the company generated by the
combination of business strategy and information technology.
 With the increasing awareness of information technology, it is hoped that the
communication gap that has often occurred can be reduced.
With the start of accountants in the takeover of information technology, it is hoped that it
will have an impact on the development of information technology in Indonesia.
5. CONCLUSION
From the discussion that has been described above, it can be concluded that information
technology which is a combination of computer technology and communication technology
is what is needed in the third era, namely the information age. One form of information
technology is the emergence ofthe internet which is an information network that has a large
and wide reach that does not limit time, place, or users. And one form of the internet that
is in the business line is the existence of an e-commerce business which is another method
or tool that business people can use to market their business other than their traditional
business / mall.
The rapid advancement of information technology in developed countries is not
accompanied by rapid development in Indonesia. This obstacle is mainly due to a
management philosophy that focusesmore on efficiency and productivity than on the needs
of information technology itself. But on the other hand, the development of information
technology exists, this can be seen by the increasing number of companies engaged in the
information technology business and the increasing prevalence of information technology
stocks on the stock exchange, this shows that the information technology business has
begun to develop in Indonesia. .
The development of information technology can be started from accountants as staff
who assist managers in making decisions by increasing accountants' knowledge of
information technology.
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Information Technology and Its Development(Point Mildawati) 109

11. 6.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Andy Sutedjo, 2000, Investing in E-Commerce Business, Warta Ekonomi, No.41/TH.XI/ 28
February
financial information,2000,Lippo Life in Cyber Internet and E-Commerce Business, 16/XI/02
February.
financial information,2000,Information Technology is Increasingly Interested by
Investors, 16/XI/02 February. National Accounting Conference III, 1996
Muhamad Ihsan and Prananda Herdiawan,2000, Between Dreams and the Future,
EconomicNews,No.41/Th.XI/28February.
Robert K. Elliot, 1992, The Third Wave Breaks on the Shores of Accounting, Accounting
Horizon, June.
EconomicNews,2000, NewEconomistsand Economists,No.3/TH.XI/31January.
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110 Equity Vol.4 No.2 June 2000 : 101-110

12. 2. Langkah menggunakan google translate
A. Buka google chrome atau aplikasi browser lainnya, kemudian ketik
keyword “TRANSLATE” di kolom pencarian Google lalu tekan
search.
B. Apabila sudah maka tampilan dari google translate seperti berikut.

13. C. Pilihlah Bahasa asli (Bahasa Indonesia) dan bahasa terjemahan
(Bahasa Inggris) dari kalimat yang ingin di terjemahkan
D. Masukkan kalimat yang ingin diterjemahkan, maka otomatis akan
langsung diterjemahkan dengan hasil sebagai berikut.

14. 3. Identifikasi berapa tenses digunakan dalam artikel tersebut?
Jawab :
A. Simple Present Tense
“Information technology, which is a combination of computer technology and
telecommunications, has replaced the industrial paradigm into a post-industrial
paradigm.”
B. Simple PastTense
“Beginning in 1650, the industrial era began with the invention of the steam engine”
“Before 8000 BC, people lived from hunting, gathering, fishing, so they ate from what
they got and moved around (nomads).”
C. Present Continous
“Information Technology changes things quickly.”
D. Simple Future Tense
“With the changes in the business environment, it will cause changes in the form of
management decision”
4. Ada berapa vocabularies anda temui dalam artikel tersebut apa kesulitan
yanda temui dalam terjemahan ini?
Jawab : Vocabularies yang saya temukan di artikel ini sangat banyak,
sebagi contoh
 Vocab kata kerja = Discusses, changes, Began, combination,
communicate, happening, etc.
 Vocab kata benda = Technology, people, management, place, users,
countries, etc.
 Vocab kata keterangan = Cultural, currently, distance, due, effectively,
environment, required, expensive, etc.
5. Kesulitan yang saya alami yakni saat mengidentifikasi jumlah tenses dan
vocabulary dalam artikel ini karena banyaknya jumlah kosakata dan
kalimatnya sehingga mengharuskan saya untuk teliti dalam menentukan
dan menelaah setiap kata dan kalimat dalam artikel ini.