Teacher Notes MODULE 1.pptx

American History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
American Beginnings
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1
Societies of the Americas to 1492
LESSON 1
LESSON 2 West African Societies Around 1492
LESSON 3 European Societies Around 1492
LESSON 4 Transatlantic Encounters
LESSON 5 Spain’s Empire in the Americas
What was the most significant impact of African, European, and North American cultures converging
in the 16th century?

American History
2
LESSON 1
In ancient times, migrating people settled the Americas. Their descendants developed
diverse Native American cultures in varied landscapes.

American History
3
LESSON 1
Ancient People Come to the Americas
• 22,000 years ago hunters cross from Asia to Alaska over Beringia
Hunting and Gathering
• Inhabitants hunt large animals until climate warms
• 12,000 to 10,000 years ago hunt small game, gather nuts and berries
Agriculture Develops
• Planting of crops begins in central Mexico 10,000 to 5,000 years ago
• Agriculture allows people to remain in one place, develop complex societies
• Some cultures remain nomadic—moving in search of food and water
Continued…

American History
4
LESSON 1
Complex Societies Flourish in the Americas
• About 3,000 years ago, inhabitants begin forming large communities
Empires of Middle and South America
• The Olmec flourish 1200 to 400 BC along Gulf of Mexico
• AD 250 to 900, Maya culture thrives in Guatemala and Yucatán
• Aztec begin building civilization in the Valley of Mexico in 1200s
• Inca establish empire around AD 1200 in western South America
• Cultures have cities or ceremonial centers; some have writing
Ancient Desert Farmers
• About 3,000 years ago, groups begin growing crops in Southwest
• Groups establish civilizations, 300 BC to AD 1400
– Hohokam settle in river valleys
– Anasazi live in mesa tops, cliff sides, canyons
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
5
Complex Societies Flourish in the Americas (continued)
Mound Builders
• In East, Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian establish trading societies
• Adena, Hopewell build huge burial and animal-shaped mounds
• Mississippian people build giant pyramidal mounds

American History
6
LESSON 1
Native Americans Live in Diverse Societies
• The varied landscapes of North America encourage the diversity of Native American cultures.
California
• Kashaya Pomo hunt waterfowl along northwest coast
• Yurok, Hupa gather acorns in forests, fish in mountain streams
Northwest Coast
• Large communities live along streams, seashore, and in forests
• Kwakiutl, Nootka, Haida gather shellfish, hunt whales, otters, seals
• Place totems, symbols of ancestral spirits, on masks, boats, poles
• Potlatches—families give away possessions in special ceremonies
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
7
Native Americans Live in Diverse Societies (continued)
Southwest
• By 1300, Pueblo settle near waterways, build multistory houses
• Hopi, Acoma live near cliffs, develop irrigation systems
• Grow corn, beans, melons, squash; build kivas, underground ceremonial rooms
Eastern Woodlands
• Tribes like Iroquois build villages in forests; farm, hunt, gather
• People develop woodworking tools, craft objects from wood
• Northeast rely on animals for food, clothing; Southeast, on farming

American History
8
LESSON 1
Native Americans Share Cultural Patterns
• Native American groups share patterns, methods of trade; attitudes towards land ownership
• Societies organized around families
Trading Networks
• Trade one of biggest factors in bringing tribes into contact
• Groups specialize in processing or making different products
• Traders on transcontinental network trade items from far-off places
Land Use
• Native Americans consider land the source of life, not to be sold
• Disturb it only for important reasons, like food gathering, farming
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
9
Native Americans Share Cultural Patterns (continued)
Religious Beliefs
• People believe nature is filled with spirits; ancestors guide people
• Some cultures believe in one supreme being
Social Organization
• Bonds of kinship, ties among relatives, ensure customs are passed on
• Division of labor—tasks by gender, age, status— creates social order
• Groups organized by families; some in clans with common ancestor

American History
10
West African Societies Around 1492
LESSON 2
West Africa in the 1400s was home to a variety of peoples and cultures.

