ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Budhist values 5.chapter

579

ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග්

5.prfcZeC~dy(5.Chapter)
kAlAms>t&eyn` ehlfvn ebUd`D sArDm%: pHOd`HOdA hA upeyA`gftA lOSN
(Wisdom and Utilitarian Ethics : Buddhist Values disclosed by Kalama Sutta)

sArDm%yn`x(Values) smAnAT%vt` els BAvftAvn tvt` pd rAVfykà[t.EnmZhr,
p<r[SAT%,agyn` hA vfnfV`cy sArDm%yn<evnf.1emZ sfylèln` gmYvn adhsnmZ ymZkfsf p&s`t=t
ykfn` ehAHd nrk evn`kr gn`nA mfN<mZdN`w sArDm%vnbvyf.emZ an<v b<zsmy ek`$z&ekAx
egn in` idfrfptèkern`nAv> ig[n`vfmZ pAdkkrgnfmfn` ehAHd nrk vfnfV`cyekAx d[k`vFm
ebUd`D sArDm% nmZevZ.2

ebUd`D sArDm%yn`hf d[kfyh[kf vfeV`Smy lOSNyvn<ey` Em sArDm% pHOd`HOdA hA
upeyA`gftA lONedkfn` y<k`tvFmyf.3emhf pHOd`HOdAmy els aT%kTny vn<ey` vfHOd`HOdAN4ynnmfn`
aT%d[kèvn sAmAnY d[nFmd(Consciousness),HOdAN nAmeyn` aT%d[kèvn vfeV`Sd[nFmd hk
(Knowledge)5 yn avs`TAedkm ps< kLAv>,cfn`tnmy Vk`tfyyf.avsAn avs`TAv vnAhF pHOd`HOdAv
yf.6emym p&HQAv elsd a#T%d[kèvZ. pHOd`HOdA vv> klF ymk a[tfs[xfy tt`v>aAkAreyn` d[n
gn`nAv> n<vNels a#T%kTny krn<l[ebZ.ebUd`D smy s^dr~Byt=L yTAB+t HOdANds`sny
els aT%kTnyvn<ey`d m<h<k=rAgfy pHOd`HOdAmy QANVk`tfymy.7

emm pHOd`HOdAv t&flOSNAdF p&kAreyn` arm<N d[ng[nFm kryf.emy blsmZpn`n k=Vlykf.
k=sl m>Lykf.emhflA sHOd`HOdA,vfHOd`HOdAN hA pHOd`HOdA ynt=enhf evns d[ng[nFm v[dgt`y.
sHOd`HOdAv vnAhF ymZkfsf vs`t=vk p[h[y(vr~Ny) vVeyn` arm<N< h[HdFnFmZ mAt&yk` kryf.
lOSNAvebA`Dyk` enAkryf. Ldr[evk= kAsfyk` h[HdFnFm emnf.vfHOd`HOdANy arm<N< h[HdfnFmd
lOSNAvebA`Dyd kryf.mAg%yxp[mfNvFm enAkryf.av< 4-5 dr[evk= kAsfy h[HdfnFmemnf.pHOd`HOdA
vE` sfyl`lm sfzkryf.mAg%yyn<evn` h[Hdfnèvn yTAr~TAvebA`Dy ehvt` a[t`ta[tf s[xfeyn`
d[ngn`nA n<vN lbAg[nFemZ k&mevZdyd d[ngnfyf. b[^k=kr[vA kAsfy h[HdfnFmemnf.8

1
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ebAzsmyt=L vFm^sA sRd`DfpAd,pHOd`HOdF$z&fy,pHOd`HOdAbl,DmZmvfcy smZebAj~OD^g hA
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upeyA`gftAvy(Utilitarian Ethics) yn< p&eyA`jnvt` ehvt` v[wdAykbvyf.kfsfymZ aAcArDm%yk
ehA` sArDm%yk s^s`kRtfgtv p[vtFemZ eh`t=v upeyA`gftAvyyf.b<zsmyt=L sArDm%yn`hf
upeyA`gFtAmy lOSN dk`vA a[tf s`TAnyvn>ey` amZblxZXfkA rAh<elA`vAd s>t&yyf.Ehf
2
sArDm%yk` els‘k=sly’pfLfbHdv tTAgtyn`vhnès` rAh<l hfmfyn`x emes` pvsyf.

‘rAh<l,ob k=mk` sftnènhfd?k[xpethf p&eyA`jn
k=mk`d?’ ‘p&tYevZOSNyxyf s`vAmFnF.’
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pfNfsenAv s<v pfNfs pvtFyyf s`TfrevyfnmZ ob Ey
kLAx vrdk` n[t.’3

ihtkF pAXeyn` gmYvn<ey` ebUd`D sArDm%yn`hf
upeyA`gftAmy lOSNyyf.emm upeyA`gf tA lOSNy
mHgfn` Ey ebUd`D sArDm%yn`hf menA`vfdYAt`mk s`vr{py
dk`vyf.4iht b<zn` vhnès` rAh<l etr[n`x
ed`VnAkrn<ey` ymZkfsf sArDm%yk`(k=sly)evZd Ey tmn`
hA an<n` vfSeyhf ekbHz upeyA`gftAmylOSN p&kx
krnèn`d[yf vfmsAbln els ed`VnAekAx a[t. emmHgfn` tmAhA an<n` yn edpAr~Vvy
vfSeyhfm Ekes` upeyA`gftAmy lOSN p&kx krnèn`d[yf vfmsAblnels ed`VnAekAx
a[t.emZ mHgfn` an<n` hA tmAyn edpAr~Vvy vfSey hfm Ekes` upeyA`gFtAmy lOSN p&kx

1
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581
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1
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3
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582
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583
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2
sAvdYbvdk`vAa[t. an<V&vy pdnmZvnèn`
anYynèg` d[nugt`kmZ b<d`DfmxZxmZ r[cf ar[cfkmZ
yn kr[N<y.3kfsfymZ p&s`t=tyk ehAHd ehA`
nrkvVeyn` sArDm% vfnfV`cykx p[mfNFemZdF EbHz
anYynèg` vcneyhf EL`Mg[nFm mtm pdnmZvFm
pHOd`HOdAmy zbltAvykf.tmAeg` r[cf ar[cfkmZ
anYnèg` r[cf ar[cfkmZ mt glpn`nx yAm
upeyA`gftAmy pOSeyn`d uUnv>vkf.Eb[vfn` kAlAm
s>t&ey` d[kèvn pLm< nfeV`Dy emZ an<v pHOd`HOdAmy
hA upeyA`gftAmy uBypOSeyn`m zr~vlv>vk`bv
b<zrzn` epn`vA dF tfebZ.

1
u' ks"NhfNarj iq;a;"nq'c'uq"43msgqj'k fLd mkdyx nHdmkak ps;af;d m|=gzGukixlmafmd wrZ[afZ[
jkmF:dks mka;dks fikdikdks mgsfiajdus'fu;a;ps;af;d yuiaus'fh ys fjd wrshd fu;a;ps;a;d wrZ[afZ[
jkmF:dks mka;dks fiakdikdks mgsfiajka;s"f;iuyx wZ[aZ[;fud't;uyx n@dysuK fu;a;ps;a;x w;a;;s
iuzmiaiudfkd NsfhHd m,af,duudmdosx wrZ[afZ[ jsydrdh'fuhska weZ.fjkqfha ndysr ksus;s idOllr .ekSfuka
f;drj we;`,; jO!khlr.kakd,o ffu;@sfha Yla;sfhka ndysrlùk fyda ndOdjka meusKsh;a tajd wNsnjd
l@shd;auljsh yelsnjhs'
2
u' ks"NhfNarj iq;a;"nq'c'uq"43msgqj"fh flps iuKdjd n@dyauKdjd wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka;d wrZ[afZ[
jkmF:dks mka;dks fikdikdks mgsfijka;s"wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka; iffJodifya;` yfj f; fNdkaf;d
iuKn@dyauKd wlì,x NhfNarjx wjzNhka;s'ndysr lreKq Uiaia ;uisf;a iajNdjh ilialr.kakg
hduksid nsh yd ;e;s .ekquz Wmosknj olajd ;sfnz'
3
tu''"ika;s fLda mk n@dysuK tfl iuKn@dyauKd r;a;sxfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkka;s"osjdfhj iudkx
dys
r;a;S;s iZ[acdkka;s"bouyx f;ix iuKn@dyauKdkx iuzfudayjsydriausx jodus'wyx fLd mk n@dyauK
r;a;sfhxj iudkx r;a;S;s i[acdkdus"osjdfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkdus'(nuqK rd;@shu oyj,a hehs is;k
oyjmu rd;@shhehs is;k we;euz uyKnuqfKda we;a;dy'fuz ta uyK nuqKkaf.a uq<djQ jsiSulehs uu
lshuz'nuqK"uu rehu reh hhs yZ|=kus'odj, odj,u hehs yZ|=kus')
fuyska lshfjkafka nq|=r|=ka h:drA:h h:drA:h jYfhka oelSug osrs|=ka njhs'm@lD;sh m@lD;sh jYfhkao
jslD;sh jslD;sh jYfhkao yeZpoSkSug nq|=iufhka osrsoS ;sfnz'nqoaOsjO!kh we;sjkafka h:drA:h ta mj;skakdjQ
;;ajfhkau oelSu;`,sks'ksrdjrKhjQ uki tu h:drA:djfndaOh msKsi wjYHlrkakdjQ pska;k Yla;sh
usksidg ,ndfoa'

584
wkqkaf.a jpkh tlaflda i;H jsh yelsh' ke;fyd;a wi;H jsh yelsh wi;H jkafka kuz
tau; msysgd lghq;` lsrSfuys ksrA:lNdjh jgydosh hq;` fkdfjz' i;Hjqj;a ta i;HjQ foh ;ukaf.a
wkqN~;sl i;a;djfhka mrsndysr jQjls' ula ksido h;a th ;udg wm@;HCI lreKla nejsks' fy;u
hula ms<s,ekSu fyda fkdms<s.ekSu rZod mj;skafka wkHhkaf.a jpkh u; mdol fldgf.k kuz Tyqg
ljodj;a bka lsis|= wrA:j;a ms<s.ekqulg meusKsh fkdyelsh' tfukau tu wrA:j;a ms<s.ekqu mdol
fldgf.k iliajS we;a;djQ wrA:j;a jev,s<sfj<lg wj;SrAK jsh fkdyelsjkq we;' ta Tyq tys
m@fhda.slFjh l@shdfjka w;ayod ne,Su;`,ska jgyd fkd.;a nejsks' fulS ;;ajh ;`,oS m[aZ[duh
jrAOkhla flZosklj;a Wod fkdfjz' tfukau ksjeros mZ[aZ[uh jrAOkhla Wodlr .;yels l@uj;a
l@shdj,shla fkdue;s miqnsula fkdue;s jgdmsgdjla;`, wkq..ukh lrkakdjQ foa ms<snZo lsishuz
Wmfhda.s;duh jgskdlula ;snsh yelso fkdfjz ish,q, wkqkaf.a jpkh u; rZod mj;skakd jQ foa
muKla ksidh'

