Mnemonics are memory tools that help remember information more easily. A mnemonic is a phrase, song, or other memorable item that represents things that are difficult to remember. The document provides examples of mnemonics used to remember signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, and other important information related to various medical conditions and topics.
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Mnemonics for Medical Conditions
1.
2.
3. MNEMONICS
• The study and development of systems for
improving and assisting the memory.
• A Mnemonic is something which we can use
to remember things much easier. As is often
the case, it could be a phrase, a short song, or
something that is quite easily remembered,
that we use to remember something that
would otherwise be difficult to remember.
155. • Malaria Common early symptoms
Mnemonic: Heard A Mosquito
• H- Headache
• A- Anorexia
• M- Myalgia/Malaise
• Common later symptoms
• Mnemonic: Feel Rather Cold
• F- Fever (peaks every third day, i.e. tertian)
• R- Rigors
• C- Chills
157. • Leprosy Clinical presentation Mnemonic:
LEProsy
• L- Loss of sensation in affected skin/Loss of
function (paralysis)
• E- Enlargement of affected superficial nerves
(tender too)
• P- Positive identification of M. leprae under
microscope
158. • Migraine Features
Mnemonic: EAT FUN
• E- Episodic
• A- Aura – zigzag lines
• T- Throbbing headache
• F- Family history/F(p)hoto-phobia
• U- Unilateral
• N- Nausea and vomiting
160. • Schizophrenia and delusional disorders Positive
symptoms (sometimes called type I
schizophrenic symptoms)
Mnemonic: THREAD
• T- Thinking may become disturbed, neologism
usage
• H- Hallucinations may occur, usually auditory
• R- Reduced contact with reality, the natural
barrier between subjective and objective
deteriorates
• E- Emotional control may be disturbed with
inappropriate laughter or anger (incongruous
affect)
• A- Arousal may lead to worsening of symptoms
• D- Delusions may occur
161. • Mood (affective) disorders Symptoms of
depression
Mnemonic: SLUMP
• S- Suicidal ideation or plans
• L- Lack of: interest, enjoyment (anhedonia),
energy, appetite or libido
• U- Unworthiness
• M- Early Morning waking
• P- Poor concentration/Psychomotor
retardation or agitation
162. • Clinical presentation of chronic renal failure
Mnemonic: RESIN & 8 Pʼs
• R- Retinopathy
• E- Excoriations (scratch marks)
• S- Skin is yellow
• I- Increased blood pressure
• N- Nails are brown
• P- Pallor
• P- Purpura and bruises
• P- Pericarditis and cardiomegaly
• P- Pleural effusions
• P- Pulmonary oedema
• P- Peripheral oedema
• P- Proximal myopathy
• P- Peripheral neuropathy
163. • Risk factors of asthma
Mnemonic: FEAR UP
• F- Family history
• E- Eczema
• A- Acid reflux
• R- Rhinitis (allergic)
• U- Urticaria
• P- Polyps (nasal)
164. • History of asthma
Mnemonic: WIND
• W- Wheeze
• I- Interferes with schooling, exercise, sleep
and work
• N- Nocturnal cough, or early morning cough
• D- Dyspnoea
165. • Management, Advanced Life Support (ALS)
Mnemonic: CDE (with A after every step)
• C- Cardiac monitor and defibrillator should be
attached to the patient
• A- Assess rhythm and pulse
• D- Defibrillate x 3 if VF or pulseless VT, CPR for
1 min
• A- Assess rhythm and pulse
• E- EMD (no cardiac output despite ECG
showing electrical activity) or asystole
warrants CPR for 3 min
• A- Assess rhythm and pulse
166. • Infestations Clinical presentation of impetigo
Mnemonic: IMPETIGO
• I- Infection with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pyogenes or both
• M- Mostly in young children
• P- Particularly around nose and surrounding parts of
face
• E- Erythematous base with honey-coloured crusts