American History
11
LESSON 2
West Africa Connect with the Wider World
• By the mid-1400s, trade between West Africa and the world increases
The Sahara Highway
• Trading network connects West Africa to North Africa, Europe, Asia
• Traders bring Islam; by 1200s court religion of Mali, later Songha
The Portuguese Arrive
• By 1470s, Portuguese have coastal outpost near Akan goldfields
• Direct trade creates closer relations with Europe
• Portuguese begin European trade in West African slaves
• First slaves work on plantations—large farms with single crop

American History
12
LESSON 2
Three African Kingdoms Flourish
• 1400s, trading kingdoms flourish in West Africa
Songhai
• In mid-1400s, Songhai controls Sahara trade; gains wealth, power
• Sunni Ali rules 1464–1492, conquers largest empire in area’s history
• Askia Muhammad is master organizer, devout Muslim, scholar
• Timbuktu again becomes great center of Islamic learning
• Songhai control savanna (dry grasslands), but not coastal rain forests
• Other kingdoms thrive in coastal rain forest
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
13
Three African Kingdoms Flourish (continued)
Benin
• Forest kingdoms trade with Songhai, North Africa, Portugal
• One kingdom, Benin, dominates large area around Niger Delta
• Oba, or ruler, controls trade, district chiefs, metal work
Kongo
• Kongo—many small kingdoms in rain forest, lower Zaire (Congo)
• Manikongo, or ruler, oversees empire of over 4 million people
• Kongo system of government very similar to that of European nations

American History
14
LESSON 2
West African Culture
• Most live in small villages, life revolves around family
• Cultural patterns later shape experiences of enslaved Africans in America
Family and Government
• Lineage—common descent—decides loyalty, inheritance, marriage
• Oldest relative controls family, represents family in group councils
• Group shares language, history, often territory; has one chief
Religion
• Rulers claim authority based on religion
• All things have spirits; ancestor spirits visit elders in dreams
• Most cultures believe in single creator; spirits do his work
• Christian, Muslim rule of not worshipping spirits source of conflict
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
15
West African Culture (continued)
Livelihood
• Make living from farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining, trading
• Land owned by family or village; individuals farm plots
• Rivers important source of water for crops and livestock
Use of Slave Labor
• Slaves are lowest social group; slavery not inherited or permanent
• Slaves freed through adoption by owners, marriage, other means

American History
16
European Societies Around 1492
LESSON 3
Political, economic, and intellectual developments in western Europe in the 1400s lead
to the Age of Exploration.

American History
17
LESSON 3
The European Social Order
• 1400s, most live in small villages
The Social Hierarchy
• Communities are organized according to social hierarchy or rank
• Monarchs, nobles have wealth, power; at top of hierarchy
• Majority are peasants, at bottom of hierarchy
• Artisans, merchants have social mobility
The Family in Society
• Life centers on nuclear family—parents and their children
• Men do field work, herd; women do child care, house work, field work

American History
18
LESSON 3
Christianity Shapes the European Outlook
• Roman Catholic Church dominates; pope, bishops make decisions
• Parish priests interpret scriptures, administer sacraments
Crusading Christianity
• Isabella, Ferdinand end reconquista, or reconquest, of Spain, 1492
• Crusades—Christian military expeditions to take Holy Land, 1096–1270
– spark increase in trade
– weaken power of European nobles
Decline in Church Authority
• Reformation—disputes over church practices, authority in the 1500s
• Europe divided between Catholicism and Protestantism

American History
19
LESSON 3
Changes Come to Europe
• Europeans suffer from natural disasters, plague, war; millions die
The Growth of Commerce and Population
• Italian city-states profit from trade with Asia, Middle East
• Population rebounds; stimulates commerce, growth of towns
• Urban middle class gains political power
The Rise of Nations
• Monarchs collect new taxes, raise armies, strengthen central governments
• Merchants accept taxes in exchange for protection, expanded trade
• Major European powers emerge: Portugal, Spain, France, England
– monarchs look for overseas wealth from trade and exploration
Continued…

American History
Lesson 3
20
Changes Come to Europe (continued)
The Renaissance
• Renaissance starts in Italy—interest in world, human achievement
• Investigate physical world; study arts, classics

American History
21
LESSON 3
Europe Enters a new Age of Expansion
• Marco Polo travels overland to China
• Expense, danger of overland route leads to search for alternative route
Sailing Technology
• Most ships stay within sight of land
• Navigation instruments and caravel encourage exploration
Portugal Takes the Lead
• Prince Henry of Portugal called “Henry the Navigator”
– founds sailing school
– sends Portuguese ships to explore west coast of Africa
• Traders sail around Africa via Indian Ocean; increase profit

American History
22
Transatlantic Encounters
LESSON 4
Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events that bring together the peoples of Europe,
Africa, and the Americas.

