The document summarizes the history of French republics from the First Republic established in 1792 to the current Fifth Republic established in 1958. It provides details on each republic such as the Fourth Republic from 1946-1958 which faced political instability with 24 governments over 12 years and wars in Vietnam and Algeria. The Fifth Republic was established in 1958 under Charles de Gaulle and featured a strengthened executive branch with both a president and prime minister.

1. French Fourth and Fifth Republic

2. French Republic: the basics
• a transcontinental state, including the main territory in Western Europe
and a number of overseas regions and territories. The capital is Paris. The
motto of the Republic is "Freedom, equality, brotherhood", its principle is
the rule of the people, the people and for the people
• The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the ancient
Germanic tribe of Franks. The majority of the population of France is of
mixed Gallo-Roman descent and speaks the language of the Romance
group.
• Population: 60 million (~ U.K.)

3. 5 Republics & 2 Empires
• First Republic was ended (1803) by Napoleon’s
First Empire
• Second Republic was ended (1851) by
Napoleon III’s Second Empire
• Third Republic was ended (1940) by German
occupation
• Fourth Republic (1946 - 1958)

4. Fourth Republic (1946 - 1958)
• Crisis of the Fourth Republic
– 24 governments in 12 years
– War in Vietnam
– War in Algeria

5. IV republic in France
1. Economic growth Accession to NATO (1949)
2. Heading towards the integration of Western Europe
3. Granting independence to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia,
Morocco, Tunisia
4. A problematic issue with Algeria (1 million immigrants
from France did not want separation from the
metropolis).
5. Supporters of "French Algeria" rebelled and demanded
the return to power of de Gaulle

6. Fifth Republic (1958 - )
• Charles de Gaulle
• submitted new constitution for public
approval
• offered to remedy previous failings
– power of the executive offices
– president and prime minister
– constraints on Parliament

7. 1958 Constitution
• Passed referendum

8. President of the Fifth
Republic
• directly elected by voters (since 1962)
• renewable term of 5 years (since 2000)

9. "The smallest of the great powers and the greatest among
the small" - this was the name of France after World War
II. In 1947, she agreed to accept American aid under the
Marshall Plan, and in 1949 she joined NATO. She pursued
a course towards the integration of Western Europe, the
decolonization of her territories.
France in the 2nd half of the 20th century

10. Charles de Gaulle
• Charles de Gaulle (1944-
1946)
• Carried out the policy:
nationalization of
economic sectors
• Development and
adoption of a new
constitution
• Proposed to create a
republic with a strong
executive power

11. Return of Charles de Gaulle
• Charles de Gaulle (1958-1969)
• 1. Adoption of a new constitution
(1958), establishment of the V
republic
• 2. Development of nuclear
weapons (1960)
• 3. Modernization of the economy
• 4. Withdrawal from NATO
• 5. Rapprochement with the USSR
• 6. Granting independence to
African colonies (1960)

12. Georges Pompidou
• Georges Pompidou (1969-
1974)
• 1. Decentralization of
management
• 2. Expansion of the rights
of trade unions, social
legislation
• 3. Introduced continuing
professional education
• 4. France - EU member
(1973)

13. Francois Mitterrand
Francois Mitterrand(1981-
1995)
1. Expansion of government
intervention in the
economy
2. Inflation - "austerity“
3. Moderate course towards
the development of
market regulation and a
mixed economy

14. Jacques Chirac
Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)
1. Reduction of the
presidential term from 7
to 5 years
2. Switching from franc to
euro
3. Continuation of the
course of European
integration

15. François Hollande
• President of France (2012-
2017)
• Became the most unpopular
president of France in the first
100 days of rule
• September 10, 2012 made a
proposal to introduce a 75%
tax on citizens with incomes
over 1 million euros per year.
The Constitutional Court
rejected his initiative

16. Shameless François Hollande
• The French government has
approved a draft law to legalize
same-sex marriage and grant same-
sex partners the right to adopt.
• The empowerment of sexual
minorities was one of the key points
of the election program of the
socialist President François Hollande
and his party.
• Supporter of sanctions against
Russia in connection with the
Ukrainian events of 2014 and the
Russian military operation in
Syria.
• Due to his low popularity,
François Hollande did not run for
the presidential elections in 2017

17. Emmanuel Macron
• President of France since
May 14, 2017
• Europhile and Atlantist
Catholic –traditionalist
• Marketer.
• Supporter of an open
door policy for
immigrants. Supports an
increase in funding for
the special services, army
and police.

18. Yellow vest movement
• On December 10, 2018, against the backdrop of massive
protests by the Yellow Vest Movement that began in
November 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron
introduced an economic and social emergency in the country
• On the same day, he announced that the minimum wage
(Smic) from January 1, 2019 will be increased by 1.8% (about
20 euros). Work bonuses (primes d'activités) will also be
increased by about 80 euros, which are paid not by
employers, but by social insurance. Despite the government's
concessions, the yellow vests decided to continue the
protests.

19. Yellow vest movement
• The movement is so named because of the reflective yellow
vests used by protesters to identify those belonging to this
movement.

20. Perhaps similar to color
movements in history

21. Yellow vest movement
• Initially, the reason for these demonstrations was the increase
in the price of fuel (due to the increase in the price of
petroleum products), then the requirements of the
participants expanded to the resignation of the current
President of France.

22. Scandal with Muslim communities
• Afterthe resonant murder of a teacher near Paris, Emmanuel
Macron made a speech to the nation in which he called for
tolerance and freedom of speech, and also supported
cartoons of any kind, including the Prophet Muhammad.

23. Scandal with Muslim communities
• He backed up his words by presenting the Order of the Legion
of Honor posthumously to Samuel Pati. French President's
actions sparked discontent and led to protests by Muslims
around the world

24. France Today
The main tasks facing the French leadership in the context of
globalization:
maintaining the competitiveness of the French economy while
maintaining its social orientation.
In an effort to reduce the burden on the socio-economic sphere
and reduce military costs
France is an active participant in the formation of a single
transatlantic military-industrial complex based on the use of
advanced technologies, and views the United States not only as
the largest trading partner outside Europe, but also as an
extremely important military and political ally.