Eemn`m ymZkfsf p&s`t=tyk` pArmZprfk vfV`vAsymt(Tradition)pdnmZv pfLfg[nFm yn edvn
nfeV`Dny sLkAb[l>kL atFt prmZprAvn` vfsfn` prfhrNy kL ymZkfsf sArDm% sm>hyk` E`
v> aAkAreyn`m tmAx hA anYyn`x g[lep` y[yf dRS`Xfg&hNy kfrFm pHOd`HOdAmy zr~vl#vyk`
bvt` upeyA`gftAmy pOSeyn`d nfS`Plv>vk` bv et`r[mZgt h[kfy.

wm mdruzmrsl jsYajdihkag .rel< hq;`h f,dj idrOu! yr jgskdluz ish,a,lau mrmqfrka
mrmqrg meusfKkakdjQ foa fjhs' kuq;a fuys fodaIh mrmqfrka mrmqrg meusKSuu fkdj ta
meusKsnju taldka; idOlh fldg f.k tlS jevms<sfj,j,a ;ukag fyda cSjm@cdjg wrA:iuzmkako
jevodhloehs fkdis;d jspdrmQrAjl fkdjS tlfy,d ms<sf.k ta Tiafia lghq;` lsrSug ;ruz blauka
jSuhs w;sOdjkldrSka jSuhs'

nq|=kajykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz mjd mrmqfrka mrmqrg wdrCIdlrf.k meusKs foafjhs' f:rjdo
iuzm@odfhys wdpdrAh mruzmrdj jsiska jrA;udkfha wmNdjs;d lrkq ,nkakdjQ b.ekajSuz tfia
iqrCIs; lrf.k fkdmeusKshd kuz jrA;udkh jkjsg wm nq|=r|=ka hkq flnZ|= mqoa.,fhl`oehs
yZ|=kkafka ke;s ;;ajhl miq jSug fndfyda fihska bv m@ia;djkdj ;snsKs' kuq;a wo wm nq|=ka
jykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz wmf.a ffoksl cSjs;h wrA:iuzmkak lr.ekSu iZoyd Ndjs;d lrkqfha tjd
mdruzmrsl jsYajdih u; meusKs nj tlu idOlh fldgf.k fkdfjz'

nq|=kajykafia b.ekajSuz;`< wka;rA.;jQ idrOu! moaO;sh wmgu huz huz muKlska fyda m@;HCI
lr .ekSug yels jS ;sfnk ksidh' wm cSjs;fha fndfyda |=la lror jsZo we;' ta iEu jsglu wmf.a is;a
i;ka kej; m@lD;su;a lr.ekSu msKsi Ndjs;hg f.k we;af;a nqoaO foaYkd;`< wka;rA.;
;@s,CIK ms<snZo isoaOdka;hhs' fndfyda fofkla jsjD;j m@ldY fkdl<;a iudcfhys W.;a nqoaOsu;a
jsoaj;a m@cdj fndfydajsg ;ukaf.a cSjs;fhys ffoksl .egZM j,g jsmiaikd pska;kh uZ.ska idrA:l
jsiZ|=uz ,enQjka fj;s'

odrAYksl pska;k Odrdj,g muKla usksiqkaf.a Ndjuh .egZMj,g jsiZ|=uz fijsh fkdyelsh'
odrAYksl pska;kh yd noaOjqKq Ndjuh jevms<sfj<la;`,skau muKla fuz wNsfhda.h ch.; yelsh'
jsmiaikd Ndjkdj ke;fyd;a jsmiaikd pska;kh fuz lgqh;a; bgqlsrSfuys,d fmdfydi;a fjz'

585
ld,duiQ;@fhys oelafjk oijsO pska;k wOsldrfhka f;drnj;`< js.@yjkafka fuu jsmiaikd
pska;khhs' fndfyda fofkla ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrk oijsO pska;k wOsldrh ms<snZoj
is;kafka lsis|+ l@uj;a jevms<sfj<l Ndjs;fhka f;drj yqfola ;uka fuu oijsO wOsldruh
pska;kfhka f;drfjushs is;d.;a muKska tfia l< yelsjkq we;s njhs' kuq;a tfia l<yelafla is;
fndfyda|=rg oshqKqlr.;a m@Z{diuzmkak fmr wd;auNdjj, jsmiaikd Ndjkdj uekjska nyq,f,i
jvd m<mqreoao we;s Woa>gs;Z[aZ[ jQ idrsmq;a; fud.a.,a,dk yd ndysh odre pSjrSh ysusjre jeks
mqoa.,hkagh'

fiiq wh ld,duiQ;@fhka js.@y flfrkakdjQ oijsO wOsldruh pska;kfhka w;ausZoSu iZoyd
l@udkql~,f,i jsmiaikd Ndjkdj jevSu w;HjYHuh ke;fyd;a wm ksoyia pska;khg meusksfhda
fjuq hkqfjka oDIaGs iy.; ;;ajhkag Tjqka wksjdrAhhfhkau meusfK;s' fuz ksid ld,duiQ;@fhys
js.@yjk oijsO wOsldruh pska;kfhka usoS wrA:j;a m@;smodjlg meusKSug jsmiaikd Ndjkdj
m@.`K lsrSu mZ[aZ[duh Wmfhda.s;dj fhka hqla;hs' tfukau tauZ.ska nqoaOs jrAOkhg wjldY
we;snejska mZ[aZ[duh mCIfhkao th fmdfydi;ah'

ymZkfsf epr kfynld kfymnk`(itfkfrAy-
Prologue) nfsA stYvVeyn` ymZkfsf p&s`t=tyk`
pfLfg[nFm b<zrzn` b[h[rkeL` aKN`wels
prfnAmny DArAvn` elsfn` k&fyAt`mkvn m<HPmht`
vfV`vyt=Lp>r~veyhf sfzv<nAv> ehA` kfynld ymk`
pV`cAt`kAlFn kfsfymZ edyk` vfnfV`cy krlFemhf lA
mfN<mZ ekA`zvk` elsfn` BAvftAkfrFm pHOd`HOdAmy
vVeyn` hA upeyA`gftAmy pOSeyn` uUNv> vk`
b[vfnf.

epAtpethf En kr[N<mtpdnmZv(pfxk
smZpdAen`n-Giving in the scripture)ymk` sArDm%yk`
els pfLfg[nFm enAkLy<`tkf.emhfdF t&fpfxkyd pfxk
smZp&dAyx g[ennnfsA b<d`D ed`VnAvn`t=L vfg&h
ekern Dm%kr[N< pflfbHdvd emes` emm k&fyAmAg%ym
an<gmnykfrFm nfv[rdfd[yf ekenk=x emhfdF p[Nyk`
mt= vfyh[kfy.emhfdF Eyx dfyh[kf pfLft=r vn<ey`d
t&fpfxk pAlfey` Enkr[N<pfLfbHdv v<vd emZ ay<rfn`
setYOSN ykr b[lFmx b<zn`vhnès`
an<d[nvdArAa[tf ehyfn` un`vhnèsèg` ig[n`vFmZ
1
v<vd Eels vfcAreyn` etArv BArg[nFm b<zrzn` pvA aBfmt enAv>bvyf.

1
Ou!fhys ,CIKf,i jsia;rjkkdjQ foh'iajdlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzzfud ikaosgzGsfld wld,sfld taysmiaisfld
Ou
Tzmkhsfld mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+yS;s'fuys mpzp;a;x fjzoS;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+yS;s hkafkka woyiajkqfha
m@{djka;hka th m@;HCIjYfhka wjfndaOlr .;hq;` njhs'

586
emm kr[N b<zsmey` vfg&hvn s`TAny vn>ey` str mhAped`s pfLfbHdv kL
ig[n`vFmyf. emm str mhAped`sy pfLfbHdv kr[N< a^g=t`tr nfkAey` ct=k`k nfpAtey`t` dFG
nfkAey` mhA prfnfbZbAN s>t&eyhft` aw^g=evZ.E` str mhAped`s vn>ey`,

1.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk` a[v[t`nf,m vfsfn` b<zrzn` hm<evhf asA pfLfgn`nAld Dm%y
emyy, vfny emyy,VAs`tRVAsny emyy’yf kfynèn`nmZ E`kFm enApfLfegn b[h[rd enAkr E`
pd vYHOd`jny n` s>t&eyhf bhA b[lfyhq;`h.(iq;af; T;dfr;nzndks jskfh ikaoiafi ;nzndks)ta
mo jHxcks>t&eyhf enAb[s sfxFnmZ vfneyhf enAs[seHd`nmZ E` adhs E` BfOS<veg` v[rdf
pfLfg[nFmkfyf nfgmny kLy<t=y.

s>t&eyhf b[ssfxFnmZ vfneyhf s[seHd`nmZ Ey E` BfOS<veg` mnA ug[n`mkfyf nfgmny
kLy<t=y.emZ pLm< b<d`Daped`Vyyf.emyfn` BfOS<vk` b<zrzn` VAOSfekAx pvsn Dm% vfny
kr[Nk` pfLfbHdvasn`nAeg` pflfevt p&kAVftyf.

2.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk` a[v[t`nf,mA vfsfn` as<vl` aAvAseyhf evesn s`Tvfr
BfOS>n` shft s^GyAhm<eyhf asA pfLfgn`nAld Dm%y emZyyf kr[Nk` p&kAVkrnèn`d EhflAd
s>t&eyhf bhA vfneyhf ssHdA astY vVeyn` ehA` stY vVeyn` ehA` nfgmnykx
b[sfyy<t=y.emZ s^GAped`s nmZ v> edvn mhAped`syyf.

