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HIV/AIDS Facts and Prevention
- 1. “HIV/AIDS SOURAB KOSEY, ISFCP MOGA, PUNJAB 09-04-2020 ISF College of Pharmacy, MOGA 1
- 2. FACT FILES World AIDS Day, designated on 1 December every year since 1988, is an international day dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection and mourning those who have died of the disease. Date: 1ST DECEMBER Observed by: All UN Member States Frequency: Annual
- 3. What is HIV? Human Immunodeficiency Virus • “HIV is a virus spread through body fluids that affects specific cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, or T cells”. • HIV kills the body’s CD4 cells (T cells) and damages the immune system. • HIV replicates inside the human body. It must invade a healthy cell in the body to survive. • HIV-1 and HIV-2 TYPES There is NO cure, but there is treatment.
- 4. What is AIDS? • AIDS is a late stage of the HIV infection • Once diagnosed, body has hard time fighting disease and certain cancers. • NO cure for AIDS, but there is treatment Positive HIV Test + Very low CD4 count (<200 cells) OR presence of specific cancers or infections = AIDS
- 5. Four Stages of HIV Stage 1 - Primary •Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks after infection • no symptoms at all • Infected person can infect other people
- 6. Stage 2 - Asymptomatic • Lasts for an average of ten years • This stage is free from symptoms • There may be swollen glands • The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels • HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
- 7. Stage 3 - Symptomatic • The symptoms are mild • The immune system deteriorates • emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers
- 8. Stage 4 - HIV AIDS • The immune system weakens • The illnesses become more severe leading to an AIDS diagnosis
- 9. HIV IS FOUND IN BODY FLUIDS • Semen (वीर्य) • Breast milk (स्तन का दूध) • Blood (रक्त) • Vaginal fluid (र्ोनन तरल पदार्य)
- 10. How HIV is passed on? During unprotected (skin to skin) sex (anal, vaginal or oral) Contact with HIV infected blood or blood products Sharing IV drug needles of HIV positive people From HIV positive mother to child During breast feeding
- 11. • Acquired: To come into possession of something new • Immune Deficiency: Decrease or weakness in the body’s ability to fight off infections and illnesses • Syndrome: A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality What is AIDS?
- 12. How is HIV Spread? HIV is passed from person to person through the exchange of bodily fluids. 3 Main Ways: 1. Unprotected sex with people living with HIV (vaginal, oral, or anal) 2. Blood to blood contact 3. Exposure to HIV before or during birth or through breastfeeding
- 13. How is HIV Transmitted? • Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner • Exposure of broken skin or wound to infected blood or body fluids • Transfusion with HIV- infected blood • Injection with contaminated objects • Mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding
- 14. Modes of HIV/AIDS Transmission
- 15. Through IV Drug Use • Sharing Needles – Without sterilization • Increases the chances of contracting HIV
- 16. Through Sex • Intercourse (penile penetration into the vagina) • Oral • Anal • Digital Sex
- 17. Mother-to-Baby • Before Birth • During Birth • Postpartum – After the birth
- 18. Testing Options for HIV Anonymous Testing •No name is used •Unique identifying number •Results issued only to test recipient 23659874515 Anonymous Confidential Testing •Person’s name is recorded along with HIV results •Name and positive results are reported to the State Department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention •Results issued only to test recipient
- 19. Blood Detection Tests • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) • Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) • Radio Immuno precipitation Assay (RIP) • Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Assay (IFA) • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • Western Blot Confirmatory test
- 20. Urine Testing • Urine Western Blot – As sensitive as testing blood – Safe way to screen for HIV – Can cause false positives in certain people at high risk for HIV
- 21. Oral Testing • Orasure – The only FDA approved HIV antibody. – As accurate as blood testing – Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue. – NOT A SALIVA TEST!
