2. i) A: Have you been working?
B: Yes I have (been working)
ii) My kids play an awful lot of sport. Both (my kids) are incredibly energetic.
Elipsis - It refers to the omitted unnecessary words, phrases and clause from any sentence.
i) Kinda = Kind of = Almost = I kinda did my homework
ii) Let’s=Let us= Let’s do the work
Elision – It is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word
or phrase.
3. A : So we’ll see you Sunday, Liz.
B : Right, okay Mum.
A: Okay, see you then, love .
Discourse Markers - Discourse markers are words or phrases like anyway, right, Good, you know, as I say, I
mean, for a start, okay, actually, as I say, to begin with etc
i) Mita - “I, um, don’t think you want to go that way.”
ii) Gita – “Can you, uh, give this one more look before turning it in?”
Fillers :Fillers are unnecessary sounds or words that are inserted within our speech during a conversation.
For example, “um”, “like”, “uh”, “you know!” and “actually.”
4. You came by train, didn’t you?
It’s very windy today, isn’t it?
Tag Question-It is a small question that is attached , or “tagged”, to the end of a
sentence.
i) My husband wants to go to Spain but I don’t like it there.
Ii) He found out he had failed the exam. This upset him a lot.
Substitution – It occurs when an item is replaced by another item in the text to avoid
repetition.
5. A : Should I buy this doll for Sara?
B : Maybe, you should.
Hedges - a word or phrase used in a sentence to express ambiguity, probability, politeness
A: Should I buy this doll for Sara?
B: Definitely, you should.
Boosters - words or phrases used to indicate confidence, certainty.
Where’s the thing (microfiber cloth) for cleaning the window?
Vague Expressions – words used when there is lack of surety.
6. “I've seen this movie a hundred times,”
Hyperbole - it is used to exaggerate something
A: I could not join you yesterday, I was tired after work, you know what I mean?
B: Yes I know what you mean.
Chunks - a group of words that can be found together in language.
That big house, is it where the doctor lives?
Headers – when we place the main topic (information) at the front of what we say (comment)
Is it where that doctor lives, that big house?
Tails – it refer back to a pronoun.
7. r: Hello buddy! I love you. Kemon acho?
iz: I love you too.
r: So how was the flight? (Discourse marker)
iz: Good.(Ellipsis)
r: (offering a drink) Take a sip. You will feel refreshed.(Ellipsis)
iz: Thanks. Nice.(Ellipsis )
r: So how's the shoulder?(Discourse Marker, Elision)
iz: Good. No pain. I bowled ten overs at a stretch the other day during practice.There was no issue. (Ellipsis, Hyperbole)
r: That's great. So what do you think of our Dethi Capitals team?(Elision, Discourse marker)
8. Mustafiz: Well, I have yet to find out.I've just arrived. Need some time. I hardly know anyone. What do you think? (Filler/Discourse
Marker, Elision, Ellipsis)
Warner: I think our bowing department is pretty good. I am kind of worried about the batting though (Hedge, Hedge/ Vague
expression)
Mustaftiz: You are talking about the middle order. Right? (Tag questions)
Warner: Yes. We probably need a few all-rounders ( Hedge)
Mustafiz: I'm sure the captain and team management will think about that. (Ellison, Booster)
Warner: There, the guy in blue denim, do you know him? (Headers)
Mustafiz: Nope (Non Standard Form) . Who? (Ellipsis)
Warner: He is from South Africa. I hear he can hit the ball a mile (Hyperbole)
Mustafiz: That's great (Elision)