3.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk` a[v[t`nf m vfsfn` as<vl` aAvAseyhf bh<sRtv>,agtAgmv>,
Dm%Dr v>,vfnyDrv>,mAtfkDrv>,s`Tvfr BfOS>n` smZm<Keyhf dF Dm%vfny emZy VAs`tR VAsny
emZy asn ld[yf kfynèn`nmZ Eyxd st=x<enAvfyy<t=y.p&tfeOS`pd enAekAx s>t&eyhf bhA
vfneyhf ssHdAb[lfy y<t=y. s>t&yx b[sgnèn` n[tfnmZ vfnyx enAs[seHd`nmZ E` b<d`D vcny
elsvrdvA g[n`mkfyf nfgmny kL y<t=y.s>t&eyhf b[sgnèn`nmZ vfneyhf s[seHd`nmZ mnA
ug[n`mkfyf nfgmnykL y<t=y.emZ‘smZbh<l tèTrAped`syyf.’

4.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk`,a[v[t`nf mA vfsfn` as<vl` aAvAseyhf evesn bh<V&[tv>
agtAgm v> Dm%Drv> vfnyDrv> mAtfkADrv> Ek` s`TvfrBfOS<vk` hm<evhfdF Dm%vfny emZy
VAs`tRVAsny emZy asnld[yf kfynèn` nmZ Eyxd st=x<enAvF p&tfeOS`pd enAekAx s>t&eyhf
bhA vfneyhf ssHdAb[lfy y<t=y.s>t&yx b[s gnèn`n[tfnmZ vfnyx enAs[seHd`nmZ E` b<d`Dvcny
els vrdvA g[n`mkfyf nfgmny kL y<t=y.s>t&eyhf b[sgnèn`nmZ vfneyhf s[seHd`nmZ mnA
ig[n`mkfyf nfgmny kLy<t=y.emZ E`keTrA ped`syyf.1

emZ uped`s htr mHgfn` anAgteyhf b<d`D vcny enAeyk` mtvAdvlfn` sd`Dm% p&tfr{pvlfn`
z|Sny vFmx a[tf iwkw vLk`vAlFm b<zrjANn`vhnès` eg` arm<Nv> b[vZ kfvh[kfy.ymk`
b<d`D BASftels pfLfg[nFmx nmZ s>t&eyhf b[ssfxfyy<t=y.vfneyhf s[sdF sfxfyy<t=y.E`kAn`teyn`
E`kr[N b<d`Dvcnyk[yf nfgmnykL h[kèk` Evfxy.2

1
w' ks' 2"uydmfoai iq;a;"nq'c'uq"326-330msgq'
2
tu"kd;s fpz iq;af; T;drshudkd;s jskfh ikaoiaish udkd;s iq;af; fpj T;rka;s"jskfhp ikaosiaika;s
ksgzGfu;x .ka;nznx woaOd box ;iai N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiiai";iaip f:riai
N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiai";iaip f:riai iq.a.yS;x'

587

emm str mhAped`syd kAlAm s>t&ey` En uped`semn` prFOSNb<d`Dfyx t=w<edn
1
atfVyuss` g=r{ ped`VekAxZXAVykf. emZ yxet` epLg&$Tvlfn` d[kèvn ymk`v<vd Ek`vrm
enApfLfegn b<d`Dfmy vfcArA OSfyx hs<krgty<t=bv epn`vAdF tfebZ.emhfdF ymZkfsf s>t&Dm%yk`
ssHdAb[lFm pfNfs upeyA`gF krgn`nA v> Dm%vfnyedkv<vd p&mANAt`mkv(Authority) s[lkFm
bAhfraDfkArymt setYOSNy kfrFmk` els ekenk=x epnFyA h[kfy.

nm<t` emhfdF vfny hA s>t&y yn<evn` dk`vn ldèd` vfny pfxkyx ayt` epLepAt` peshf
hA s>t& pfxkyx ayt` nfkAyg&$T peshf an`tr~gt vfny hA s>t&ed`VnA E` sHdhn`v> pmNfn`m
Ey stY els egn Ey pAdkekAxegn ymZkfsf s>t&Dm%yk stY astYtAvy nfV`cykfrFm
enAevZ.vfny hA s>t& pfxk g&$Tvl ig[nèvn kr[N< itA p&AeeyA`gfk ed` vVeyn` sLkA
Emkr[N< tmnèg` vt pfLfevt hA ssHdAblA tmAeg` jFvnp&tfpdAv sks`krg[nFmx
DnAt`mk elsfn` blpAn kr[N< stY ed`VnA els pfLfgn`nAes` kL ig[n`vFmkf.

emhfdF b<zn`vhnès` ugn`vnldèd` ymZkfsfsArDm%yk upeyA`gFtAvym p&mANy elsegn Ey
stY els nfgnyx p[mfNFmyf.emZt=l dRS`Xfmyb[HdFmk` enAm[tfb[vfn` yTAr~Ty an<vgfy
cfn`tnyk` k&fyAt`mk evZ.pHOd`HOdAmy s^dr~By yxet` ar~Tvt`vnèn` emm dRS`Xfmy b[HdFmk`
enAm[tf Eeht` upeyA`gFtAmy lOSNeyn` y<t` sArDm%yk` vnb[vfnf.

tr~kyx g[lepnnfsA(tk`k eh`t=-Logical Implication) pfLfenAgn`nAemn` ed`VnA kra[tf
ig[n`vFmZ t=lfn` ymZkfsf sArDm%yk a[tf tvt` a[hy<mZVFlF vxfnAkmk` ehlfevZ.tr~kny yn<
sks`krgn`nA ld`dA v> vAg`vfdYAt`mk upkrNykf.Em upkrNy vfDfmt`v BAvftAkfrFemhf
nfp<Nv>evk=x tmAxavVY krn oZn{m BASAt`mk sn`nfevZdnyk` setYOSNy krb[lfemZ
h[kfyAv a[t.nm<t` EmsetYOSNy vnAhF BASAvfdYAt`mk stYykèls epn<nt`
tTYelA`kvYvhAry an<v astYv>vk` vfyh[kfy.kp<xA s<zbv tr~kVAs`t&An>k+lv sp&mAnels
op`p<kr epn`vfy h[kfv<vt` stYelA`key` s[b{tt`vy Ey enAvn`nAk` emnf.

emZ nfsA emv[nf ps<bfmk` shft tr~ky ymZkfsf sArDm%yk` nFr~NykfrFemhflA eyAdA g[nFemZ
sedAs` bv b<zrzn` epn`vAdF tfebZ.E` an<v sArDm%yk upeyA`gftAmy lOSNy tr~ky mHgfn`
enAp[h[dflfkrn b[vfn` tr~ky eyAdAg[nFm sAvdYy.Eemn`m tr~ky p&mANyk` vVeyn`
eyAdAg[nFmt=lfn` sArDm%y bAhfr p&s`t=tyk` smHg smZb$Dyn` mHgfn` op`p<kfrFm dRS`Xfmy g[tf
vFmkf.dRS`Xfmy y[pFmk` g[tfbvk`t=l pHOd`HOdAmy s^dr~Bykx iwk` enAs[lesnb[vfn` E`
kr[eNhflAd tr~ky sAvdYy.

nYAy(nyeh`t=-Nomological Implication) yn<d b<zrzn` sArDm% vfnfV`ceyhflA p&tfOS`pkrnld
Ek` bAhfr aDfkArfykf.kHdhla hkqlùlaoehs i,ldne,Su fuysoS jeo.;ah.nYAy pdnmZva[tèt`
kfsfymZ vfSyfk (dr~Vn vfdYAv-Philosophy yn vfSyx ayt`vn`nkf.‘nYAy dr~Vny-Nyaya

1
uyd mrsksrAjdK iQ;@ ixialrKfha m@ia;djkdj"isrsiSj,S ysus"68msgqj'

588
Philosophy) m>LDm% pAdkekAx egny.1Eb[vfn` E`vA sksèkAxgn`nAld`dkf.emmsks`
kfrfemZdF EkÈk` p<d`gl r[cf ar[cfkmZ,mAnsfk aAkl`p,h[HgFmZ,b<d`Df mxZxmZ blpAyf.E` nfsA
setYOSN eyhflA nfrvdYymv> k&mevZdyk`vVeyn` nYAy enAs[lek`.

Ees`m nYAy sks`v a[tèt` d[n<mmt pdnmZvy.E` d[n<mZ pd`Dtf kAlAn>r{pv vD%nyvFemZdF
ebAehA` zrx klfn` p[vtf d[n<mmt pdnmZv sks`krnld`dAv> nYAyyn` evZgeyn` evnsèvZ.
Eb[vfn` d[n<m evns`vn evZgyx an<pAtfkv evns`vn nYAy mHgfn` ymZkfsf nYAygt b[HdFmk`
epn`vnb[vfn` p&QA egA`cr enAvnb[vfn` pHOd`HOdAmy s^dr~Byx adALenAevZ.sArDm%yk
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1
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p[h[dflf krn edyenAevZ.

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4
enAdnèn`y.’

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vfg&hvn b<zrznèg` vYvs`TAmALAvyf.

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a[tèt`d Ey an<gmny krn`nAv> p<d`glyAeg` mAnsfk s^vD%ny uprFm tt`vyx mt=krlFemZ
prmAr~Ty sAk`SAt`krln aAkAreynf.E` vfnAEhf kfsfz aDfkArFmy s^dr~Byk` dk`nx enAl[ebZ.
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agtfgAmFv sArDm%y p&tfeOS`pkryf.E` ehyfn` sArDm% vfnfV`cey`dF‘ehAHdy[yf epnFm’yn kArNy
sArDm% vfnfV`cy pfnfs mfN<mZ dHw<vk`kr g[nFm kAlAm s>t&ey`dF b<zrzn` p&tfeOS`p kr a[t.

1
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591

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smHg EkHgvnèn`nmZ pfLfgn`n yn kArNy kAlAm s>t&eyhf p&tfeOS`pkrn‘BbZbr{ptAvy’
enAevZ.emhf BbZbr{ptAvy vnAhF eectsfk p&eOS`pnykf.vfny hA s>t&ed`VnA vnAhF emvn`
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mAg%y elsfn` ed`VnAkrn ld vfny hA s>t&ed`VnAvlfn` n[vt BbZbr{ptAvy hxg[nFmx
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epn`vAedn< lbyf.

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mAg%y an<v ynènA` evtf.ps<v p[mfNfyAh< evtf.’