- 22. Counseling
- 23. Pre-test Counseling • Transmission • Prevention • Risk Factors • Voluntary & Confidential • Reportability of Positive Test Results
- 24. Post-test Counseling • Clarifies test results • Need for additional testing • Promotion of safe behavior • Release of results
- 26. Antiretroviral Drugs • Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors – AZT (Zidovudine) • Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors – Viramune (Nevirapine) • Protease inhibitors – Norvir (Ritonavir)
- 27. Opportunistic Infection Treatment • Issued in an event where antiretroviral drugs are not available
- 28. Four ways to protect yourself? • Abstinence (परहेज़) • Monogamous Relationship (एकल संबंध ) • Protected Sex (सुरक्षित संभोग) • Sterile needles (बााँझ सुई)
- 29. Abstinence • It is the only 100 % effective method of not acquiring HIV/AIDS. • Refraining from sexual contact: oral, anal, or vaginal. • Refraining from intravenous drug use
- 30. Monogamous relationship • A mutually monogamous (only one sex partner) relationship with a person who is not infected with HIV • HIV testing before intercourse is necessary to prove your partner is not infected
- 31. Protected Sex • Use condoms (female or male) every time you have sex (vaginal or anal) • Always use latex or polyurethane condom (not a natural skin condom) • Always use a latex barrier during oral sex
- 32. When Using A Condom Remember To: • Make sure the package is not expired • Make sure to check the package for damages • Do not open the package with your teeth for risk of tearing • Never use the condom more than once • Use water-based rather than oil-based condoms
- 33. Sterile Needles • If a needle/syringe or cooker is shared, it must be disinfected: – Fill the syringe with undiluted bleach and wait at least 30 seconds. – thoroughly rinse with water – Do this between each person’s use
- 34. Needle Exchange Program • Non-profit Organization, which provides sterile needles in exchange for contaminated ones
- 35. Female Condoms • Worn inside the vagina or anus • Thicker, more tear- resistant • Always latex-free • Wider opening covers more pelvic area Dental Dams • Used for oral sex • Could make your own dental dam More Protection
- 36. Window Period • When a person gets infected it may take 6 weeks or up to 3 months before antibodies to HIV are detected in the blood • The HIV test looks for antibodies. When these antibodies are detected the person is diagnosed HIV positive • A person can be positive and the test shows negative because the test was done during the window period
- 37. Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS • Bacterial – Tuberculosis (TB) – Strep pneumonia • Parasitic – Pneumocystis carinii • Fungal – Candida – Cryptococcus • Viral – Kaposi Sarcoma – Herpes – Influenza (flu)
- 44. Prevention Talk with partner about HIV Use a condom with your regular and non-regular clients, and partners every time you have sex Reduce the number of main partners Get tested. Know your status
- 45. Who is most at risk for HIV? Anybody having sex without a condom. People with more than 1 partner who don’t use a condom during sex People whose sex partner have sex with other partners without using a condom
- 46. How You DON’T Get HIV You CANNOT get HIV by hugging, touching, living with or caring for someone with HIV, shaking hands or kissing. You CANNOT get HIV from eating out of the same plate or cup or utensils that an HIV positive person uses.
