Calcium

Calcium
This assignment aims to investigate the importance of Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the
human body (NHS Choices), which was also one of the first minerals discovered to be essential to
the diet (Strain and Cashman, 2009). Calcium is a well–known mineral; its importance is continually
emphasised through advertising and public health publications. The relationship between dairy and
Calcium is appreciated by most people and there is a general understanding that calcium is linked to
bones. Phillips (2009) states: "Most people know that milk and dairy products are excellent sources
of easily absorbed calcium." The selling point of many dairy products, particularly those aimed at
children, is the association of calcium with strong bones, for example, Petis Filous has the slogan
"Made with calcium and vitamin D to help bones grow stronger" (Petis Filous). The focus of this
essay will be the structure and function of calcium, where it can be obtained from diet, toxicity,
deficiency and relationship with vitamin D.
The group 2 metal makes up 4.1% of the Earth's crust, making it the fifth most abundant metal, and
it can only be found in compounds, such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and calcium
fluoride (Royal Society of Chemistry). In the body, calcium exists as calcium phosphate to provide
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Osteoporosis is described by the NHS as "a condition that weakens bones" and is fairly common,
affecting roughly 3 million, with more than 300,000 people receiving treatment each year. Fractures
are extremely common as the weakened bones are more susceptible to damage, even coughing may
cause vertebral damage. Osteoporosis can be classified as type I or II, "both type I and type II
osteoporosis occur through an imbalance between total skeletal bone formation and bone resorption
which is sustained over many years" (Theobald, 2005), and are related to a lack of vitamin
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Calcium Supplements Are Important For The Maintenance Of...
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is crucial for the maintenance of strong bones
and teeth. You need calcium not only to maintain a healthy bone density, but also to maintain a
healthy lifestyle. Calcium can come from food sources, such as milk, low–fat yogurt, and sardines,
or from dietary supplements found at your local pharmacy. Does this mean that it would be okay to
stop buying those calcium rich gallons of milk, put down the low–fat yogurt, and stock up on
calcium supplements instead? Do calcium supplements provide as much calcium as other food
sources would? Are there risks to taking calcium supplements in the long run? What are doctors and
medical professionals saying about all of this? Let's first take a look at what exactly calcium
supplements are and what they are comprised of. The two main forms of calcium dietary
supplements are calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. Other forms include calcium fumarate and
calcium gluconate although these are not normally a popular choice for calcium supplementation.
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance
found mainly in rocks all around the world as well as the shells of marine animals, pearls, and egg
shells. Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is an odorless white powder known for its
sour taste. Calcium carbonate contains the most percentage of calcium (40%) while calcium citrate
contains a lesser amount of calcium (20%). Therefore, if

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Calcium Phosphate Tablets
Calcium– Phosphate Ceramics (CPC)
Calcium phosphate ceramics are a type of ceramics with varying calcium–to–phosphate ratio, the
important properties of calcium phosphate biomaterials are their bioresorption and bioactivity. The
most widely used calcium phosphate based bioceramics are hydroxyapatite (HAP) and β–tricalcium
phosphate (β–TCP).
Synthetic Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate whose stoichiometric formula corresponds to
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 with calcium–to–phosphate ratio is 1.67, it is the most stable phase of various
calcium phosphates. It is stable in body fluid and in dry or moist air up to 1200°C and does not
decompose and has shown to be bioactive due to its resorbable nature. It is similar to bone mineral
and is widely used as a filler, spacer and bone graft substitute. Synthetic Hydroxyapatite can be
prepared in either dense or macroporous forms. Porous HA is osteoconductive (The phenomenon of
new bone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A disadvantage of bioactive glasses is that theygenerally possess low fracture toughness values and
hence poor mechanical strength, especially in porous form. This leads to limited applications in
load–bearing situations. An early significant modification of the heat treatment to form crystalline
particles in a bioactive glass matrix led to the development of apatite/wollastonite (A/W), Ceravital
and Bioverit glass–ceramics, all of which come under class A bioactive materials. The A/W glass–
ceramic is produced by partially crystallising the glass matrix that occurs after prolonged heating of
the bioactive glass, to promote nucleation of crystallisation. A/W glass– ceramics show higher
bending strength than bioactive glasses due to the assembly of apatite phases reinforced by ß–
wolastonite (CaSiO3), which is believed to be the reason for the increased fracture toughness that
makes it a better match to bone for load bearing

Hardness Of Water For A Given Stock Solution Of Calcium...
HARDNESS OF WATER
Student Name: Gaurav Shriyan
Student ID.: 2275658
Group Name: A1
Date of Experiment: 26th April 2016
Introduction:
Hard water can be defined as water that contains minerals like calcium and magnesium in it. Some
household tap water is supplied with a mix of hard water. The easiest way to determine whether the
water is hard is to use a detergent. Hard water creates less lather compared to normal soft water.
This experiment aims to find the hardness of tap water with the help of a given stock solution of
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3(aq)) and liquid detergent. We will take three dilution of the stock
solution as a base to find the bubble height, plot them on a graph and get a linear equation of y = mx
+ c. Using this equation we will find the concentration of the given tap water. Finally, we will do the
error analysis and conclude the experiment.
Materials and Method:
Materials used for the experiment are as follows:
Stock calcium carbonate solution (CaCO3(aq))
Deionised water
Tap water
Liquid detergent
Boiling tubes
Boiling tube rack
Graduated cylinders
Glass marking pencil
Stoppers
Pipettes
Method:
In this experiment, we first prepared three dilution of the calcium carbonate solution
(CaCO3(aq))with a concentration of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 in different graduated cylinder. Each dilution
had two samples of 20ml each. Hence, each dilution had two test results and their average is counted

as the final result.
The dilution

Investigating The Three Hormones Involved During The...
"Identify and discuss the three hormones involved in the regulation of plasma calcium
concentrations. Explain why it is misleading to state that calcitonin lowers the plasma calcium
concentration."
Calcium circulates in the plasma in three different forms: ionized calcium, protein–bound calcium
and in complexes formed with anions found in the blood. Although ionized calcium accounts for
only half of the circulating levels of calcium, it is essential for several important cell functions, such
as muscular contraction, cellular signalling, exocytosis and bone composition. Therefore, it is
necessary that the concentration of the ion in the blood stream is kept within a considerably strict
range.
Besides the dietary calcium intake, the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to its hydrophilic nature, the hormone produces its effects by binding to a surface receptor on
target cells, PTH1R, which is coupled to G protein, triggering the cAMP pathway. By doing that,
PTH exerts rapid effects by stimulating calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, elevating resorption of
skeletal hydroxyapatite by osteoclasts and indirectly increasing intestinal calcium uptake by
promoting calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys by upregulating the activity of cytochrome P450
hydroxylases. Interestingly, it also stimulates osteoblasts to release RANKL molecules, which
indirectly results in an increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Moreover, PTH secretion induces a
higher excretion of phosphate ions in the urine, recruiting part of the calcium that is bound to anions
in the blood.
Another hormone involved in the regulation of calcium levels is calcitriol. Differently from the other
two hormones discussed in this text, vitamin D, as it is also known, is a hydrophobic peptide
hormone and thus acts via its nuclear receptor (VDR) in a slower, steroid–like mechanism. By
activating its receptor, this hormone regulates gene promotion via nuclear response elements
(VDRE). This way, vitamin D stimulates the upregulation of calcium transporters in the
gastrointestinal tract, resulting in an increase in plasma calcium levels by raising the ion uptake.
Moreover, it also induces a higher renal reabsorption of calcium and promotes bone resorption,
increasing