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1
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smny.p>v%bm<N< a[HzerA`d enAnft`.2mDYm hA pV`cfm bm<eNA`d enAdnftf.emZan<v bm<Nnèg`
V&d`DAv am>Lfk enAvnèn`d.’

emZ p&cAry an<v am>Lfk V&d`DAv pdnmkfnètAr pfLfg[nFmk`bv epen`.b<zsmy an<v
pHOd`HOdAv at`d[kFmZvVeyn` thv<r[vn`nk`d vfyy<t=y.‘mm emy dnfmf mm emy dkfmf(ah^
jAnAmf,dhemt^ ps`sAmf) yn<evn` p[vsFmx avkAVenAm[tf sArDr~mFy pfLfg[nFmZ b<zsmeyn`
p&tfeOS`pfty.EbHz sArDr~mFy pfLfg[nFmZ b<zsmyx aBfmtenevZ.Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&eyhf
p&tfeOS`pftv> nfS`XA10n` avsn` nfS`XAv els vfg&hkrnld(smeNA` enA gr[)apeg` aAcAyY%yn`
vhnèsèg` (VAs`tRn`vhnèsèg`)kfyA p&mANykr g[nFm p&tfeOS`pkrnldèd` emZ am>Lfk
V&d`DAvx an`tr~gtvn kr[N<b[vZ s[Lkfy y<t=y.

1
u' ks' 2"pXzlS iq;a;"nq'c'uq"654msgqj'hoiausx fNd f.d;u"n@dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS;sy
mruzmrdh msgl iuzm@odh ;F: p n@dyauKd tlx fik ksgzGx .pzPka;s"bofuj"ipzpx fud> uZ[aZ[ka;s'bO
bofuj"ipz
Njx f.d;fud lsuyd;s'
2
u' ks' 2"pXzlS iq;a;"nq'c'uq"656msgqj'fihH:dms Ndroajdc"wJOfjKS mruzmrd ixi;a;d mqrsfudms k
miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s'tjfuj fLd Nroajdc wJOfjKq mux uZ[afZ[ n@dyauKdkx
Ndis;x iuzmcAc;ss mqrsfudms k miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s';x lsx uZ[aZ[is Ndroajdc
;
k kq tjx ikaf; n@dyuKd wuQ,sld ioaOd iuzmcAc;s'

593
emt[ndF tvt` g[xHPvk` yemk=x ud`gtvfyh[kfy.EnmZ ymk` esAyAenAblA
vfmsAenAblA ehA` n<vNmd bvkfn` ehA` b<zrjANn`vhnèsèg` ed`VnA pfLfegn
kxy<t=eker~nmZ Ey am<Lfk V&d`DAvx ayt`vnvAd yn`nyf.emt[ndF adALvn<ey` an`tr~gtey`
hryatfn` b<d`D ed`VnAv ektrmZ p&AeyA`gfk vnvAd ynkArNyyf.ihtkF c^kF bm<NAx
vdALkr[N emhfdF sfhfpt` kfrfmx h[kfy.EnmZ b<zrznèg` ed`VnAvnAhF h<edk` dRS`Xfmy
b[sg[nFmk` al`lAg[nFmk` tvt` aeyk=x Em dRS`Xfg&hNy pfLfg[n`vFmk` enAvnbvyf.b<zrzn`
c^kF bm<NAx ed`VnAkeL` tmn` vhnès` Ey avebA`DkfrFemn` p&tYOSkregn
ant=r[ved`VnAkrn bvyf.aenk=t` smyn`hf emZ kr[N sv%smZp>N% vVeyn` dk`nx
enAl[ebnb[vfn` adAL smyn`hf aw^g=ig[n`vFmZ p&AeyA`gfk #veyn` asmZp>N%evyf.

EbHz asmZp>N% ig[n`vFmZ p&mANfkv a$Dels pfLfg[nFm edA`Sshftbv pmNk` emZ mHgfn`
thv<r[ eker~.b<zsmey` an`tr~gt ig[n`vFmZ p&AeyA`gf#veyn` sv%mZp>N%b[vZ p&tYOSeyn` thv<r[
ekAx idfrfpt` ekern b[vfn` ekenk= anvebA`Deyn` v<vt` b<zsmey` ig[n`vFmZ E` ay<rfn`
pflfpdftehAt` E`t=Lfn` Em t[n[t`tAeg` crft s^vD%nyx mnAr[k=lk` E`t=lfn` l[ebZ.EmnfsA
upeyA`gftAmy s^dr~By yxet` Ey am<LfkA sd`DAgNyx aytènAevZ.Eemn`m ps<kAlykdF
p&tYOSyx p[mfNFm pfNfs an<mAny QAnyk` vVeyn` p&mANykr pfLfpdfn t[n[t`tAx mAg%y
smZp>N%vFmt`smHg an<mAnHJANy smZp>N%krmfn`‘pHOd`HOdAv’updfnb[vfn` b<zsmey` an<mAn
p&mANy p>v%p&tYOS p&mANykèls k&fyA;aulfjz.

fuh jsjD; mAnsfk p&tfpdAvk`b[vfn` emA`heyn` mns aAvrNy enAeker~.b<zsmey`
ig[n`vFmZ h<zV&d`DA mAt&ykfn` ehA` pfLfpdftehAt` pV`cAt`kAlFnv p&tYp&mANyx p[mfNfy h[kf
b[vfn` Ees` k&fyAt`mkvFm pvApHOd`HOdAmy s^dr~Byyxtx g[en`.emZnfsA b<zsmey` ig[n`vFmZ
emAnm aAkArykfn`vt` am>Lfk sd`DAyxtxenAg[en`. Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&ey` En‘smeNA`
enAgr[’yn nfr~ed`Vy adALvn<ey` anYsmyvAdyn`hf En ig[n`vFmZ ekerhfbv s[lkfyy<t=y.
‘am>LfkA sd`DA’evn<vx b<zsmy agykrn<ey`‘akArvtF sd`DA’yn`nyf.EnmZ eh`t=y<k`tf shgt
sArDm% pfLfg[nFmyf.‘aAkAr’yn<evn` eh`t=shgtbv pLkryf.ymZ p<d`gleyk= BAgYvt=n`
vhnès` smYk` smZb<d`D yyfd,Dm%y m[nvfn`p&kAVfty[yfd s^GyA nfv[rdfmHgx pfvfs a[t[yfd
s`Tfrvveyn` pflfg[nFmkx eh`t=shgtv p[mfeN`nmZ aAkArvtF V&d`DAv yn< Eyyf.1emZ V&d`DA
p&tflByx p[mfeNnèn` sdhmZ a[sFemnf. VAs`tRn`vhnès` mnAels p[h[dflfv p&nFtv pvZpfn`
phdmfn` Dm%ed`VnAkrn kl`hF E` Dm%eyhf v[xhFmx p[mfN BAgYvt=n`vhnès` smYk` smZb<d`D
bv Dm%y s`vk`KAtbv s^GyA s<p&tfpn`nbv nfV`cykrgnfyf.VAs`tR p&sAdyx p[mfeNyf.

emZ an<v tTAgtyn`vhnès` VAs`tRp&mANfk#veyn` pfLfg[nFemZ eyA`gYtAvg[n V&AvkyAt=L
v[xhFmk` a[tfvfyy<t=y.Dm%y m[nvfn` p&kAVftbv EnmZ nfv%ANy aepÒSAkfrFemZ aT%smZpn`nBAvy
g[nt` E` sHdhA adAL p&tfpdAevZ p&AeyA` gfk#vy g[nt` v[xhFmk` a[tfvfyy<t=y.E` sHdhmZmHg
esA`tApn`n skdAgAmF anAgAmF hA ar~ht` p&tfPl dnvmfn` idfrfgmn` a[tf VAsnfk pfrfspfLfbHd
v[xhFmk` tfbfy y<t=y.emZ ay<rfn` a[tfvn akArvtFV&d`DAv s`Tfrnfgmnykf.(esA`tApn`nBAveyn`)
hxgt` m<l` a[tètkf. (m>ljAtA)s`Tfrv pfhfxfykf(ptfxZXftA)emZ akArvtF V&d`DAv dr~Vny m>Lfk
1
u' ks' 1"jSuxil iq;a;"nq'c'uq"750msgqj'h:d h:d fLd NslaLfj NslaLqfkd i;a:d Ouzux fofi;s"W;a;re;a;rsx
mKS;x mKS;x lKay iqqlal imamgsNd.x";:d ;:d fid ;iausx Ouzfu wNsZ[aZ[dh bfOlpzpx Ouzux Ouzfuiq
i
ksgzGx .pzP;s'iF:rs miSo;s'iuzud iuznqoafOd N.jd'iajlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud"iqmgsmkafkd ixf>d'

594
krgt`tkf.(ds`sn m<LfkA)d[wfy (dL`hA)V&mNeyk= vfsfn` ehA` b&Ah`mNeyk= vfsfn` ehA`
ivt`krn< l[bfy enAh[kf V&d`DAvkf.1

emZ V&d`DAp&tflABy esA`tApn`nBAvyx p[mfNFmy.emZ V&d`DAv dr~Vnp&tflABy h[xfyx
s[lkfy h[kfy.dr~Vn p&tflABy sfzvnèn` eyA`nfesA`mnsfkAreynf.EnmZ kAmAsv,BvAsv hA
avfj~jAsv a[tfenAvn mnsfkAreynf.yTAB+tHOdANds`snyn<d emZ eyA`nfesA`mnsfkAryxm
vYvhArvnèn` ymk a[tfs[xfy m<vhkrngtfy emZmHgfn` zr[kr yTAr~Tyd[kFmx iwp&s`tAv
slsn`nAv> pHOd`HOdAmy p&tflAByk` b[vfnf.b<zsmey` dV%neyn` p&hAtvY aAV&vt=nk` dk`vAtfebZ.
p^cupAdAns`k$D an<sAreyn` aAt`myk` sLkAg[nFm(sk`kAy dfxZXf)k=Vl pfLfevt pfLfbHdv s[k
shftvFm(vfcfkfcZCA)VFlp&tfpdAevZ p&AeyA`gfk#vy enAd[n p&AeyA`gfk enAvn VfOSAps<ps
l<h<b[HdFm(sFlbZbt prAmAs)yn<yf.sd`DmZmV&vNeyn` sd`DmZm p&tYevZOSNeyn` emZkr[N< b[h[r
kLh[kfnfsA E`vA dV%neyn` p&hAtvY aAV&vels s[lek`.