- 47. 1. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatIshiv.html 2. http://dhrpc.org/default/?LinkServID=B6FBEB7F-FFAA-C33A-42581F45E8662679 3. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/basics/ataglance.html 4. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.html 5. http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/top-10-myths-misconceptions-about-hiv-aids 6. http://www.hpb.gov.sg/HOPPortal/health-article/6260 7. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/20/50/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv 8. https://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/how-you-get-hiv-aids/ 9. http://americanpregnancy.org/preventing-pregnancy/pregnancy-myths/ 10. http://www.catie.ca/en/pif/fall-2014/getting-bottom-it-anal-sex-rectal-fluid-and-hiv-transmission 11. www.cdc.gov/hiv/ppt/statistics_surveillance_epi-hiv-infection.pptx 12. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html 13. http://www.sfaf.org/hiv-info/testing/hiv-test-window-periods.html 14. https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/staying-healthy-with-hiv-aids/potential-related-health-problems/opportunistic-infections/ 15. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/ongoing/costeffectiveness/ 16. http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/brief.html 17. http://stophiv.org/hp_joomla_15/index.php/prevention/needlessyringes.html 18.https://www.ghc.org/healthAndWellness/?item=/common/healthAndWellness/conditions/std/hivTests.html 19. http://www.avert.org/condom-use-types-sizes.htm 20. http:///advocatesaz.org/2012/05/02/allergic-to-latex-you-can-still-have-safer-sex 21. http://www.ashasexualhealth.org/sexual-health/all-about-condoms/ 22. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/female-condom 23. http://www.nakedtruth.idaho.gov/dental-dams.aspx • http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/aids/diagnosis.html • http://www.grayingofaids.org/modes-of-transmission/ • https://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/how-you-get-hiv-aids/ • http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html • http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/tc/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-what-happens • https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/just-diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/understand-your-test-results/cd4-count/index.html • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm • http://opi.mt.gov/pdf/hived/faqs.pdf • http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/index.html • https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/just-diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/treatment-options/overview-of-hiv-treatments/ • https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/21/51/hiv-treatment--the-basics • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004002.htm Resources
- 48. QUERIES ???????
Editor's Notes
- *add animation* The letter “H” stands for human. -HIV is a retrovirus meaning it cannot reproduce outside of the human body. -To cause infection, HIV must be able to reproduce and survive. “I” is for Immunodeficiency which refers to an unhealthy immune system which is the body’s natural defense against rare infections and diseases. “V” is for virus. There are viruses that enter the body, stay for awhile then eventually go away like cold or flu viruses. However, HIV does not go away. There is treatment but no cure. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS HIV attacks/hijacks the immune system, which protects the body from infection (why so dangerous) HIV virus locates & destroys CD4 or T cells-white blood cells that help fight disease. The virus takes over the cell using it to replicate itself.
- “A” stands for acquired. HIV does not run in families like diabetes and heart disease (not hereditary). Outside of perinatal (mother to baby) transmission, HIV has to initially enter the body through some external method. “I’ represents the body’s immune system that works to protect the body from infection. “D” refers to a defect in the immune system that causes it not to function properly. “S” stands for syndrome. -If you control or redirect behavior that places you at risk for HIV, AIDs is a preventable disease.- 1st bulletpoint: AIDS is a marker for how far the HIV infection has advanced 2nd bulletpoint: immune system is so weakened, the body is vulnerable and has a hard time fighting disease or certain cancers Diagnosis explanation: Only a medical doctor can diagnose someone with AIDS. For example, when a person takes a test for HIV, the test searches for HIV antibodies. Therefore, a positive result means that person is HIV positive. It is not a diagnosis of AIDS. In order for a doctor to make an AIDS diagnosis, two things must be present: a positive HIV test and presence of an indicator disease or a CD4/T cell count of less than 200. *If questions asked about specific cancers or infections* Presence of specific cancers or infections: (one or more of these) ◦Candidiasis of bronchi, esophagus, trachea or lungs ◦Cervical cancer that is invasive ◦Coccidioidomycosis that has spread ◦Cryptococcosis that is affecting the body outside the lungs ◦Cryptosporidiosis affecting the intestines and lasting more than a month ◦Cytomegalovirus disease outside of the liver, spleen or lymph nodes ◦Cytomegalovirus retinitis that occurs with vision loss ◦Encephalopathy that is HIV-related ◦Herpes simplex including ulcers lasting more than a month or bronchitis, pneumonitis or esophagitis ◦Histoplasmosis that has spread ◦Isosporiasis affecting the intestines and lasting more than a month ◦Kaposi's sarcoma ◦Lymphoma that is Burkitt type, immunoblastic or that is primary and affects the brain or central nervous system ◦Mycobacterium avium complex or disease caused by M kansasii ◦Mycobacterium tuberculosis in or outside the lungs ◦Other species of mycobacterium that has spread ◦Pneumocystis jiroveci, formerly called carinii, pneumonia ◦Pneumonia that is recurrent ◦Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ◦Salmonella septicemia that is recurrent ◦Toxoplasmosis of the brain, also called encephalitis ◦Wasting syndrome caused by HIV infection
