Reply to 2 peers and provide them each with a potential or actual study using  a mixed method design to address their practice challenge.  Be sure to provide citations. For week 2, you will add the following content to your formal literature synthesis based on the practice challenge you described last week. 1. Define problem statement, hypothesis, and PICOT statement. Cite resources A problem statement is developed by the researcher and identifies a potential problem that is relevant to practice. A hypothesis is a fundamental explanation based on limited data and observation that serves as a foundational starting point with which to proceed with further investigation. PICOT stands for Population (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C), Outcome (O) and Time-frame (T) of intervention. A PICOT statement is a reliable "formula" for producing answerable, researchable questions (Polit & Beck, 2017). 2. Develop a problem statement, potential hypothesis, and potential PICOT statement based on your practice challenge. Nursing staff shortages impact patient care as well as the nurses who provide the patient care. Nurse staffing needs vary depending on acuity, day or night shift, procedures, and any number of unforeseen events. Short staffing jeopardizes not only the patients but the license and health of the nurses as well. A potential hypothesis regarding this topic may be that if nursing staffing was improved, the occurrence error related patient incidences. The population affected in this PICOT statement is the patients. The intervention in this PICOT statement is that the nursing staffing levels can be increased to alleviate the shortages. The comparison will be a hospital that remains at lower staffing levels. The outcome will be the number of nurse retention compared in both hospitals. The comparison time will be one year. 3. Identify potential (ones you make up) or actual studies using 2 different methodologies (qualitative and quantitative). Be sure to provide citations.  A qualitative study that evaluates the patient effects of nurse short staffing is study performed by Clark, P. A., Leddy, K., Drain, M., & Kaldenberg, D. “state nursing shortages and patient satisfaction: more RNs—better patient experiences” (2007). In this study, the do a qualitative analysis on the quality of patients care and the correlation between adequate nursing staffing. A quantitative study that evaluates the patient effects of nurse short staffing is “nurse staffing and patient outcomes: a longitudinal study on trend and seasonality by He, J., Staggs, V. S., Bergquist-Beringer, S., & Dunton, N. (2016). In this study He performed a longitudinal study based off quarterly unit-level nursing data in 2004–2012 were extracted from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). Second Post The opioid misuse and abuse has become an epidemic nationwide. There has been a 30 percent increase in overdoses in the U.S. from July 2016 through September 2017. ...

1. Reply to 2 peers and provide them each with a potential or
actual study using a mixed method design to address their
practice challenge. Be sure to provide citations.
For week 2, you will add the following content to your formal
literature synthesis based on the practice challenge you
described last week.
1. Define problem statement, hypothesis, and PICOT statement.
Cite resources
A problem statement is developed by the researcher and
identifies a potential problem that is relevant to practice. A
hypothesis is a fundamental explanation based on limited data
and observation that serves as a foundational starting point with
which to proceed with further investigation. PICOT stands for
Population (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C), Outcome (O)
and Time-frame (T) of intervention. A PICOT statement is a
reliable "formula" for producing answerable, researchable
questions (Polit & Beck, 2017).
2. Develop a problem statement, potential hypothesis, and
potential PICOT statement based on your practice challenge.
Nursing staff shortages impact patient care as well as the nurses
who provide the patient care. Nurse staffing needs vary
depending on acuity, day or night shift, procedures, and any
number of unforeseen events. Short staffing jeopardizes not
only the patients but the license and health of the nurses as
well. A potential hypothesis regarding this topic may be that if
nursing staffing was improved, the occurrence error related
patient incidences. The population affected in this PICOT
statement is the patients. The intervention in this PICOT
statement is that the nursing staffing levels can be increased to
alleviate the shortages. The comparison will be a hospital that
remains at lower staffing levels. The outcome will be the
number of nurse retention compared in both hospitals. The
comparison time will be one year.

2. 3. Identify potential (ones you make up) or actual studies
using 2 different methodologies (qualitative and quantitative).
Be sure to provide citations.
A qualitative study that evaluates the patient effects of nurse
short staffing is study performed by Clark, P. A., Leddy, K.,
Drain, M., & Kaldenberg, D. “state nursing shortages and
patient satisfaction: more RNs—better patient experiences”
(2007). In this study, the do a qualitative analysis on the quality
of patients care and the correlation between adequate nursing
staffing.
A quantitative study that evaluates the patient effects of nurse
short staffing is “nurse staffing and patient outcomes: a
longitudinal study on trend and seasonality by He, J., Staggs, V.
S., Bergquist-Beringer, S., & Dunton, N. (2016). In this study
He performed a longitudinal study based off quarterly unit-level
nursing data in 2004–2012 were extracted from the National
Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI).
Second Post
The opioid misuse and abuse has become an epidemic
nationwide. There has been a 30 percent increase in overdoses
in the U.S. from July 2016 through September 2017. (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018) To be able develop a
solution for this epidemic, the problem must be identified. To
identify the issue, a problem statement and hypothesis needs to
be created. This will better identify the problem and study the

3. cause behind the issue.
“A problem statement presents the idea, issue, or situation that
the researcher intends to examine in the study” (Trice & Bloom,
2015 p. 128). The problems statement sets the foundation for
the researcher. To further describe the problem statement, the
PICOT format is used to clarify “more fully the population of
the study as well as the intervention/comparison of interest, the
outcome desired, and the time framed involved” (Trice &
Bloom, 2015 p. 130). PICOT format stands for P) population of
the subjects in the study I) treatment that will be provided in the
study C) comparison of the control group to the one in the study
O) outcome that is being measure to test the effectiveness of the
intervention T) time; the duration of the data collection. (Riva,
Malik, Burnie, Endicott, & Busse, 2012) Along with a problem
statement, a hypothesis is needed to put a “question into a form
that can be tested” (Trice & Bloom, p. 134). A hypothesis will
allow the researcher to make a proposition regarding the issue
pertaining to the problem statement chosen.
Problem statement: The opioid epidemic is costing thousands of
American lives annually.
Hypothesis: If a person is started on narcotics at an earlier age
than 21 years, they are more likely to be addicted to narcotics
than those not started after 21 years of age.
PICOT:
P) Population: addicts; those addicted to narcotics
I) Intervention: safe prescribing (not prescribing narcotics under
the age of 21)
C) The difference between addicts who received narcotics
before the age of 21 vs the addicts who were given narcotics
after age 21.
O) fewer addicts and overdoses
T) time of my data collection
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) analyses

4. data using the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). The
CDC “combined the natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic
opioid categories (including methadone) when reporting deaths
involving opioid analgesics, also referred to as prescription
opioids” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). In
2016, there has been 32,445 reports deaths involving opioids,
averaging 89 deaths per day. From 2015, reported deaths have
increased by 9,847 annually. A large amount of these deaths are
not correlated with prescription opioids but to illegally-made
fentanyl. The NVSS data does not differentiate between
prescription drugs and illegally-made.
“Every ‘Never’ I Ever Said Came True”: Transitions from
opioid pills to heroin injecting is a qualitative study “documents
the pathways to injecting heroin by users in Philadelphia and
San Francisco before and during a pharmaceutical opioid pill
epidemic” (Mars, Bourgois, Karandinos, Montero, & Ciccarone,
2014). Data was collected by interviewing the drug dealers and
observing the addicts behavior. The study include Philadelphia
and San Francisco due to the “contrasting political economies,
immigration patterns and source type of heroin” (Mars,
Bourgois, Karandinos, Montero, & Ciccarone, 2014). It was
determined in this study that heroin users in both cities began
using heroin after they became addicted to prescription pills.
They switches to heroin due to the availability being more
accessible.