Calcium Homeostasis Essay
"Calcium Homeostasis"
Kayla Smith
Anatomy and Physiology I
BSC 1085C Ref# 82458
Calcium plays a very significant role in our bodies. Approximately 99 percent of the calcium in our
bodies is stored in the teeth and bones. Calcium generates about two percent of our total body
weight. Calcium is crucial in bone formation, keeping strong bones and teeth and is known for
helping to prevent osteoporosis. Although calcium is mostly thought about in the bones and teeth, it
also plays important roles throughout the body. The amount of calcium outside the bones and teeth
may be small in comparison to what is inside the bones and teeth, but is very useful in many
functions in the body. Calcium is required in functions such as the contraction ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Calcitriol moves to the nucleus of these cells and boost the role of proteins that carry calcium from
inside the small intestine to the blood. Calcitonin does the opposite of the parathyroid hormone and
vitamin D. While the parathyroid gland and vitamin D raise the calcium levels, calcitonin decreases
it. Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the C cell of the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium
levels by inhibiting bone resorption. (Lingohr–Smith, 2011). Having high and low levels of calcium
in the body affects the body differently. Hypercalcemia is the medical term for high blood calcium.
Having too much calcium in the body can lead to an increased risk of kidney stones, constipation,
nausea, and high blood pressure. People with hypercalcemia may also have stomach, muscle and
joint pain. Very severe hypercalcemia can cause symptoms of brain dysfunction such as confusion,
emotional disturbances, delirium, hallucinations, and coma. Irregularly low calcium levels in the
blood are known as hypocalcaemia. Your bones and teeth will begin to deteriorate because your
body takes the calcium that is stored in your bones to carry out the functions that are dependent on
calcium. Hypocalcaemia can cause fragile bones, brittle nails and can cause frequent muscle cramps.
It can also cause joint pain, and put you at risk for bone disease as you age. Low calcium levels can
put you at higher risks for high blood pressure or hypertension as well as poor

Bone Decay
Despite popular belief, bones can decay. Depending on numerous factors, the rate of decomposition
can be somewhere between a year to fifty years for the typical human corpse. For coroners and
medical examiners, information regarding bone decay is vital for identifying bones and the people
they belong to. If a body is unrecognizable, features of the bone are used to calculate the age range,
gender, ethnicity, and height to narrow down the possible candidates. For bone anthropologists, bone
is studied to determine what conditions may have been like for specific organisms. During this
process, bone is carefully studied for marks & abrasions, evidence of chemical or physical changes
in the bone, and the possible pressure applied to the bone while ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The function of all three help is to maintain calcium homeostasis and provide enough calcium to
effectively maintain bone strength. In an depth analysis on bone and bone structure; the dynamics of
calcium homeostasis are simplified; "When blood calcium levels decrease below normal, calcium is
released from the bones so that there will be an adequate supply for metabolic needs. When blood
calcium levels are increased, the excess calcium is stored in the bone matrix. The dynamic process
of releasing and storing calcium goes on almost continuously, and is carried out by different bone
cells" (Gray–Wilson & Wilkin, 2016, p. 9). Osteoblasts assist this calcium homeostasis by forming
into osteocytes when trapped in the bone matrix, and cause the under stimulation of the production
of osteoid. With less focus on the production osteoid, attention is directed to the production of
calcium and the directing of calcium into the blood where it is transported to provide for numerous
functions in various other systems of the body. When calcium levels begin to decrease again, the
cycle begins anew when osteoclasts break down the bone matrix to dissolve calcium

Calcium: Helping Our Nerves Function Essay
Calcium is primary found in bones and teeth (99%). However, the other 1% is directly related to
proper nerve functioning. Increased calcium results in nerve damage caused by nerve inflammation
(Yasko 20). As such, the proper balance of calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium ions
maintains muscle tone and controls nerve irritability. If the calcium levels remain unusually high, in
rare cases, "skeletal and membrane damage can also occur" (Ibid.).
Deficiency:
Scarce amounts of calcium in a short window of time do not affect or produce any obvious
symptoms. The buffer to this is the body's maintaining of calcium levels in the blood by taking it
from the skeletal (bone) system. Conversely, excess amounts of calcium are usually ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mineral is the most essential to calcium absorption in the body. Although studies are needed to
verify which calcium supplements interact with vitamin D the best when absorbed in the body, some
doctors prescribe a calcium lactate pill such as Tums to help with absorption. Vitamin D may also be
paired with magnesium for calcium balance and metabolism.
A second factor that affects the body's absorption of is the GI tract. In other words, diets low in
calcium (less than 400 mg a day) lead to enhanced calcium absorption because of a drop in calcium
concentrations. A third factor that affects absorption of calcium includes normal growth patterns,
pregnancy, and lactation. Younger children are known to absorb up to 60% of calcium, while adults
only retain about 30%.
Further, a fourth factor that can affect the body's absorption of calcium is the ingesting of food and
lactation. Studies have shown that both appear to improve overall calcium absorption, possibly by
improving solubility. For lactation specifically, the consequences on calcium diffusion...are thought
to be more pronounced in infants than in adults. The calcium content of milk is an easily gathered
source of calcium. A final factor that affects calcium absorption is general exercise. The more one
exercises, the greater amount of absorption can be expected, while less exercise certainly equal less
absorption.
Just as there are many factors that affect a

Reflection On Calcium
I have learned from the computer analysis project that my intake in calcium is low, and my intake in
sodium is high. My DRI reports showed me that I am receiving only 31% of the recommended daily
value for calcium intake. An appropriate amount of calcium is 1300 mg, but I consumed only 409
mg. My DRI reports also showed me that I consumed above the recommended range for sodium. A
deficiency of calcium has serious effects just as a toxicity of sodium does. After reviewing my
reports, I learned that I need to change my diet and be more cautious about the amounts of calcium
and sodium that I consume.
In nutrition class, I learned that calcium is a mineral that an individual needs in order to maintain
healthy bones. If an individual does not consume enough calcium than he or she is will be at risk of
osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a lack of calcium in bones which is a loss of total bone mass, not just
minerals. Bones become weak and very brittle. This leads to fractures of the weight–bearing bones,
such as those in the hips and spines. To prevent osteoporosis, I need to consume the daily
recommended value of calcium. Calcium is primarily found in dairy products such as cheese and
milk. Throughout September 30th to October 2nd, I did not consume enough dairy products. Out of
the 1300mg recommended value for calcium, I only consumed 409 mg. I ate American processed
cheese, scrambled eggs and mashed potato which were prepared with milk, but that was not enough
to meet the

Getting Enough Calcium through Food Essay example
The body's metabolism relies on minerals such as calcium to function properly. Calcium is not
produced in the body directly. Any food eaten is the sole source calcium, which makes up nearly
1.5% of a person's total body weight. However, despite traditional understanding, calcium is not just
found in dairy–related products. A variety of foods also provide calcium to the benefit of the body.
Both sources of calcium are detailed below.
Without a doubt, the best food sources of calcium include dairy products. Specifically, well–
purchased and well–known items such as milk, cheese, and yogurt provide nearly 100 to 400 mg of
calcium per cup of serving. Another popular choice is cottage cheese. One half–cup of low–fat
cottage cheese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Very few realize, though, that one does not have to only eat daily products to acquire the
recommended amounts of calcium. For instance,
Cooking and Storage: 2–4 paragraphs
The relationship between vitamin d and calcium is inextricably linked. Recent research has
discovered when calcium intake is too low, "vitamin D [triggers] a process in which stored calcium
is mobilized from the bones" (Holick) to help with bone healing and reformation. Vitamin D acts in
the body to replenish low amounts of calcium. The skeletal system and the digestive tract "can be
tapped when the blood calcium begins to fall...[and]...increase absorption of calcium from food
[and] lost in urine" (Sizer 243). In sum, regular amounts of calcium are essential to good health in
the body.
Unlike other minerals, calcium is considered to be a very stable mineral. Processes such as
"pasteurization, heating, or drying...does not reduce availability of calcium" (Ensminger and
Ensminger 301). The mineral remains intact, regardless whether it is in ice cream, a boiled pudding,
or a frozen dairy item. For milk to retain its high calcium makeup, it is best "stirred as it heats to
incorporate the calcium salts into the liquid" (Ibid.).
Cooking other calcium–rich food sources also must follow proper guidelines. For instance,
vegetables should be cooked by using "small amounts of water, by keeping the sizes of the pieces as
large as