• T- Treat with Topical antibiotic such as fusidic acid for
localized lesions
• I- Individuals are highly contagious from skin-to-skin
contact; Improve hygiene; do not share towels
• G- Gram stain and culture of swab diagnostic
• O -Oral flucloxacillin required for widespread impetigo
167. • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Features of
ulcerative colitis
Mnemonic: ULCERS IN Abdomen
• U- Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal)
• L- Large intestine (rectum always involved. May
extend proximally to involve entire colon)
• C- Clubbing
• E- Extra-intestinal manifestations
• R- Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps)
• S- Stools bloody
• I- Inflamed, red, granular mucosa and sub
mucosa
• N- Neutrophil invasion
• A- Abscesses in crypts
168. • Pneumonia: risk factors INSPIRATION:
Immunosuppression
Neoplasia
Secretion retention
Pulmonary oedema
Impaired alveolar macrophages
RTI (prior)
Antibiotics and cytotoxics
Tracheal instrumentation
IV dug abuse
Other (general debility, immobility)
Neurologic impairment of cough reflex, (eg NMJ
disorders)
169. • Hypoglycaemia: causes "How
to EXPLAIN hypoglycemia":
EXogenous drugs (insulin, oral hypoglycemics,
alcohol, pentamidine,
quinine, quinolones)
Pituitary insufficency (no GH or cortisol)
Liver failure (no glycogen stores)
Adrenal failure (no cortisol)
Insulinomas/ Immune hypoglycemia
Non-pancreatic neoplasms (retroperitoneal
sarcoma)
170. • Asthma: precipitating factors for acute
attack DIPLOMAT:
Drugs (aspirin, NSAIDs, beta blockers, etc)
Infections (URTI/LRTI)
Pollutants (at home, at work)
Laughter(emotion)
Oesophageal reflux (nocturnal asthma)
Mites
Activity and exercise
Temperature (cold)
171. • Strep throat score NO FACE:
NO cough: no cough is +1
Fever: has fever is +1
Age: less than 5 years is -1, 15-45 years is 0,
greater than 45 years is
+1
Cervical nodes: cervical nodes palpable is +1
Exudate: tonsillar exudate is +1
· Scoring interpretation:
Score 0-1: no strep throat.
Score 1-3: possible strep throat, do a swab test.
Score 4-5: strep throat is likely, so treat
empirically.
172. • Strep throat score NO FACE:
NO cough: no cough is +1
Fever: has fever is +1
Age: less than 5 years is -1, 15-45 years is 0,
greater than 45 years is
+1
Cervical nodes: cervical nodes palpable is +1
Exudate: tonsillar exudate is +1
· Scoring interpretation:
Score 0-1: no strep throat.
Score 1-3: possible strep throat, do a swab test.
Score 4-5: strep throat is likely, so treat
empirically.
196. • Status epilepticus:
treatment "Thank Goodness
All Cerebral Bursts Dissipate":
Thiamine
Glucose
Ativan
Cerebyx
Barbiturate
Diprivan
197. • Stroke: young patient's likely causes 7 C's:
Cocaine
Consanguinity [familial such as
neurofibromatosis and von Hippel-Lindau]
Cancer
Cardiogenic embol
hyperCoagulation
CNS infection [eg: HIV conditions]
Congenital arterial lesion
198. • Encephalitis: differential HE'S LATIN AMERICAN:
Herpesviridae
Enteroviridae (esp. Polio)
Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions)
Syphilis
Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis
Aspergillus
Toxoplasmosis
Intracranial pressure
Neisseria meningitidis
Arboviridae
Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor
E. coli
Rabies/ Rubella
Idiopathic
Cryptococcus/ Candida
Abscess
Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis
· Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin American
immigrant
patient unless proven otherwise.
199. • Cranial nerves "One Octopus Offered
Two Toddlers And Five Virgins Great Valium
And Hash":
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
V>estibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accesory
Hypoglossal