emZ dr~Vny nmZ pHOd`HOdAmy hA upeyA`gftA s^dr~By Ek`vn avs`TAvyf.kfsfymZ sArm%p&s`t=t
yk` pfLfbHdv p&AeyA`gfkv p&tYOSkrgn<lbyfd E` pfLfbHdpHOd`HOdAmy s^dr~By lbyf.E` sArDm%
p&AeyA`gfk vVeyn` jFvnp&tfpdAv DnAt`mkv vr~DnykrlFmx upkArFvnbv p&tYOSkrg[nFm
nfsA upey`gftAmy s^dr~By lbyf.emm pHOd`HOdAmy s^dr~By hA upeyA`gftAmy s^dr~By
ynedkr[NnfsA kfsfymZ sArDm%p&s`t=tyk` pflfbHdv nfymAkAr pfLfg[nFmk` smZp>r~N b[s
g[nFmk` sfethf hxgnF.E` aAkAreyn` sfethf hxgn`nAv> smZp>r~N b[sg[nFm ehA`
pfLfg[nFm‘acl V&d`DAv’(aevcZcp`sAd)nAmeyn` hzn`vn< lbyf.emm aclV&d`DAv vnAhF akArvtF
sd`DAevZm dfy<N< vr~DnFy idfrfpfyvrkf.akArvtF sd`DAevZdF p<r~vp&tYOS p&mANyk` vVeyn`
an<mAny p&mANekAxgn`nA nm<z acl V&d`DAvvnAhF p>v%p&tYOS p&mANyk`vVeyn` p&tYOSyd
p&mANekAxgnF.

ehvt` p&YOSey` EkèkAxsk` sAk``SAt`kra[tf atr idfrfyx tvtèkAxsk` VAk`SAt` kfrFmx
a[tfbvyf.emhfdF p&tYOSkregn a[tfekAxs p&tYOSp&mANy vVeyn` s[Lekn atr p&tYOS
kfrFmx a[tfekAxs an<mAny vVeyn` s[lek`.akArvtF V&d`DAevZ hA acl V&d`DAevZ a[tfevns
vn<ey` akArvtF V&d`DAevZ smZp>r~Neyn`m an<mAny p&mANyk`vVeyn` pfLfg[nFmt`, acl
V&d`DAevZdF akArvtF V&d`DAevZdF pfLfgn`nA an<mAnp&mANeyn` k=wAekAxsk` p&tYOS p&mANyk`
elst` itfrf ekAxs an<mAny vVeyn`m pfLfg[nFmt`y.aAyY%nAmy m<l`vrx l[ebn<ey` emels
p&tYOSy m<l`vrx p&mANyk` krgn`nA emm aclV&d`DA sArDm%y k&fyAt`mk vn avs`TAvy.

aevcZcp`psAd(acl p&sAdy-Constant Admiration) ynènhf et`r[m kr[N<d[n p[h[dFmy.b<dèD
aevcZcp`psAd,DmZem aevcZcp`psAd,sêG aevcZcp`psAd yn<evn` esA`tApt`tf a^gatr sHdhn`

1
ucACOsu ksldh 1"jSuxil iq;a;"nq'c'uq"750msgqj'hiai ;iai p bfuys wdldfrys bfuys mfoys bfuys
bfuys
nHZ[acfkys ;:d.f; ioaOd ksjsgzGd fyd;s'uQ,cd;d m;sgzGs;d whx jqpzp;s NslaLfjz wldrj;S ioaOd oiaik
uQ<sld o<ayd wixydrshd iufKkjd n@dyaufkk jd"fofjk jd udfrk jd n@dyauqKdjd flkpsjd f,dliausx'

595
vnèn` emZ kr[N< shft V&d`DAvyf.aclp&sAdyyf.etr[vn`hf aclp&sAdyx ant=r[v
sfvZv[nfv d[kèvn esA`tApt`tf a^gynmZ arfykAn`tVFlyyf.1

emZ aevcZcp`psAdy a[tfp<d`glyA aAr~yV&AvknAmeyn` h[Hdfnèvn aeykf.oh< pRTg`jneyk=
enAevZ. aevcZcp`psAdy tmAx a[t`nmZ Ey esA`tApn`nBAvy p&tfQAkfrFmx s^sArvxZxyx
aAps< enAepreln, zgtfByfn` vfnfr~m<k`t,nfyt vVeyn`m smZebA`DfprAyn p<d`gleyk=bv
p[vsFmx s<zs<kmkèls Dm%eyus oelafjz.nq|=oyfuys Y@oaOdm@;s,dNh ljrm@dfhda.sl wrA:hla
flfrys mqoa.,hd eyAm<krnèn`d yn`n mfn` p[h[dflfevZ.emZ an<v kAlAm s>t&eyhf p&tfeOS`p
ekr[nAv> nfS`XA 10BAvftAekAx ymZ ig[n`vFmk` hrfd v[rdfd yn`n nfmnykfrFm nfv[rdf
enAvnèn` b<zsmeyn` prfbAhfrv> anYig[n`vFmZ vlx bv thv<r[evZ. smhr[ b<zsmey`
Enig[n`vFmZpvA tmn`x enAv[xehn b[vfn` pfLfenAg[nFmxt` Eels pfLfenAg[nFmx nfdhsx
eh`t= vVeyn` kAlAm s>t&eyhf En dsvfD p&tfeV`Dnyn` mfN<mZdHw< elseyAdAgt h[kfyyf
kl`pnAkrtf.

nm<t` Eels upkl`pnykfrFm sAvdYy.kAlAm s>t&eyhf En dsvfD nfeV`Dnyn` vl^g=vn<ey`
asmZp>r~N ig[n`vFmZ aw^g=vn anYsmyvAdyn` ekerhfy.eh`t=v emm ig[n`vFmZ asmZp>r~N
b[vfn` p&AeyA`gfk#veyn`d smZp>r~NenAevZ.Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&eyn` d[kèvn dsvfD
p&tfeV`Dnyn` p&tfjAn nAt`mkels slkA E`vAx sAepÒSkv bAhfrsmyyn`hf ig[n`vFmZ
pfLfg[nFm sAvdYy.nm<t` b<zsmyt=L idfrfptèkern sArDm% kAlAm s>t&eyn` p&tfeOS`pft mfN<mZ
dHw<10g=r[ekAx stYy[yf pfLfgt`td in` idffrfpt`vn dhemZ p&AeyA`gfk#vyx E`nfsA vnhAnfyk`
n[t.kAlAm s>t&eyn` p&tfeOS`pft mfN<mZdHw< 10 b[h[rekAx stYy[yf an<mAny hA p&tYOSy
p&mANekAx pfLfgt`td p&AeyA`gfk#veyn` thv<r[ ekern b[vfn` b<zsmey` ig[n`vFmZvlx
in`vn hAnfyk` n[t.emZ an<v b<zsmeyn` idfrfpt` ekern ig[n`vFmZ kAlAm s>t&ey` d[kèvn
mfN<mZdHw< 10p&s`t=tekAx sArDr~mFy vfnfV`cykx ELM<nd enA ELM<nd in` dhemZ
p&AeyA`gF#vyx bADAvk` El`lenAvn b[vfn` E` ekes`kLt` vrdkènAm[tbv mfn` thv<r[evZ.emZ
nfsA b<zsmyx aBfeyA`gkfrFm sHdhA kAlAm s>t&ym a[t[m<n` BAvftAkrtt` Ey dhemZ agy
tvzrxt` v[wfkfrFm sHdhA eh`t=vn kr[Nk`bv p[h[dflfvm kfvy<t=y.2

mZ[aZ[duh yd Wmfhda.s;duh hk lreKq fol ms<snZoj idlpzPdlsrSfuzoS fn#oaO idrOrAuhkays
b;sydih ms<snZojo jegySula ,nd ;snSu jeo.;a lreKls' fn#oaO idrOrAuhkays b;sydih ms<snZoj
i<ld ne,SfuzoS tys jsldYhjQ wkaou fidhdne,Sug is|=fjz' fn#oaO ixialD;sh wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrhg
wh;ajQjls' tfiau wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrhgu wh;ajQ Y@uK iuzm@odhgu wh;ajQjls'fn#oaO ixialD;sfhys
wdoS hq.hg t<fUkakg fmrd;`j wE; w;S;fhys bkq|=-BrdKSh YsIaGdpdrhkays iuzNjh ms<snZj
.fjzIKh l<hq;`h' tu bka|+-BrdKSh YsIaGdpdrhkays ixialD;sh iuZ. >gzGkhfjuska mej;s
wdrAh YsIaGdpdrh uZ.ska is|=l< wys;lr n,mEu ksid l@udkQl~,j w;S; oekquz moaO;s jshelS hkakg
jqj;a iuzmQrAKfhkau jskdYjS hdug fkdoS tajd wdrCIjQ wkaou yd mYapd;ald,Skj ms<sfj<ska ;jqika
iDIsjreka uyiDIsjreka uqksjreka nq|=jreka wdoS Y@uK fldgia udrA.fhka tlS b;sydi.; oekquz

1
i' ks' 2"mxpNhfjr iq;a;"nq'c'uq"108msgqj'bO .ym;s wrshidjfld nqoafO wfjpzpmamidfok iukakd.f;d
idjfld
fyd;s'Ouzfu wfjpzpmamidfok ixf> wfjpzpmamidfok wrshlkaf;ys iSf,ys iukakd.f;d fyd;s'bfuys
p;~ys fid;dm;a;s wxf.ys iukakd .f;d fyd;s'
2
w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 377-343 msgqj'