Comparison Between Atomic Absorption And Flame Atomic...
The purpose of this experiment was to determine a series of external standards using Atomic
Absorption (AA) and Flame Atomic Emission (FEA) spectroscopy. The principles of Atomic
Absorption spectroscopy relies on the ability to distinguish one atom from another with great
sensitivity as explained in Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Daniel Harris1. Specifically, this high
precise determination can be achieved when specific wavelength of light is generated by a hollow–
cathode lamp. The light emitted by the lamp travels through the flame until it reaches the mixture of
neutral atoms. The electrons of the desired neutral atom gets excited to a certain energy level. As
they return to the ground state, the energy emitted in the form of photons is analyzed by the detector.
The photomultimeter tube (PMT) inside the detector amplifies the incoming photons into a cascade
of electrons, which then is read by the computer and converted it into a function of absorbance.
In contrast to the Atomic Absorption spectroscopy, the central theory of the Flame Atomic Emission
spectroscopy relies on the light emitted from the excited state population of neutral atom of
interest1. In other words, only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both samples were compared to investigate the matrix effect. Separately, six standard solutions
consisting of a constant potassium concentration and different calcium concentrations were prepared
and analyzed using AA and FEA spectroscopy. The reported absorbance from the emitted light for
each sample was used to build a calibration curve of calcium absorption versus calcium
concentration in parts per million (ppm). Next, three seawater samples with equivalent potassium
concentrations were prepared and analyzed by both AA and FEA spectroscopy. The absorbance and
emission results from the three seawater samples were used to determine the calcium concentration
in

Calcium And Phosphorus
Calcium and Phosphorus are the minerals that are vital to the bodies structure of building strong
bones and teeth. Our bodes need continuous supplies of both calcium and phosphorus as our bones
are continuously rebuilding and reforming. Our bodies use 99% of its calcium to keep your bones
and teeth strong and supports the structure of the skeletal frame and aids function. The remaining
1% of calcium intake is used by the body to support muscle contraction (in the heart) and helps
blood to clot, circulate ad plays key roles in the cell signalling and nerve function. The major source
to supply the body with calcium is from milk but also is found in dark leafy greens like broccoli and
spinach as well as some fish if the bones still remain, meats

Investigating the Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips...
Investigating the rate of reaction between Marble Chips (Calcium Carbonate) and hydrochloric acid
Aim.
In the investigation I am going to find out how the surface area affects the rate of reaction by
measuring the amount of gas produced and weight loss in a reaction between small/large pieces of
Marble
Chips (Calcium Carbonate) and Hydrochloric acid per minute.
Hypothesis.
The rate of reaction increases when the surface area of a solid reactant is increased. This happens
because by increasing the surface area we are also increasing the rate of collisions between the
particles. When there is more of the reactant to react with the reaction speeds up. Therefore, my
hypothesis is: the reaction will be faster when using small ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This increased the accuracy of the obtained results.
GRAPH
From the table of results and the graphs I can deduce that by increasing the surface area the rate at
which the gas was produced also increased. The line which represented the amount of gas given off
on the graph was steeper in the test using powder therefore the gas was produced at a faster rate.
Roughly the same amount of gas was produced in all tests. Therefore my hypothesis was correct.
Evaluation.
As I repeated the experiment 3 times and worked out the average rate of reaction in each test, I think
my results are quite reliable.
However, I could make further improvement by increasing the number of tests and taking the results
with a smaller gap such as 10 seconds instead of 20. I could also increase the amount of Calcium
Carbonate to more than 2g and keep the

Calcium Research Paper
Hi I'm Calcium I have 20 protons, 20 electrons, and 20 neutrons. My atomic number is 20 and my
atomic mass number is 40. My number of electrons in energy level is 20 and my energy level
number is 20. Also the period number I belong in for the periodic table is 4. The discovery name is
Humphry Davy and he was the one that made me. The year that I was discovered was 1808 and the
country they decided to discover me was in England. My element symbol is Ca. The representative
groups and family I belong in is 2, Alkaline and also the symbols of the other family members is Be,
Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra. I have 24 isotopes however, the most stable isotopes in calcium is Ca 42, Ca
44, Ca 46, and Ca 48. The type of element I am is a metal because calcium is a chemical. The state
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though calcium has been known for thousands years it wasn't purified and identified as an
element until 1808 by Humphrey Davy of England. Calcium isn't just used for making strong bones
it's also used to remove nonmetal from different metals mixes. Calcium compounds are most
commonly found in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, chalk, and marbles where I carbonate
minerals. I'm the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust and makes up more than 3% of the
crust. Calcium does not occur as the metal itself in nature, also calcium is found in various mineral.
My cost pure is 20 dollars. I react slowly in water because the calcium melt sinks in water and after
an hour it bubbles of hydrogen are stuck to the surface of the metal. I'm useful in the world because
I keep everyone strong and healthy. The rest of the calcium in your body plays key roles in cell
signaling, blood clotting, muscle contraction and nerve function. If calcium wasn't useful in our life
than none of us would be healthy and

the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and...
I am going to investigate the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. I
will look at the various factors affecting the reaction and select one variable to change, while the
others keep constant in order to carry out a deta...
Investigating Rate of Reaction
Aim
I am going to investigate the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. I
will look at the various factors affecting the reaction and select one variable to change, while the
others keep constant in order to carry out a detailed investigation.
Formulae
========
The formula for the chemical reaction is:
=========================================
CaCO3(s) + 2HCC(l) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chemical reactions will take place, as the energy the particles have will lead them to collide. As the
temperature rises, there are more collisions and reactions.
Concentration – Has a great effect on rate of reaction
======================================================
The diagram shows that there are very few particles, indicating a weak concentration. This results in
a low chance of chemical reactions occurring.
However, if the concentration was strengthened there would be a higher chance of collision and
reaction.
This diagram shows many particles, indicating a high concentration.
This has a high chance of chemical reaction, as there is little space to move without colliding with
another particle. This causes the high chance of collision and chemical reaction, and shows that the
higher the concentration, the more chemical reactions will take place.
Collision Theory

================
The two theories I have discussed both link in with the collision theory. – Ineffective Collision –
There is not enough energy to bring the two particles together, so they move away and there is no
collision.
– Effective Collision –
=======================
Here there is enough energy to bring the particles together and they collide. Higher Temperature =
More collisions and reactions = Faster Rate Of
Reaction