American History
23
LESSON 4
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
• On August 3, 1492, Columbus set out from Spain in an attempt to reach Asia by sailing west
First Encounters
• On October 12, 1492, Columbus’s fleet spots land
• Meets Taino—natives of Caribbean; renames their island San Salvador and claims it for Spain
Gold, Land, and Religion
• Columbus searches for gold, claims lands for Spain, plants crosses
• Explores small islands and coastlines of Cuba, Hispaniola
Spanish Footholds
• Columbus is convinced he has found the Indies; names inhabitants Indians
• Columbus leads 3 more voyages; takes soldiers, priests, colonists
• Spanish and others first occupy Caribbean island, then mainland

American History
24
LESSON 4
The Impact on Native Americans
• Taino resist Spanish control, but no defense against diseases
Methods of Colonization
• Colonization —establishing and controlling distant settlements
• Europeans force locals to work, dominate with sophisticated weapons
Resistance and Conquest
• 1493, inhabitants of St. Croix resist Spanish conquest, are defeated
• In the 1490s, Spanish put down rebellions on Hispaniola
Disease Ravages the Native Americans
• Native Americans have no natural immunity to European diseases
• Contagious diseases kill hundreds of thousands

American History
25
LESSON 4
The Slave Trade Begins
• As natives die of disease, Africans brought to work in colonies
• Demand for workers grows, price of slaves rises
– more Europeans join slave trade
– becomes essential to economic system
• African societies devastated; millions of people taken from Africa

American History
26
LESSON 4
The Impact on Europeans
• Monarchs see opportunity to increase wealth, influence
• Ordinary people see new economic, social opportunities
• Thousands of Europeans voluntarily migrate to America
The Columbian Exchange
• Columbian Exchange; transfer of plants, animals between hemispheres
National Rivalries
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides Western Hemisphere:
– lands west of imaginary line, most of Americas, belong to Spain
– lands east of line, including Brazil, belong to Portugal
• Treaty unenforceable; English, Dutch, French colonize Americas

American History
27
LESSON 4
A New Society Is Born
• Columbus returns to Spain (1504), disappointed did not find China
• People transformed as unfamiliar customs come together
• Impossible to impose European ways on others— blended society emerges

American History
28
Spain’s Empire in the Americas
LESSON 5
Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquer Central and portions of North
America.

American History
29
LESSON 5
The Spanish Claim a New Empire
• Conquistadors (conquerors)—Spanish explorers, seek gold, silver
Cortés Subdues the Aztec
• Hernándo Cortés leads army into Americas, claims land for Spain
• Aztec dominate region; Nahua people who resent Aztec join Cortés
• Montezuma thinks Cortés a god; gives him share of Aztec gold
• In 1520 Aztec rebel, but overcome by disease
– 1521, Spanish and their allies defeat weakened Aztecs
• Cortés founds Mexico City on Tenochtitlán ruins; plans New Spain colony
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
30
The Spanish Claim a New Empire (continued)
Spanish Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish settlers mostly men, called peninsulares; marry native women
• Mestizo—person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
• Spanish landlords use encomienda—force natives to farm, ranch, mine
• Priests object, Spanish monarchy abolishes encomienda; Africans brought as slaves

American History
31
LESSON 5
The Conquistadors Push North
• Spain explores the South east and Southwest
– looking for new conquests, gold
– protect their claims from European rivals
Exploring Florida and the Southeast
• 1513, Juan Ponce de León discovers and names La Florida
• French settle near present day Jacksonville
• 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés expels French, founds St. Augustine
• 1539–1542, De Soto explores the Southeast as far as Mississippi River
Settling the Southwest
• In 1540, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado leads expedition to Southwest
• Pedro de Peralta, governor of New Mexico, Spain’s northern holdings
• 1609–1610, Peralta helps found Santa Fe, several missions to spread Catholic religion

American History
32
LESSON 5
Resistance to the Spanish
• Spain explores the South east and Southwest
Conflict in New Mexico
• Priests convert many Native Americans; Spanish try to suppress their culture
• 1670s, Spanish force natives to pay tribute, do labor for missions
Popé’s Rebellion
• 1680, Pueblo religious leader Popé heads uprising in New Mexico
• Pueblo destroy Spanish churches, execute priests, force Spanish out
– Spanish regain area 14 years later
Other Nations Explore
• 1500s, Catholic Spain, Protestant England go to war; Spanish Armada destroyed
– ends Spain’s naval dominance
• France, England, Netherlands begin establishing colonies in the Americas

American History
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes.
Click the HOME or EXIT button.
33

Teacher Notes MODULE 1.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Teacher Notes MODULE 1.pptx

Similar to Teacher Notes MODULE 1.pptx (20)

More from International advisers

More from International advisers (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Teacher Notes MODULE 1.pptx