596
moaO;s yd idrOrAu moaO;s kej; jrla .fjzIKhg nZ|=ka jS tajd kej; jrla idudkH
iudchg t<sfmfy<s jQ wkaou jsurAYkh l<hq;`h'

w;S; oekquz moaO;Skays olakg ,efnkakdjQ jsfYaI jeo.;a ,CIK folla we; tu jeo.;a
,CIK folkuz ksoyia pska;kh yd i;rn@yaujsyrKhhs'(iudc iykYS,SFjhhs')wkdrAh
YsIaGdpdrfhys flaJ|@Sh ixl,amhka folf,i fuu ksoyia pska;kh yd iudc iykYS,SFjh oelajsh
yelsh' iudc iykYS<SFjh wrA:j;a jkqfha wkdrAH YsIaGdpdrfhys olakg ,efnkakdjQ i;r n@yau
jsyrKh uZ.sks' i;r n@yau jsyrKhg fya;`jkafka wfkl`;a ishZMu cSjSka flfrys olajkakdjQ
cSjys;jdoS psk;khhs' nq|=iuhg fmrd;`j wkdrAh Y@uK iuzm@odhhg wh;ajkakdjQ fiiq wd.usl
Y@uK fldgiajk ;dmijre iDIsjre yd uqksjre foaYkdl< yd ms<smeoS mej;ùzj, fulS i;rn@yau
jsyrKhka wka;rA.;h'

fuys we;s jeo.;alu jkqfha jsfYaIfhkau wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrh ksoyiapska;kh flaJ|@fldg.;a
mokulska iukajs; jSu;a Bg mrsndysrj wdrAh YsIaGdpdrh wOsldruh pska;kh flaJ|@fldg.;a
mokulska iukajs; jSu;ah' fuz fjki fuys iZoykajk b;sydi.; f;dr;`re uZ.ska wOHhkh
l<yelsjkq we;' fuu pska;kh ms<snZo lreK mZ[aZ[duh ,CIKh jYfhka yZ|=kajd osh yelsh'fuys
we;s i;rn@yau jsyrK Ndjuh mCIh ksfhdackh lrk w;r iudc iykYS<SFjh we;slrjSug
fya;ìdOl jknejska ta lreK Wmfhda.s;duh ,CIKh jYfhka yZ|=kajd oSug yelsh'

ld,du iQ;@h jkdyS yqol,d j idr OrAu ms<snZojjQ js.@yhla fkdfjz th msgqmiska we;a;djQ ta
ms<snZoj wm@lg jQ ;j;a jsYd, l:dka;rhla m@lg lrkakdjQ isoaOsoduhla ms<snZo ixCIsma; igykls'
fuu ixCIsma; igyk msgqmi we;a;djQ tlS jsYd, l:dka;rh m@lg lsrSug u;af;ka wjYHfhka u
oek.;hq;`jQ ;j;a fndfyda foa we;' tajd fkdoek.ekSu fulS l:dka;rh m@lg lsrSug ndOdjla jk
nejska wjYHfhkau th lsh hq;af;ah' f:rjdoS iuzm@odh idudkHfhka W;aiql jS we;af;a b;sydiuh
lreKq jdrA;dlrKhg jvd yels;dla flgsfhka wksjdrAhfhkau lshhq;` jQ foa b;du ,qyqZvq f,i
mjid nq|=ka jykafiaf.a Ou! mKsjqvh yels;dla ijsia;rj bosrsm;a lsrSughs' fuu l@uh fndfyda
jeo.;a fohls tf;l`|= jqj;a fuz l@uh iEu iQ;@ foaYkdjla mdid os.ska os.gu wkq.ukh lrkakg
hdu fya;`fjka huz huz iQ;@ foaYkd yd neZ|+kq huz huz ft;sydisl lreKq Y@djlhd fj; ikaksfjzokh
lsrSu |=rAj, yd wvd, jsh'1

f:arjdo iuzm@odh idudkHfhka ie,l`fjz fuu ft;sydisl ixisoaOSka Y@djlhd oek.ekSu Tjqkaf.a
Ou!dj fndaOhg wka;drdodhl jQ lreKla fkdjkakla f,ihs' we;af;kau th tfia Ou!djfndaOfhys,d
wka;rdhldrS fkdjkakdjQ fohla fkdjQj;a jvd;a jsYajikSh;ajhlska tu lreKq Y@djlhdg .@yKh
lr.ekSfuys ,d kuz lsishuz miqnsula tajgd f.dvkeZ.`fka ke;snj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' huz fyhlska
tlS Ou! lreK iu.u thg fya;`N~; jQ ixisoaOSkao ijsia;r f,i yd ft;sydisl f,i f.dvke.`
fkys kuz jvd;a idrA:lj yd jvd;a Ydia;@Sh wdldrhlska ikaksfjzokh lrkakg bv ;snsKs'2

1
iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh" tka' js' cS' ta' fyauka; lùdr" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
fld<U" 1997" 142-149 msgq'
2
udkj jsoHdfjz ,dxlSh m;`, jsksjsos fofk;" pska;l rKisxy" isZMusK" tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"
fld<U" 13 '02' 2005" 58 msgqj'

597

tfia fkdlrkakg fya;`jla jS ;snqfka wfma f:arjdoS iuzm@odh idudkHfhka f.dvkeZ.S ;snqfka
fn#oaO ixialD;sl miq;,hg jvd fn#oaO odrAYksl miq;,hlska jSu tla fya;`jls' tfia fn#oaO
odrAYksl miq;,hlska f.dv kefZ.kakg thg is|=jQfha NdrfhaoS nq|=iuhg fnfyjska wkH iuh yd
orAYkjdo iuZ. ish wkkH;djh wdrCIdlr.ekSu iZoyd;a ish meje;au wdrCId lr.ekSu Wfoid;a
os.` ld,Sk igkla lrkakg is|=jS ;snSu ksidhs' Ndr;hg idfmaCIlj ,xldfjzoS thg t,a,jqkq
fndfyda ;rAck b;du w,amjsh' fuz ksidu Ndr;hg jvd ,laosjoS nq|=iuh jHdma; jQfha fn#oaO
1
odrAYksl uqyqKqjrlska fkdj fn#oaO ixialD;sl uqyqKqjrlsks'

uysokao ysushka ,laosj jevs js.i foaYkd lrk,o iduZ[aZ[M, jeks .eUqre iQ;@ Ou!hkq;a miq
ld,Skj Wkajykafia fuys ixialD;sl jd;djrKh yd ck iudcfhys ixialD;sl weoys,sj,
iajNdjh jgyd .ekSfuka miqj foaYkdlrk ,o jsudk jF:q fma;jF:q jeks mdruzmrsl wOsiajNdjsl
weoys,s yd jsYajdi uq,alr.;a foaYkdjka ;`,ska m@lg fjz' fuys tjlg meje;shdjQ idxialD;sl
jd;djrKh Ndr;fhys mej;s odrAYksl jd;djrKhg jvd fjkia nj uyskao ysushka jsiska ukdj
jgyd.kq ,enQ njg fuh tla fya;` idOlhls' Ndr;fhys fujlg mej;sfha odrAYksl jQ u;jdo
>gzGkhka njg fydZou idOlh jkafka f:arjdo iuzm@odh jsiska fud.a.,S mq;a; ;siai ysushka
jsiskau rpkd lr ;@smsglfhys fm< .@J:hla f,i Ndjs;d lrkq ,nkakdjQ l:djF:qm@lrKhhs'
l:djF:qm@lrKfhys wruqK jkqfhao fujlg Ndr;fhys jHdma;j mej;s f:arjdo nq|=iuhg
;rAckhlaj mej;s wd.usl yd odrAYksl u;jdo yels;dla LKavkh lsrSu;a ish f:arjdo u;h yels
;dla odrAYksl mCIfhka m@;sfmdaIKhfldg bosrsm;a lsrSu;a fjz'2

Ndr;fhysoS fuz wdldrfhka nq|=iufhys jHdma;sh wLKav wdldrfhka mj;ajd .ekSu iZoyd th
yels;dla odrAYksl lreKqj,ska m@;sfmdaIKh lsrSu;a tlS iQ;@ foaYkd jgd meje;s ixialD;sl
lreKq yels;dla wju ugzgul rZojd .ekSug;a f:arjdoS mCIh jsiska orK,o jEhu fya;`fjka
f:arjdofhys oelafjk huz huz iQ;@ foaYkd yd iuznJO ixialD;sl jgdmsgdj .fjzIKh lsrSug
,eoshdjla olajk fndfyda fokdg th oek.; yels jkqfha f:arjdoS iuzm@odhg mrsndysrj f.dv
keZ.`Kq wkH iuzm@odhkays idys;H .fjzIKhka uZ.sks'3 ld,du iQ;@ho tnZ|= wdldrhlska .fjzIKh
l< yelsjQ yd tfia l< hq;`jQ iQ;@ foaYkdjls'4

ulaksido h;a ld,du iQ;@fhka bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ odrAYksl mCIh ;rugu tuZ.ska bosrsm;a
flfrkakdjQ ixialD;sl mCIho jeo.;alula .kakd ksidfjks' ld,du iQ;@fhys ixialD;sl
.fjzIKh nq|=kajykafiaf.a |=Ialr l@shd iuh muK wE;g jsyso hkakls' wNsksIal@uKh lrk,o
isoaOdrA: uy fndai;dKkajykafia wfkdaud kuz jQ koS f;frka tf;rj jvsoaoS ;uka jykafia bosrshg
meusfKkakdjQ jeoafol` osgSh' fuz jeoaod ms<snZo mqj; md,s wgzGl:dj, oel.kakg fkdue;' ixialD;
fn#oaO fmd;aj,ska Wmqgdf.k fuz mqj; bosrsm;a lr olajd ;snqfka mQcH n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh
ysushkaf.a isoaOdrA:f.#;u nqoaO prs;h kuz .@J:fhahs' tysushka olajk wdldrhg fufia wdfjz
1
tu'
2
l:djF:qmamlrK m@ia;djkdj nq' c' uq'
1 fm@df;ia;ka;@ nq|+oyu" ta' fla' chisxy yd tka' jS' cS' ta' fyauka; l`udr" iudc jsoHdj& jsjrKd;aul ,sms"
tia' f.dvf.a iy ifhdaorfhda" fld<U" 1997'
4
ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi" ik;a kdkdhlaldr" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj," 2001'