Bone Health
strength in the spine. Furthermore, any adjustment to increase physical activity during work or
leisure evokes change. For instance, one can choose to walk the stairs instead of the elevator.
Another great option is to walk to run errands closer–by rather than drive.
Furthermore, for mineral balance, Dr. Carolyn Dean, author of "Magnesium is crucial for bone
health", from Natural News.com recommends along with exercise to eat a diet lush with green
vegetables, nuts, and seeds and intake a magnesium diet supplement. According to author Tweed,
the top product selection for magnesium are Garden of life, relax and restore whole foods
magnesium, flordix magnesium liquid, and natural vitality natural bath. Many may not realize that
magnesium can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Goldschmidt explains that drugs used to treat osteoporosis bisphosphonates also has
corrosion components used in fertilizer and oil industries. Common drugs prescribed for
osteoporosis are Actonel®, Boniva®, Fosamax®, Reclast®, Aclasta®, Forteo®, Evista®,
Protelos®, Miacalcin®, Fortical® (Goldschmidt). Unfortunately, Goldschmidt believes physicians'
persuade patients to ingest drugs for personal interest. Additionally, Goldschmidt conveys
pharmaceutical companies have a monopoly on sales from scientific research and marketing.
According to Goldschmidt for every one dollar spent on research two dollars allocates to
advertising. Therefore, the consumer pays the price for drug advertising. Author Barbara Bushman
author of Complete Guide to Fitness & Health: Physical activity and nutrition guidelines for every
age share none of the drugs are 100% efficient. Additionally, Bushman affirms bisphosphonates may
reduce osteoporosis symptoms however safety is a concern over

Calcium Lab Report
Background Information
My mum constantly tells me how important calcium is and she is right. Calcium is an important
mineral for teeth and bone health. Not getting enough calcium can lead to getting osteoporosis and
so teens from 12–18 are recommended to have 1300 mg of calcium a day according to the Nutrition
Foundation NZ website (2014) . According to the Blue Diamond Almond Breeze website the
Unsweetened Blue Diamond Almond Breeze has 188 mg of calcium per 250 ml serving . According
to the Anchor website the Calci Plus milk has 190 mg of calcium in 100 ml and Blue Top Anchor
milk has 117 mg calcium in 100 ml . The anchor website also claims that one class of Calci Plus
milk can give you 50% of the calcium you need a day. I chose to test Almond Milk, Blue Top Milk
and Calci Plus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Make standard solutions before beginning titration:
1.1. EDTA solution (0.05mol 〖dm〗^(–3))
Measure 9.30g dried EDTA using electronic balance then pour into volumetric flask using funnel
then rinse weighing dish to ensure all EDTA is in the volumetric flask. Then top up until 500
〖cm〗^3
1.2. Standard calcium solution (approx. 0.05mol 〖dm〗^(–3))
Dissolve 2.5g dried calcium carbonate in 50〖cm〗^3 of (1mol 〖dm〗^(–3)) hydrochloric acid
then add distilled water to make it up to 500 〖cm〗^3.
1.3. Make Sodium hydroxide solution (1mol 〖dm〗^(–3))
Measure in a measuring cylinder 31.25 〖cm〗^3 (measured in 100 〖cm〗^3 measuring cylinder,
read at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus) of the 8mol (made by weighing 32g of solid
sodium hydroxide in 100〖 cm〗^3dissolved water) top up to 250 〖cm〗^3 using distilled water.
2.Back titrate to determine the calcium ion content in each sample of milk:
2.1. Pipette 10mL of milk and 20mL of EDTA solution into a 125mL conical flask and mix
thoroughly. Wait for the EDTA to complex with the calcium ions in the milk. Add 20mL of
〖1.0mol L〗^(–1) NaOH to the sample. Add 4 drops of hydroxyl napthol

Effect Of Concentration On The Rate Of Decomposition Of...
What affects reaction rate?
Aim:
To determine how different concentrations of hydrochloric acid will affect the rate of decomposition
of calcium carbonate.
Hypothesis:
That a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid will increase the rate of decomposition of calcium
carbonate.
Variables:
Variables
What we will measure:
We'll measure this by:
IV
The concentration of the hydrochloric acid
Different concentrations are provided
DV
The mass of carbon dioxide that is produced
Mass Loss Method
CV
Time, size of marble chips, temperature, amount of hydrochloric acid, weight of marble chips, same
scale
Materials:
1 x Stopwatch
1 x Balance Scale
1 x Spatula
6 x 100ml measuring cylinder
6 x 100ml Conical flask
1 x 50ml beaker
6 x 3g Marble Chips
2 x 6ml 0.5M HCl Acid
2 x 6ml 1M HCl Acid

2 x 6ml 2M HCl Acid
Diagram of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric acid
Method:
Gather one 100ml conical flask and place 3 grams of medium marble chips at the bottom of the
flask.
Measure the weight of the of the flask with the chips on the balance scale and record it down.
Prepare a stopwatch.
Pour 6ml of the 0.5M hydrochloric acid solution into the conical flask and start the stopwatch.
Measure the flask while the reaction is taking place every 30 seconds and record the mass down.
After 3 minutes, stop recording the mass of the flask.
Repeat this process again with the same materials.
Repeat the process again but use the 1M hydrochloric acid instead of the 0.5M

Determination of Calcium Ions in Milk Using Titration
Determination of Calcium ions in milk using titration.
Background Calcium is a mineral which is essential to the human body. In fact 1.5% of the human
body is made up of calcium, and not just the obvious uses such as bone and teeth formation but it is
also a vital factor in many enzyme reactions, for example blood clotting. It also partakes in the
regulation of the hearts rhythm. Lack of the crucial mineral can result in the build up of cadmium
and lead, both of which are toxic. along with causing rickets in children, osteomalacia and
osteoporosis. over 99% of the human bodies calcium is found in the bones whilst the remaining 1%
or so is found in the blood matrix. Calcium can be found in cereals fruits and vegetables ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then there are 1.09 x 10–2 moles of calcium per 100ml of milk.
So the amount of Ca in 100ml of milk is 109mg.
Below is the table for the result of the titrations using semi skimmed milk.

From these results we can see that the average titre volume is
4.6 + 4.75 + 4.70= 14.05/ 3 = 4.68
Therefore determination of the amount of moles of

Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized...
Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized individual according to a specific disease, age
and inadequate amounts of calcium or potassium higher or lower than normal value. Calcium
modifications are the results of to low or to high calcium levels. When calcium levels are to low
compromises in bone integrity will occur. Adults 50 years of age and older are encouraged to
increase calcium intake to help prevent osteoporosis. Patients with thyroid dysfunctions may
experience low hormone levels causing low calcium secretion. Kidney disease, liver disease and
pancreatitis also decrease the calcium level due to the effects of absorptions of vitamins and
minerals in the body. Patients that have a calcium deficiency are encouraged to ... Show more
Patients with renal failure, tissue destruction, adrenal gland disease and certain medication can
increase potassium levels in the body. High levels of potassium can lead to cardiac arrest. Potassium
rich food should be avoided until potassium levels return to normal. Medication such as a water pill
can be administered to remove excess potassium via the urinary track. High amounts of potassium
can lead to life threatening heart changes and intake of potassium should be stopped until potassium
is within normal range. Patient experiencing gastrointestinal loss, renal loss, and lake of intake
contribute to inadequate amount of potassium. A potassium rich diet will be recommended. Intake is
all individualized based on the patient. Food intake is recommended over supplements, and fruits
and vegetables are preferred due to the absorption rate. (Dudek, 2010) There is no recommended
dietary allowance for potassium intake but experts suggest that potassium intake of 4700mg/day
with food. Americans that have a higher consumptions of potassium incorporated in the diet delay
and even prevent high blood pressure. Special considerations for African Americans will be to be
placed on potassium rich diet do to the high prevalence of hypertension. Salt substitutes tend to very
high. Upon calcium and potassium modification each diet will be individualized based on the
preexisting conditions. Handouts will be passed out with list of sources of food

Rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium...
Rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Calcium Carbonate
Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide gas. One way of following
the rate of reaction at which it reacts is to measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced at certain
time intervals during the reaction.
CaCO + 2HCl CaCl + H O + CO
===========================
Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Chloride + Water
+ Carbon Dioxide
Equipment
–––––––––
Delivery tube
Conical flask
Hydrochloric acid
Calcium carbonate chips
Burette
Beaker
Electric scales
Measuring cylinder
Tub
Water
Electric timer
Goggles
Retort stand
The different factors that can affect my experiment are the temperature, the concentration of my
reactants and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, because they are closer the particles will collide more often. The more often they collide
the more chance they have of producing a productive reaction. If I had a wide range of molarities, it
would be easy to see this pattern.