- 1. Anal sex is the activity that has the highest form of sexual transmission for HIV. This is due to a tighter, thinner lining of the anus. Vaginal sex is next and oral sex carries the least amount of risk of the three (remind group that it is not who you are but what you do that places you at risk for HIV). Both men and women engage in anal sex. It is important that young people know that oral sex, although it’s less risky and does not cause pregnancy, can still place them at risk for many STDs including HIV. 2. Sharing needles fall under blood to blood transmission due to the fact that when someone inserts a needle into his or her veins, small amounts of blood is drawn into the syringe. When that same needle is used on another person, the blood is mixed. When shooting up a drug like heroine, transmission can also occur with “works” ( the spoon, bucket of water and cotton ball that is used while injecting and sharing the drug) 3. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is the spread of HIV from an HIV-infected woman to her child during pregnancy, childbirth (also called labor and delivery), or breastfeeding. It is the most common way that children become infected with HIV. Pregnant women with HIV receive HIV medicines during pregnancy and childbirth to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. In some situations, a woman with HIV may have a scheduled cesarean delivery (C-section) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Babies born to women with HIV receive HIV medicine for 6 weeks after birth. The HIV medicine reduces the risk of infection from any HIV that that may have entered a baby’s body during childbirth. Because HIV can be transmitted in breast milk, women with HIV living should not breastfeed their babies. Baby formula is a safe and healthy alternative to breast milk. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends that all pregnant women get tested for HIV as early as possible in each pregnancy.
- Female Condoms: A pouch used during vaginal or anal intercourse to prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of STDs (collects pre-cum and semen when a man ejaculates). It has flexible rings at each end. Before intercourse it is inserted deep into the vagina or anus (without interior ring). The ring at the closed end holds the pouch in the vagina. The ring at the open end stays outside the vaginal opening during intercourse. Note: For anal sex, remove the interior ring meant for the cervix. Female condom only FDA approved for vaginal sex (not anal) Female condoms may be worn for up to 8 hours before intercourse. To insert a female condom: 1. Put spermicide or lubricant on the outside of the closed end. 2. Find a comfortable position. You can stand with one foot on a chair, sit on the edge of a chair, lie down, or squat. 3. Squeeze together the sides of the inner ring at the closed end of the condom and insert it into the vagina like a tampon. 4. Push the inner ring into the vagina as far as it can go — until it reaches the cervix. 5. Pull out your finger and let the outer ring hang about an inch outside the vagina. To remove a female condom: 1. Squeeze and twist the outer ring to keep semen inside the pouch. 2. Gently pull it out of the vagina or anus. 3. Throw it away. Do not flush it down the toilet. When used correctly all of the time, female condoms are 95% effective. Where to purchase female condoms: Some supermarkets/drugstores (online) Sexual health centers On-line Adult stores (18+) Dental Dams: Dental dams are small, thin, square pieces of latex that are used for oral-vaginal or oral-anal sex. They get their name from their use in dental procedures. Dental dams prevent STDs during oral sex by keeping vaginal and anal fluids that contain bacteria and viruses away from the mouth. They come in a variety of sizes and flavors . When you use the dental dam, be sure to ONLY use one side. Don't flip the dam over for another round because you will expose yourself to the very fluids you're trying to avoid! And do not re-use a dam on another body part (e.g. from anus to vulva or vice-versa) because you can transfer germs from one body area to another. Do not re-use a dam for another act of oral sex later on either. Dams are for one-time use only. Note: If you don’t have a dental dam you can make one out of a male or female condom, latex glove, or non-microwavable plastic wrap. To make a dental dam out of a condom, simply cut off the tip and cut down one side. To make a dental dam out of a latex glove, cut off the finger and cut down one side. If using plastic wrap, it is important that it be non-microwavable because the pores in microwaveable plastic wrap are large enough to allow viruses and bacteria to pass through. Where to buy dental dams: Some drugstores Sexual health centers Online