598
jeoafol` fyda jeoafol`g wfjzY jS fojsfhl` jsiska msrslr /f.k wdnejz ixialD; fn#oaO
1
Ou!hkays iZoyka jk nejz iZoykajS ;sfnz'

wm fudfyd;lg wd.usl ixorANfhka neyerj fuz mqj; iudc jsoHd;aul2 oDIaGs fldaKfhka
jsuid n,uq' tfia n,k l< meyeos,s jkakdjQ tl fohla kuz fuz jeos ck;dj hkq wdrAhhka jsiska
Ndr;h w;am;a lr.;a miqj Tjqka jsiska hg;alr fyda lsishuz l@uhlska uev mj;ajd .kakd ,oaodjQ
foaYSh wkdrAh ck;dj w;rska nsZoS f.dia ish wkH;djh wdrCId lrf.k ryfia cSj;a jkakdjQ foaYSH
iuzNjhla we;s wkdrAhhkaf.ka fuu jeos ck;dj mej; tk njhs' uZolg wm ,laosj ms<snZo i,ld
ne,jfyd;a wdrAhhdj.ukh iuZ.u msgux lrk ,o foaYSh ck;djf.ka mejf;kakdjQ msrsila
jrA;udkh olajdu Tjqkf.awkH;djh /lf.k wm w;r cSjudkj isgsh's 3tfiau Tjqyq ;`uQj yZ|=kajd
.kafka o wdoS jdiSka f,ihs' fuz whqrskau Ndr;fhyso wdrAhdj.u kfhka miqj m<jd yrsk,oaod jQ
ckfldgilf.ka fulS jeosckhd mej; wd njg ms<s.; yels YdCIs ,enS ;sfnz'4

fuhska meyeos,s jkafka wkdrAh iuzm@odh flfia fyda ;u wkH;djh /lf.k fkdkeiS mej;`kq
njhs' tfiau tfia fkdkeiS mejf;kkd jQ wkdrAh ckhd i;`j ;ukaf.a uq,a ixialD;sl iuzm@odhhka
ms<nZoj mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;Skao Tjqka iuZ.u fkdkeiS iqrCIs; jQ njhs' isoaOdrA: fndaOsiFjhka
jykafiao mej; tkafka fufia mdruzmrsl okquz moaO;shla iqrCIs; lr.;a wkdrAh iuzm@odhhg
wh;a YdlH kuz laI;@Sh rdc mrmqqfrks laI;@Shhkaf.a wdosu mqreIhdjk uyd iuzu; rdcHJjh mjd
ck;djf.a leue;a; mrsos w;sYhska m@cd;ka;@jdoS wkaouska f;dard m;alr .ekquls'5

tfiau wkdrAh iuzm@odh i;`j mej;s mdruzmrsl oekqfuys jsfYaIFjh kuz lsis|= jsgl tu oekquz
moaO;sh wOsldruh ,CIK j,ska hqla; fkdjSuhs' ksoyia pska;kh tys moku jS ;snsKs' wfma md<s
fmd;aj, fndaOsiFjhka jykafiag wIaG mrsIaldr mQcd lrk ,oafoa uyd n@yauhd jsiska hehs olajd
;sfnz'6 thg fya;` jkakg we;af;a ful< Ndr;fhys m@n,j mej;shdjQ wdrAh iuzm@odhg wh;a ffjosl
ffjosl iuh;`< n@yauhdg ,enqKq iudc ;;ajh tf,iu nq|=iuh;`,;a uQrA;su;a lsrSug oerE jEhula
jshyel' ffjoslhka uy;a by,ska I,lkakdjQ n@yauhdu ;uka meusK fndaOs;Fjhka jykafiag wIaG
mrsIaldr ms<s.ekajSu;`< fndai;`kaf.a mejsoaog n@yauhd jeks Wiia flfkl`f.a wkqn,hla ,enqKqnj
yqjd oelajSug;a ta wkqj n@yauhd jeks flfkl`f.a msrslr ms<s.ekajSula ,nkakg fndai;`ka Bg jvd
Wiia ;;ajhl isgsh hq;`h hk huzlsis ixZ{djla we;s lrjSu;a wrNhd fulS n@yauhd ms<snZo mqj;
f.;`jd fjkakg mqZMjk' idys;Hfhys oS huz huz woyia m<lsrSu iZoyd thg iq|=iq Wmud rEml
fhdok nj m@lg lreKls' l,ahdfuzoS tajd f;dr;`re rij;a lsrSug Ndjs;djqkq Wmud rEmlnj
wu;l tajdo i;H isoaOsu jYfhka i<ld lghq;` lrkakg ck;dj fm<fUz'

1
YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h n<kaf.dv wdkkao ysus iuhjrAOk m@ldYkh
fld<U 34 msgqj
2
iudc jsoHdfjz uQ<OrAu" kkaofiak r;akmd," iSudiys; f,alayjqia bkafjiagzukagz iud.u" fld<U" 1986'
3
jschg odj cSj yF: yd osfm,a,d kuska orejka fofofkl` l`fjzKshg ,ensKs' fuz orejka fofokdf.ka tjl
,xldfjz jsiQ mq,skao keue;s udkj jrA.fha wdruzNh is|=jqKs' wdosjdiSka kuska yeZoskafjkafka fuu mq,skao
keue;s udkj jrA.hdf.a jsldYhhs'
4
wisrsu;a bkaoshdj" ta' t,a nIduz" rdcH NdId fomdrA;fuzks;`j" fld<U 1965'
5
YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h" n<kaf.dv wdkkao ysus" iuhjrAOk m@ldYkh"
fld<U"1986" 1 msgqj'
6
YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h" n<kaf.dv wdkkao ysus" iuhjrAOk m@ldYkh"
fld<U"1986" 34 msgqj'

599

fuz wkqj fuys ienE i;H isoaOsh huz lsis flfkl`f.ka tajd fndai;`ka jykafiag ,enqKq nj kuz
tajd Wkaa jykafiag ,enqfka jeoaod udrA.fhka hehs lsishuz idrA:l Wml,amkhlg meusKSug wmg
wjldY ;sfnz' yer;a fuz jeoaodg mrslr ,enqKq wkaou;a b;d oSrA>f,i fuz ixialD; fmd;aj,
iZoykajk nj n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysushka jsiska olajd ;sfnz' jeoaodg fuz wIaG mrsIaldr
,enqfka jsYd, rela fnkhlsks' fuz rela fnkhg mejsos iuzm@odhg wh;a wIaG mrsIaldr fldhskao wIaG
mrsIaldr hkq mejsoafol`g ;ukaf.a tosfkod cSjs;hg w;sYhskau wjYH jkakdjQ uQ<sl wjYH;d
mrsuid .ekSu msKsi Ndjs;d lrkakdjQ isjqre md;@ kQ,a bZoslgq oe,s /jq,a nEfuz WmlrK wdoS uQ<sl
wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug Ndjs;d lrkakdjQ WmlrK wgla wka;rA.;h' fuyska meyeos,s jkafka
nq|=iuh f,djg yZ|=kajd fokakg u;af;ka l@udkQl~, whqrska ;ukaf.aa mejsos cSjs;h .;l<djQ Y@uK
iuzm@odhhg wh;a idrA:l wrA:j;a mejsos cSjs;hla .;l< wh jsiQ njhs' kuqq;a nqoaOFjfhka miq Wka
jykafia nsysl< w;sjsYd, m@udKfha ry;a fkdry;a mejsoaokaf.a m@udKh yd ixLHd;aulj .;al<
ful< fn#oaO wdl,amj,g wkql~,jQ ixjsOdkd;aul mejsos msrsila fkdjSh' kuq;a wm@isoaOj ;ks ;ksj
yqol,dj jsiQ tjeks wrAy;ajQ mejsoaoka jsiQ njg fuu is|=jSu ms<snZo bosrshg wkdjrKh flfrka kdjQ
f;dr;`re j,ska jgyd.; yelsjkq we;'

hg lS /la fnkhg mejsos wIaG mrsIaldr ,efnkqfha fuz whqrsks ld,hlg fmr fndaOsiFjhka
jevs fuz wfkdud koS ;Srfhka Tnzfnka jQ m@foaYh mfia nq|=jreka lsysm kulf.a jdiN~ush jS ;snsKs'
fuu m@foaYfhys jQ lsysmfofkla mejsos jS ;ks ;ksj yqol,dj Ndjkdjvd mfia nqoaOFjhg meusK
;snsKs'1 fudjqka ;ukaf.a iduzm@odhsl oekquz moaO;Ska w;ayodn,d ;u ;uka tlS oekquz moaO;s ukdj
YdCId;a lr.ekSug meusKshdy'

mfia nqoaOFjh hkq udrA. M, ms<sfj<ska ,nd wnqoafOd;amdo ld,hl lsisfjl`f.a wkqoekaulska
f;drj ;u ;ukau ;ksju wrAy;ajh YdCId;a lr.ekSfuz jsOsl@uhhs' fuhg wIaG iudm;a;s ms<snZo
oekqu fukau jsmiaikd oekqu ms<snZoj Z{dKh hk folu tlfia bjy,a fjz' wIaG iudm;a;s jkdyS
wnqoafOda;amdold,hl mjd jsoHudk fj;;a jsmiaikd oekqu mj;skafka nqoafOda;amdo ld,hl muKla
nj f:rjdo iuzm@odh ;oska jsYajdi lrkq ,nhs' 2

tfiakuz fulS mfia nq|=jreka wrAy;ajhg meusKSu msKsi Ndjs;d l< jsmiaikd oekqu Tjqka ,nd
.;af;a flfiao$tfiakuz th;a mdruzmrslj meusKs oekquz moaO;shlao mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;sh;`<u
jQ wrA: ieZ.j Ndjs;fhka wE;alr oud ;snqKq mdruzmrsl ryial@u fjzohlao$isoaOdrA: fndai;`ka
l`vdl< wdkdmdK i;s Ndjkdj jevQ lSm jia:djla ms<snZoj f:rjdo iuzm@odh jdrA;d lrhs' tnZ|=
tla wjia:djloS ;u msh rcqf.ka jeZ|=uz ,enQ mqj;o fuh ;yjqre lrhs' fuu mfianq|=jreo Y@uK
iuzm@odhg wh;a ;jqia fldgzGdYhla jQ uqks kuz jk ;jqia fldgzGdYh nj lsh yel' ;jqika
idudkHfhka wdOHd;ausl mCIfhka by<g t;au f,#lsl OHdk ,dNSyq njg m;afj;s'

1
tu
2
i' ks' 111" wdkkao iq;a;" nq' c' uq'" 338 msgqj'