METHOD
Before conducting our experiment where we would get our facts and evidence from, we carried out
a pre–test. The pre–test helped us decide the exact details of our experiment. We started off with
testing 25cm³ of 3–molar hydrochloric acid to 2g of calcium carbonate medium size chips (we
decided a medium size chips before we started our pre–test as we had a choice of 3, small, medium,
large). We saw that this reacted too quickly as we used 10 second intervals and we couldn't get 6
results this is because our burette could only hold
100cm³ of water, which would make our results reliable. We then decreased the amount of Calcium
Carbonate to 1g and kept the same
25cm³ of 3 molar hydrochloric acid and 10 second intervals. We could get the right amount of
results of this, so we then tested the other extreme – the lowest molarity. We tested both the highest
and lowest molar, as the molars in between would work and give us sufficient results if these two
worked. We took the 25cm³ of 0.5–molar hydrochloric acid and our 1g of calcium carbonate. This
also worked.
This meant from our pre–test that we would use 25cm³ of the solution,
1g of Calcium Carbonate and have 10 seconds interval between each reading. We

The Effect Of Calcium Supplements On A Bone With Osteoporosis
Introduction In this project this scientist will be testing which calcium supplement works best to
increase density in a bone with osteoporosis. In order to perform this experiment, this scientist will
first be deteriorating the bones in vinegar so they are much like a bone with osteoporosis. Then this
scientist will be recalcifyng the bones by soaking them in water and calcium supplements. Finally
comparing the density of each bone before and after the calcium supplements, this scientist will
determine which calcium supplement worked best in increasing bone density. This project could
help others with osteoporosis to know which medication is best for them to take in order to gain
back bone mass and density. Osteoporosis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there is one medicine that is currently approved by the FDA that increases the rate of bone
formation. This medication is an anabolic drug that builds back bone and decreases the risk of bone
fractures. Calcium Calcium(Ca) is a soft, silvery–white, reactive metal. Its chemical symbol is Ca
and it has an atomic number of 20. It is the fifth element on the periodic table and is the fifth most
abundant element found in Earth's crust. Calcium is an alkaline earth metal. Therefore, it reacts with
water and when it comes in contact with air it creates a nitrate coating to prevent further corrosion
Calcium plays a large role in the human body. About 99% of the calcium in our body is found in our
teeth and bones. Along with other minerals, calcium regulates heart and muscle contractions, bone
structure, blood clotting and nerve connections. Because these are vital bodily functions, if the
human body is not receiving enough calcium it will take calcium from bones, leaving them weak
and brittle. To avoid this, it is essential for everyone to have enough calcium intake, so their body
doesn't resort to robbing calcium from their bones. Humans can get calcium from common foods
such as dairy products, broccoli, canned fish, or nuts. If someone receives inadequate amounts of
calcium, a calcium deficiency might occur. A calcium deficiency, or hypocalcemia, happens when
inadequate amounts of

Limiting Reagent Research
The Effect of Changing the Concentration of the Limiting Reagent Calcium Chloride Aqueous (g
mL–1) Added to Sodium Carbonate Aqueous on the Percent Yield of the Precipitate Formed in
Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Chloride, While the Room Temperature (23℃) and Drying Time
(23h) is Kept Constant. Geetu Lalchandani Mr. Yhard SCH 3UB–01 November 16th 2014 Table of
Contents 1.0 Research Question...............................................................................3 1.1
Introduction.......................................................................................3 1.2
Hypothesis........................................................................................4 1.3
Variables.....................................................................................4 & 5 1.4
Materials..........................................................................................5 1.6
Procedure.....................................................................................6 & 7 1.7
Sources.............................................................................................8 1.0 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically in this reaction the limiting reagent is Calcium Chloride, CaCl2 and the factor that will
be changed periodically in this reaction is the amount in grams of the Sodium Carbonate and
Calcium Chloride and if the experiment is right, as the mass of the limiting reagent Calcium
Chloride increases the mass of the reactant Calcium Carbonate will also increase, hence the percent
yield of the product will also increase. Sodium Carbonate and Calcium Chloride are two aqueous
soluble salts and between the reactions of these two soluble salts forms a precipitation of a single
product, while the other product stays in the state of a solution (aq). The meaning of this
precipitation reaction is simple. Since interchanging of the cations and anions of two aqueous
solutions is happening, one if bound to produce and insoluble salt, which is specifically insoluble in
water, hence, this results in a precipitate. Stoichiometry is the process that gives the information
about the amount of various elements involved in a reaction (EM). When the balanced chemical
equation and the amount of any of the reactants added or of a product produces is known, is
becomes easy to calculate the amount of the other compound produced or

Calcium Intake Lab Report
Calcium Intake Lab
Calcium is a mineral that is regulated in the blood by the thyroid. According to the Medline Plus
website (2018), Calcium is important for balancing a body's pH, contracting and relaxing muscles,
building strong bones, blood clotting, sending and receiving nerve signals, and keeping a normal
heartbeat (Medline Plus, 2018). When our diets lack in calcium, our body has to work twice as hard
and takes from calcium stores in our bones. As stated in option three, a food journal was kept to
keep track of my calcium intake for two days and compared to a USDA website. These are my
findings.
The diet was not varied too much, but it was also a time right before groceries were bought so there
was some junk food binge eating. On the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Edward Group (2015, para. 3–10), Calcium Orotate is the most effective form of a calcium
supplement and is great for supporting calcium levels. Other forms of calcium are calcium
carbonate, calcium citrate, oyster shell calcium, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, calcium
phosphate, and calcium citrate malate, (Group, 2015, para 3–10). This means that there are several
different kinds of calcium supplements but they are all not created equal. Some calcium supplements
are more bioavailably effective than others. Other calcium supplements should be avoided.
"Calcium carbonate is not high in bioavaility and requires the production of extra stomach acid to be
absorbed. It is also one of the cheapest and most prevalent forms of calcium supplements sold
today", (Group, 2015, para. 3).
In conclusion, having an adequate intake of calcium in important for many functions of the body.
Keeping a journal of daily food intake can help a person to be aware of missing nutrients that are
important for proper functioning of the body. If a person is low on their calcium intake then eating
or drinking foods with dairy will allow a person to increase their calcium, because dairy has the best
bioavailability. However, lactose intolerant people may need to take a calcium supplement in order
to get adequate amounts of calcium.

Factors And Positive Impacts Of Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide, or simply known as hydrated lime serves many functions like reducing the
acidity in soil or lakes, an additive in cement, a raw material for mortar, cleaning agents.
Controlling the pH of soil pH is a measure of how acidic or alkali a substance is. The acidity or
alkalinity of soil is important because it influences how successfully plants take up nutrients from
the soil. Nutrients are essential for the growth of the plants. The pH range from 6.0 to 7.5 is
considered to be most suitable for nutrients to dissolve (Rodale Inc., n.d.). Absorption of nutrients
by the plant may not be possible if the soil solution – the mixture of nutrients in the soil and water,
is too acid or alkaline. The effects of poor development and fruiting from crops may be exhibited if
the soil is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrated lime is not a hazardous substance to human beings or to the environment. It is also
significantly inexpensive than Sodium hydroxide that is why it is commonly used. However, it is
more difficult to handle.
Negative Impacts
Using too much of the calcium hydroxide will make the soil too alkaline, then it may not be the best
level of pH for plants to grow in. It has been shown from the Singapore gardening society that most
nutrient disorder in plants grown in soils with more than 20% of hydrated lime is chlorosis because
of the bicarbonate concentration (Singapore Garden Society, 2009). Limestone is a non–renewable
source as there is only a finite amount on earth but as liming has already been done for many years
in many countries around the world. Lime is a semi liquid mixture, meaning that it will rapidly
separate from the solution. Continuous agitating and chemical delivery lines must be kept in motion
inside the storage tank otherwise the lime will separate from the

Hypocalcaemia
HYPOCALCAEMIA
Description
Hypocalcaemia is a condition of presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood. Typically
calcium may be present as
a. conjugated (to protein albumin or anions like phosphate and citrate) or
b. unconjugated (ionized) forms.
Only the ionized calcium is physiologically active. Normal blood calcium level is between 9 to 10.5
mg/dL and that of ionized calcium is 4.65 to 5.25 mg/dL. Calcium plays a vital role in physiology.
Its major functions include
1. Signal transduction
2. Neurotransmittance
3. Muscle contraction
4. Fertilization.
5. Blood clotting
6. Bone and teeth formation and health
Calcium levels in blood are tightly regulated with the help of parathyroid gland. Hence disorders of
the parathyroid gland have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Total calcium level of <4 mg/dl is considered as hypocalcemia
Treatment
1. Symptomatic hypocalcaemia during medical treatment can be corrected with the help of 10%
calcium gluconate solution given along with 5% dextrose.
2. In case of magnesium deficiency, Inj. Magnesium sulphate 1–2 g IV on day 1 followed by oral
Magnesium oxide 600–1200 mg 3 times a day to is prescribed.
3. Asymptomatic hypocalcaemia is corrected by treating the underlying cause like
hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and chronic vitamin D deficiency. Tab. Calcium
carbonate is the most common prescription.
4. Medications prescribed in case of chronic renal failure includes Vitamin D 50000 IU/day or
Calcitriol 1,25(OH)2D3 0.25 mcg orally daily.
Management
1. Patients should be aware of the common side effects of oral calcium carbonate which include
dyspepsia and constipation.
2. Absorption requires gastric acid and should be impaired in achlorhydria or when acid suppressive
therapy is being given.

3. Serum calcium should be monitored frequently (daily in severe hypocalcaemia, weekly in
moderate condition for first month) and maintained at 8.0–8.6

Calcium Biovalability
Calcium biovalability can be significantly affected by the different dietary intakes of calcium. For
example the ingestion of dairy products will increase the amount of calcium that can be taken up.
Since other sources of calcium come from plant foods which are high in oxalate and phylate, there is
a significant decrease in the amount of calcium that is available for absorption. This is due to the
fact that both oxalate and phytate are inhibitors of calcium absorption content. Another factor that
can decrease the bioavailability of calcium is the consumption of a diet that is high in sodium. Since
Calcium and sodium share some of the same transport systems, it has been found that for every 2300
mg Na that is excreted by the kidney, the kidney ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calcium supplements are supplied in oral formulations which include capsule, tablet and oral
solution. Advantages to having different formulations include the ease of adapting to patient
preference. Often times children or elderly who have difficulty swallowing will prefer using the oral
solution of the supplement because of the ease of ingestion. Another advantage to the varying
formulation of calcium supplements can be to reduce the side effects that another formulation of the
supplement can have. In one study, it was found that by developing an enteric coated formulation of
Calcium Acetate, some of the GI discomfort that is often linked to use of the non–enteric
formulation was reduced. This study was somewhat inconclusive however because while results
proved to show that there was an improvement in more tolerable GI discomfort, it was not certain on
whether or not this could have been impacted by the smaller size tablet that was formulated for the
experiment. A disadvantage to some of the different formulations is that while calcium supplements
are generally well tolerated, the side effects of some can be so detrimental and can result in the
discontinuation of the drug. Another disadvantage to the different formulations of calcium is that
some combination products aside from calcium contain vitamin D. This can often have a negative

Calcium Ions Research Paper
Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy at England in 1808. Calcium is a soft, gray metal.
When it burns, it burns with a yellowish–red flame. When it is exposed to air, it develops a gray–
white coating because it reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a coating of calcium oxide
.Calcium comes from the Latin word calx meaning lime. Compounds such as lime were prepared by
the Romans in the first century under the name calx. Literature dating back to about 975 AD notes
that plaster of Paris is useful for setting broken bones. Other calcium compounds used in early times
include limestone. Calcium metal was not isolated until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and
Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Sir Humphry ... Show more
There are significant differences in chemical and physical properties between beryllium and
magnesium and the group members from calcium onwards, which traditionally led to "alkaline earth
metal" only applying to the latter group. This classification is mostly not in in English–language
sources, but is still used in other countries such as Japan. As a result, comparisons with strontium
and barium are more germane to calcium chemistry than comparisons with magnesium. Calcium
metal burns hot if ignited, and it reacts violently with water to form the strongly–alkaline calcium
hydroxide that can cause chemical

How Does Calcium Affects Humans
Calcium effects humans' everyday in many different ways. It has chemical effects on humans as well
as it impacts people's health. Both are very important for our own day to day lives. These aspects
will be touched on in this report.
Chemical
Calcium is an alkaline earth metal that is too reactive to be found isolated in nature (Dobberpuhl
2004). It is the third element of group 2 on the periodic table. Its atomic mass is 40.075 and its
atomic number is 20 (Calcium 2000). The name calcium originated from the latin name calx
meaning lime (Facts 2013). In 1808 Sir Humphry Davy isolated calcium by electrolysis of lime
(CaO) and mercuric oxide (Dobberpuhl 2004). Calcium now forms 3% of the earth's crust (Facts
2013), is used in pollution control and used in cigarette and other lighters (Calcium 2000). ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calcium is also used to maintain strong bones, increase muscle movement, provide nerve impulses,
keep the blood flowing (Calcium 2013) and to control the way the heart beats (Calcium 2000).
Osteoporosis can happen when the body does not get enough calcium. The extreme version of this
disease is called hypocalcemia which is when the body has an extremely low intake of calcium
(Calcium 2015). Osteoporosis effects ¼ of the worlds population of women over 60 years old as it is
the most common metabolic bone disease (Osteoporosis 2015). This disease is most commonly
found in women over 40 because of the estrogen loss during menopause (Osteoporosis 2015). There
is a higher chance of getting osteoporosis if a person is thin, not active, a smoker, consumes alcohol
regularly or has a low calcium intake (Osteoporosis 2015). The honeycombed matrixes in bones
cause them to become thinner and easier to fracture. To prevent osteoporosis a person must have
good nutrition, a high intake of calcium and vitamin D and participate regularly in physical activity
(Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis And Exercise
Calcium Supplementation and Exercise for Osteoporosis
ABSTRACT
Osteoporosis is major concern in elderly people. Osteoporosis means porous bones in which bones
become weak and brittle. The strength of the bone decreases due to loss of bone mass and density.
Less calcium intake, sedentary lifestyle, vitamin D deficiency, hormonal imbalances are major
causes of osteoporosis. The main focus of my study is to see the combined effect of exercise and
dietary calcium uptake in osteoporotic patients. The review summarizes the role of Weight bearing
exercise, dietary calcium, and the combined effect of calcium and exercise in preventing
osteoporosis. Weight bearing exercise can improve muscle mass and strength of muscle and can
increase the bone mineral

Justification For Osteoporosis
Justification
Osteoporosis is commonly known around the world as the numbers continue to increase every year.
Osteoporosis is known to cause problems in middle aged women and occasionally effecting some
men (1), currently reaching the number of 200million women diagnosed with osteoporosis (2).
Arthritis Organisation states that anyone can get osteoporosis but women are about four times more
likely than men to develop it, with two main reasons contributing to this fact. For several years after
menopause occurs (ovaries stop producing oestrogen), the process of bone loss speeds up,
increasing the chance of being diagnosed with osteoporosis. Yet men generally reach a higher level
of bone density before the process of bone loss begins. Although ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As osteoporosis occurs due to calcium deficiency, diet habit changes are crucial, allowing the body
to recover and strengthen the bones. Bone strengthening nutrition often includes an increase intake
of calcium and vitamin D (5).
As recommended, nutritionists often say that a sufficient amount of calcium intake per day is
1000mg for women over the age of 19 (6). Unfortunately, many people find it difficult to meet the
requirements as not all calcium we take in is used effectively. Some is lost and some excreted.
However, with the menu provided, calcium intake levels have been boosted to fit patients diagnosed
with osteoporosis. For example, the glass of milk provided at breakfast contains 300mg per cup,
providing approximately 1/3 of the recommended amount (7). Not only does milk boost up the
calcium, but most dairy products, tinned sardines or salmons, soy based products and dark leaved
vegetables also contain calcium (8). Some of these meals include the cream of potato soup. As it
remains as a side dish of the lunch,only 37mg of calcium has been added. With all other meals and
their calcium levels, the body is able to receive enough calcium per day, as recommended. One other
example throughout the menu that consists of calcium is the apple turnover and custard for the
dessert. This dessert comprises of ingredients such as milk and cream allowing the body to consume
a sufficient amount of calcium. Other calcium products has been added throughout the meal to
balance out the calcium intake of the day, without an overdosage as it can have other side effects
such as hypercalcimia which occurs due to too much calcium in the bloodstream.To prevent
osteoporosis the menu provides suitable amounts calcium, where the calcium intake approximately
adds up to 1087.17 mg (7) per day, meeting the recommendations, which proves that the calcium
consumption level is just right to help with the

To Investigate the Rate of Reaction Between Calcium...
Aim: To investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid.
Just from looking at the aim of the investigation I already know that a salt would be formed because
a carbonate with an acid forms a salt. In this investigation the substance that is formed is Calcium
Chloride, Water and Carbon Dioxide. The symbol equation for this is:
CaCo3  Ca2+ + Co32–
Hcl  H+ + Cl–
Add these all together to get
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) ––> Ca++(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
The rate of reaction is just the speed at which the substances on the left side of equation turn into the
substances on the right side. The way we measured the rate of reaction today was measuring the
how quickly carbon dioxide gas was produced in each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
it doesn't increase the amount of energy they have).
Method:
First of all I will set up my equipment.
•I will get a conical glass that will have a bung placed on top because this will stop anything from
entering and leaving that may affect the investigation. A tube will then go from the bung to the bee
hive shelf; this will be under the water. On top of this will be a measuring tube that will be full of
water because when the gas bubbles come up the water will decrease, giving me the amount of gas
given off.
•Then weight 2.0g of medium sized marble chip and 25 ml of substance.
•Prepare to start stopwatch put marble chips in with acid & put bung on conical flask whilst
starting stopwatch every minute until 8 minutes starting from 0s take a measurement of how much
air there is in measuring cylinder (cm3) When finished this with the first concentration of acid clean
out the conical flask and refill the measuring cylinder & repeat experiment.
During this investigation I will wear goggles due to health and safety rules. I will also record my
results into a table when doing the experiment. With the results I will record them into a scatter
graph therefore I can compare the results. I will then section the graphs into 4, every 2 minutes so I
can compare what is happening in each section and why. Therefore I can understand what is
happening with

How Does Calcium Affect Rabbitss
Introduction
Calcium is essential in any mammal's development and maintenance. Most calcium is used for bone
and teeth development while a small portion is used for metabolic functions like muscle, heart rate,
and impulse nerve contractions; and blood clotting (Redrobe, 2002; Exkermann–Ross, 2008;
Postman, 1998). Rabbits are unique, along with other rodents, in that their teeth continuously grow
(Exkermann–Ross, 2008). Thus their teeth require a larger amount of calcium throughout their life.
Since calcium is important for not only the growth of rabbits but also the maintenance of their teeth
and metabolic functions, knowing how calcium impacts rabbits is important. Understanding how
rabbits develop deficiencies or excesses of calcium is essential ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hay is essential for a rabbit's well–being because it aids in dental and gastrointestinal health (Clauss,
2012). Hay also provides a great source of calcium and a balanced calcium and phosphorus ratio for
rabbits (Clauss, 2012). If hay is provided in proper amounts calcium supplements should not be
needed. As with other feeds, calcium content varies on type of hay (Clauss, 2012). For example,
alfalfa hay may be used to feed younger rabbits but the calcium content is in the higher range for
adult rabbits (Redrobe, 2002). Thus, feeding alfalfa hay may cause a rabbit's calcium level to
increase to an undesirable level, especially since calcium in hay is highly absorbable in rabbits
(Rosenthal,

To Determine the Percentage by Mass of Calcium Carbonate...
Aim
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in
eggshells.
Introduction
To avoid the breakage of eggs before reaching market, the eggshells needs to be as strong as
possible. The strength of eggshells is mainly determined by the percentage of calcium carbonate in
it. In order to monitor the quality of eggshells, the following experiment has to be done to determine
the percentage of calcium carbonate in eggshells.
In this experiment, back titration is used. First, excess acid is reacted with the calcium carbonate in
eggshells:
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)+ CO2(g) Later, if we can find out the number of
mole of unreacted acid, number of mole of calcium carbonate can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
5. A 25 cm3 aliquot of the diluted eggshell solution was pipetted to a clean beaker. The beaker was
placed on a magnetic stirrer and a pH meter was put into the solution.
6. 12.5 cm3 of 0.9992 M sodium hydroxide solution was transferred to a 250 cm3 volumetric flask
by burette and de–ionized water was added to the mark. The flask was shaken to ensure
homogeneity of the solution.
7. A clean burette was filled with the diluted sodium hydroxide solution (~ 0.05M). The initial
burette reading, accurate to the nearest 0.05cm3, was recorded. During trial run, about 2–3 drops of
methyl orange was added as an indicator.
8. Sodium hydroxide solution was run from the burette into the flask with the magnetic stirrer being
turned on. When the indicator was turned slightly yellowish, sodium hydroxide was added
dropwisely until the reading of the pH meter is 7.00. The final burette reading, accurate to the
nearest 0.05cm3, was recorded.
9. The burette was refilled with the diluted sodium hydroxide solution. Steps 7 and 8 were repeated
3 times without using indicator. Sodium hydroxide was added dropwisely when the burette reading
was close to the final reading in trial run.
Diagram
Results Tables
Trial 1 2 3
Burette reading / cm3 Final 26.80 26.85 26.80 26.75 Initial 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Volume used (titre) / cm3 26.80 26.85 26.80 26.75
Mean titre / cm3 26.80
Calculation
The number of moles of NaOH used in each titration
=

An Investigation Into the Factors Affecting the Rate of...
An Investigation into the Factors Affecting the Rate of the Reaction between Calcium Carbonate
and Hydrochloric Acid
A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms are redistributed, resulting in
a change in the molecular composition of substances. The reaction rate is how quickly a reaction
occurs and this can be affected by four different factors:
¡¤ changing the surface area of any solids involved
¡¤ changing the concentration of reactants in solution
¡¤ changing the temperature at which it is carried out
¡¤ the use of a catalyst
I am going to investigate into exactly how one of these variables affects the reaction rate and I
believe the most suitable variable to change is the concentration of the solution as all ... Show more
In order to make my experiment safe I will wear goggles and an overall when I handle the acid as it
is corrosive and if any came in contact with my skin during the experiment I would wash it off
immediately. As I described above, my experiments will be fair as it will be performed under the
same conditions, with hopefully only the concentration of acid being altered for each experiment.
The equipment should be set up as shown in the diagram below:
The small marble chip will be placed in the conical flask first and then the hydrochloric acid will be
poured into the flask and as soon as all the acid is in I will start the stop clock and put the bung on
the flask. I will then watch the pencilled cross from and above and stop the clock at the exact
moment that I can no longer see the circle. I will record this time in my results table and then set up
the experiment for the next measurement.
Modifications following preliminary experiment
For my trial experiment, I placed one small marble chip in 50cm©ø of 1 molar hydrochloric acid
and timed how long it took before a pencilled cross was no longer visible under a conical flask
containing 10cm©ø of limewater. Although the limewater began to turn cloudy eventually, it took
more than 10 minutes to do so and I believe there were a few reasons for this.

Calcium Supports The Skeletal Structure And Its Function
Calcium supports the skeletal structure and its functions by conserving and sustaining the strength of
bones and teeth. It is involved in other body processes such as muscle contraction, blood clot
formation, nerve impulse transmission, cell metabolism, and assistance in maintaining a healthy
blood pressure and immune system. Adult humans absorb approximately 1/3 of the calcium from
food. A higher rate of absorption, 50–65%, can be observed amongst newborn infants, children, and
pregnant women. Calcium is an essential nutrient and requires vitamin D to be absorbed. Vitamin D
is also involved in the regulation of calcium homeostas is. When vitamin D is lacking, the intestine
absorbs only 10–15% of the calcium in foods; with the vitamin, intestinal absorption of dietary
calcium increases to 30–80%. Once calcium enters the body, it is absorbed throughout the length of
the intestines, with the greatest amount of absorption ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once in the duodenum, calcium is absorbed through active transport, a process that requires
assistance of calcium–binding protein. Vitamin D, in the form of calcitriol, stimulates synthesis of
the calcium–binding proteins. 98–99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth, while the remaining
1–2% is stored in muscle tissue and blood. There is no RDA for calcium; but the recommended
intake is 1,000–1,200 mg/day. Typically, a higher calcium proportion is required for children and
adolescents between the ages of 9 and 18, as well as elderly men and women. Whole food calcium
sources include milk and milk products, dark

Comparing The Rate Of Reaction Between Calcium Carbonate...
Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid at different
concentrations
Aim:
To Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and
Hydrochloric Acid at different concentrations.
Background Knowledge:
I know from my knowledge of science, that by adding together a carbonate and an acid, that a salt,
water and Carbon Dioxide are produced. Therefore in order to measure the rate of reaction, one of
these products needs to be measured, and the rate at which it is produced can be used to define the
rate of the reaction. The methods that can be used are either to measure the mass of the solution at
intervals. Or to measure the produce of gas (Carbon Dioxide).
Prediction:
Using the known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increasing the molarity of the acid, will result in more gas being produced simply because there is a
higher concentration of acid, thus more acid molecules within the solution. This will mean that the
acid molecules with react with the calcium carbonate more often than a lower molarity solution.
With more collisions, the chance of a reaction occurring also increases, and so with more reactions,
more gas will be produced. However, it is only the chance of reacting that is increased, and therefore
it is not definite that a reaction will take place, which is likely to be responsible for any anomalous
results. I need a minimum of six values. These will give a distinguishable spread whilst remaining
within a safe range
Volume of Gas (Outcome)
To be measured
This will be able to be easily measured using a syringe and so should give accurate results
Time (Controlled)

10 seconds
Through preliminary work, it has been seen that this is sufficient to get results which can be easily
read off apparatus
Volume of Acid (Controlled)
50cc
This volume remains within the safe limit, whilst still allowing a good range of results to be
produced
Mass of Calcium Carbonate (Controlled)
20g
This is a safe mass of the solid, yet will still be enough to react with the acid and produce good
results
Temperature (Controlled)
20°C
This controlled temperature has been proved in preliminary work to work well with the other
variables and produce results
Equipment List:
(although

Calcium Carbonate Formation
Sam Wylie
Karly Kindoll
Winter Dean
CHE 111–028
9/25/17
Finding the Composition of Limestone
Intro: Limestone is made from loose marine sediment (such as shells) that form into rock, but can
also come from dissolved calcium carbonate. When an acid is added to limestone it releases carbon
dioxide. This happens in a two–step process. Step 1: CaCO3(s) 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) H2CO3(aq)
Step 2: H2CO3(aq) → CO2(g) H2O(l) The next reaction used is CaCl2(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) →
CaSO4(s) 2NH4Cl(aq). This is quantifying the calcium carbonate by finding out the amount calcium
ion is present. Mass Percent Composition is trying to find the amount present of a specific
component in a sample. The equation is mass % of A= (mass of A / mass of total substance) x 100.
Gravity filtration includes putting a piece of filter paper in a funnel, then pouring the solution into a
flask. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Put 1.50 grams of (NH4)2SO4 into the solution. Make sure to stir while adding.
8. Keep stirring the solution while adding drops of NH3. Keep adding drops until color shift from
red to a pale yellow.
9. Grab watch glass (label with your name) and piece of filter paper.
10. Find the weight of the watch glass and filter paper.
11. Wet the filter paper using distilled water.
12. Using a Büchner filtration system, place wet filter paper ontil the system, making sure to
creating a full seal.
13. Pour the solution onto the filter paper.
a. If anything is left in the flask, used distilled water to clean the flask then pour that onto the filter
paper.
14. Keep filtration going until there is no more water being filtered.
15. Carefully remove the filter paper and put it on the watch glass.
16. Find the mass of the filter paper, watch glass, and sample.
17. Put the watch glass into the oven for 20 minutes
18. After 20 minutes take the watch glass out; let dry for 5–10 minutes.
19. Once it is dry, find the mass of filter paper, sample, and watch glass. Also, record any differences
in the sample you may see.
Work

Does Space Travel Affect Calcium In Human Bones?
How does space travel affect calcium in human bones?
A proposal to study the change in calcium levels experienced by the astronauts during the course of
their space travel.
By, Jackie Scollar
May 24th, 2018
Introduction:
Space travel is becoming more commonly talked about and could affect future generations, but it is
important to know the effects on one's body during space travel in order to make adjustments for the
future to ensure the safety of the astronauts. I am hypothesizing that if humans are exposed to the
conditions of space for a prolonged period of time, then calcium levels will drop in the body and
bone loss will occur. Calcium, along with other hormones, are important for maintaining strong
bones.
One study that supports my hypothesis is a study published in 2002 by Scott Smith and Martina
Heer who tested the effects of calcium levels and bone metabolism due to space flight. They sent
astronauts to space for four to six months and collected data based on a bone marker which was the
"urinary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If calcium levels were never to be tested at all, we would never know how weak bones could get
after a prolonged time in space. The studies showed that "...calcium loss is serious (up to 250 mg/d)
and prolonged. Upon returning to earth subjects regained bone at approximately 100 mg/d."3 It is
important to take into account the recovery time that astronauts will have when returning to earth
because the rates that astronauts lose calcium in their bones is higher than the rate you gain calcium
in bones while on earth. Another important factor to consider about space travel is it "...may provide
insight into the treatment of bone disease on earth."1
One thing in this experiment that could go wrong is any kind of human error. The astronauts could
potentially not workout for the full two hours, or any dietary inconsistencies could affect our

Calcium

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