600
fuhska wrEmdjpr OHdk ,dNSkag iDIsjre hk kduh jHjydr lr;sfnz' wIaG iudm;a;s ,dNS
iDIsjre idudkHfhka fuz ugzgfuz oelsh yels by<u iDIsjre jsfYaIhhs' fuz ksid fujekakka uy
iDIsjre hkqfjka yZ|=kajkq ,efnz' huz flfkla wdOHd;ausl mCIfhka fuhg;a jvd .uka flfrA kuz
fy;u iajhx isoaO jsorAYkd Z{dkh ,en.;a fhda.djprfhla jsh hq;`hs' tjekafkla wIaG iudm;a;s
Z{dKh ,en jsmiaikd Ndjkd flfrAkuz wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hl kuz fy;u wrAyFjh ,nd ;ukaf.a
mqo., fjzu;a; ;djh u; tlaflda iuzud iuznq|=jrfhla jYfhka m@lgj mqZM,a iudc fufyjrl
ksr;fjhs' Wkajykafiaf.a kduh m@isoaOshg m;afjhs tlaflda wrAyFjh ,nd mfianq|= jrfhla jYfhka
wm@lgju ;ksj yqol,dj jsuqla;s iqjh jsZosuska ndysr iudcfhka wE;ajqKq ksial,xl cSjs;hla
.;lsrSug repslrhs'1

mqZM,a iudc fufyjrl ksr; fkdfjz' fuz fya;`fjka Wkajykafiaf.a kduh m@isoaOshg m;afkdfjz'
<Z.ska weiqre l<;a wkHhka Wkajykafiaj nq|=jrfhla jYfhka yZ|=;d fkd.kshs'wkHhka Wkajykafiaj
yZ|=kd .kafka Wkajykafia ndysr Y@uK rEmh u;h tkuz ;dmifhla fyda iDIsjrfhla f,i muKs'
uqksjrfhla f,i yZ|=kd fkd.kS'

fuz ksid ;jqika f,i fyda iDIsjre f,i wnqoafOd;amdo ld,hkays fldmuK m@udKhla
mfianq|=jre nsysjsks oehs lsisfjl`gj;a ksYaps;j lshfkdyelsh' iudch jsiska Wkajykafia,dj ;jqika
fyda iDIsjre jYfhka i,ld neyer lrk nejsks nqoaO foaYkdj,u wka;rA.; jk wkaoug we;euz
jsg tlu ld,iSudj ;`, b;d jsYd, m@udKhkaf.ka hqla; mfianq|=jre m@udKhla tlu ia:dkhkays
jevisgsnj iZoykaj we;' ucACOsu ksldfha bis.s,s iQ;@ho tnZ|= iQ;@ foaYkdjls tys b;d jsYd, mfia
nq|=jre m@udKhla tkuz mfianq|=jre mkaiShla(500) tlu jQ bis.s,s mrAj;fhys jdih l< nj
nq|=r|=ka foYkdlr ;sfnz tu iQ;@fhysu iZoyka wkaoug bis.s,s hk kduh jHjydr jQfhao fuu
mfianq|=jre ksidh'

iQ;@h wdruzNfhaoS nq|=r|=ka Y@uK iuzm@odhhkag jevjdih lsrSu iZoyd Wmldrj;a jQ mrAj;hka
mila(5)olajhs' tkuz
1 fjzydr mrAj;h'
2 mdKavj mrAj;h'
3 fjmq,a, mrAj;h'
4 .scACOl~g mrAj;h'
5 bis.s,s mrAj;h'

fulS mrAj; mfika bis.s,s mrAj;h yer fiiq mrAj; i;rgu w;S;fhaoS Ndjs;djQfha jrA;udkfha
thg jHjydr jk kuz fkdj wkH kduhka nj;a tkuq;a bis.s,s mrAj;hg muKla w;S;fhaoS;a
jrA;udkfhaoS;a jHjydr jkafka tlu kduh nj;a foaYkdfldg fulS mrAj;hg bis.s,s hk kduh
jHjydr lsrSug fya;`jQ lreKo meyeos,s lr;s'

1
iq' ks' uqks iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 64 msgqj" 215 .d:dj'

601
mfianq|=jre fuu mrAj;fhys isg msKsvmd;h iZoyd jevu fldg msKsvmd;h ,enf.;
kej; tkakdjQ orAYkh idudkH ckhd ksrka;rfhka oel mqre|= oiqkls'1 uyck;dj fulS mfia
nq|=jre yZ|=kajkqfha bisjre jYfhks'2 tfia meusfKkakdjQ mfia nq|=jre mrAj;fhys jev jdih lrkq
ck;djg oel .ekSug fkd,efnhs fuz ksid idudkH ck;dj jsYajdi lrkafka mrAj;h jsiska
iDIsjrekaj .s,sk njhs'3

bisjrekaj .s,sk nejska fuu mrAj;h bis.s,s bis.s,s hkqfjka ck;dj mqrdKfha isgu fuz
mrAj;h yZ|=kajd we;snj nq|=r|=ka fmkajd fo;s'4 fulS wrA:l:kh is|=lrkqfha fjk ljqrekaj;a fkdj
nq|=r|=ka jsiskau ksid mqrdKfha idudkH ck;dj mfia nq|=jrekaj iDIsjre fyj;a bisjre hk
kdufhka y|=kajd ;sfnzh hk lshqu i;Hnj ;yjqre flfrA'5 w;S;fhys jsiQ idudkH ck;dj mfia
nq|=jrekaj ksis whqreka y|=kd fkd.;a;d muKla fkdj Tjqka w;ska ksis whqrska Wkajykafia,dj
we.hSulg n|+ka fkdjQ njg fuh jeo.;a idOlhls'

we;euzjsg fuys iZoyka wkaoug msZvq isZ.df.dia meusKsmiq mfianq|=jre wkHhkaf.ka ys;du;du
jikajS osjs f.jqjd jkakg;a mqZMjk' flf,ia m@ySKl<djQ funZ|= wjidk foayOdrS W;`ful`g
isf;kafka;a idudkH mqyq|=ka flfkl`g isf;k wdldrhg jvd yd;amiskau is;d.; fkdyels
wdldrlska jk ksid idudkH mqyq|+fkla n,k weiska n,d Wkajykafia,d fuz wdldrhg cSj;afjkafka
wehs$hk .egZMjg jsiZ|=ula ,nd.; fkdyel'

idudkH mqyq|=ka mqoa.,fhla ;udg ,efnk m@isoaOsh uy;a by<ska w.h lsrSug ,la lrk w;r ;j
iuyre m@isoaOsh ;ld TzkEu my;a ls@hdjla lsrSug jqjo miqng fkdfjz kuq;a wdOHd;ausl mCIfhka
W;a;rS;r ia:dkhlg m;ajQ W;`fuda tfia m@isoaOsh wfmaCId lr;shs is;sh fkdyelsh' Wka jykafia,d
m@isoaOshg jvd ;ukaf.a jsfjzlS ksial,xl nj w.h lrkjd jsh yelsh'

mfianq|=jre mfil ;snsfhajd idudkH ia:dkhl huzlsis ydialula we;ehs hk wdxpshla ck;dj
w;r me;sr .shfyd;a tys i;Hdi;H;djh l`ulajqj;a t;ek foajd, ;kdf.k ksrka;rfhka uskaiqka
f.kajdf.k jsjsO .`ma;jsoHdl@u Ndjs;hg .ksuska uqo,a Wmhd.kakd mqoa.,hka tjka ia:dkj,
we;slrkakdjQ ld,f.dagzgsh ryila fkdfjz' boska tjka jd;djrKhla ksrka;rfhka mej;Su
fnfyjska jsfjzlh leu;sjkakdjQ mfia nq|=jre reps fkdlrkakg mqZMjk'

Wkajykafia,d wm@isoaOsfha cSj;a jSug fya;`j fuh jSug ;sfnk iuzNdjs;dj b;d jevsh' nq|= jSu
iZoyd fndai;`kag uy;a fia Wmldr jQfha wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj nj f:rjdo iuzm@odfha oelafjz' nqoaO

1
u' ks' 111" bis.s,s iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 116 msgqj' mZ[ap mpzfpl nqoaO i;dks buiausx bis.s,shiausx mnznf;
psrksjdisfkd
2
tu mjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjsgzfGda k osiaika;s
Gda
3
tu ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tjudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS .s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFJj iuZ[aZ[
Womdos
4
tu tjx Nkaf; t;iaims fLda NslaLfjz .scACOl~giai mnzn;iai wZ[aZ[djiuZ[Z[d wfydis wZ[aZ[d
mZ[aZ[d;a;s miai: fkd;`uzfya NslaLfjz bux bis.s,s mnzn;ka;s tjx Nkaf; buiaims fLda NslaLfjz bis.s,siai
bis
,nzn;iai tidj iuZ[aZ[d wfydis tid mZ[aZ[d;a;s N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[pmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx
bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjzgzfGd k osiaika;s ;fukx ;fukx
ukqiaid osiajd tjuyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS.s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdos
5
tu

602
Fjho thg wh;a wjfYaI ishZM Z{dKhkao nq|=r|=ka ,nd .;af;a fulS wdkmdKi;s Ndjkdfjz
n,fhks'1 tu ksid th Ndjkd rdchd jYfhkao idudkHfhka ms<s.ekSula mj;S' wdkmdk Ndjkdj
jkdyS ;ukaf.a iajik l@shdj,sh wruqKq lsrSu mokuz lrf.k udkisl Yla;sh msnsojSfuz l@shd
j,shls' we;euzjsg fuz ;`< mdruzmrsl oekqu .enz jS mej;`k;a th lsishuz wdldrhlska fiiq f,dlhd
f.ka wdjD;j mj;skakdjQ oekqula jSug uy;a fia wjldY ;sfnz' tfia jkafka fuu Ndjkduh oekqu
wka;rAZ{dK .fjzIKh mokuz lr.;a wOHdmk l@ufjzohla jSu ksidhs' wka;rAZ{dK .fjzIK
wOHdmkfhys jsfYaIFjh jkafka th YdlaId;a lrk l@shdj,shla jk w;r .`rejrhd fyda YsIHhd
W.f;l` jQ muKska lsis|= bJ|@Shh ixfjzokhka udrA.fhka fulS mdruzmrsl oekqu w;am;a lr.;
2
fkdyels jSuhs'

ta wkqj fuu mdruzmrsl oekqu ,nd .ekSfuys hqyqiqZM jkakdjQ YsIHhd wksjdrAfhkau .`rejrhdf.a
lSlre wkaf;ajdisfhl` jS Tyq<Z. fkajdislj ysZof.k .`rejrhdg w;amd fufyjr lruska fulS
wjfndaOh uy;a jer jEhfuka ,nd.; hq;`jQ w;SJ|@Sh m@;HCIh l@ufjzoh mokuz lr.kakd ,oaojQ
wOHdmk l@uhla jsh' we;euzjsg fuu l@shdoduh yryd tkuz mdruzmrsl oekquz wjfYdaIh lr.ekSfuz
l@shdj,sfhysoS YsIHhd .`rejrhdg jvd oekquz moaO;Ska wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSfuz l@shdj,sh w;ska
bosrshg .sh mqoa.,fhl` jsh yelshs thg fya;`j mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;Ska ,nd .ekqu hkq ;u
;ukaf.a WmrSu udkisl Yla;Ska wjOslr .ekqu jk nejska ksrAfoaYs; l@u Ndjs;fhysoS ;u ;uka
Wm;ska /f.k tkakdjQ Wmam;a;s.; ps;a;fha msrsis|=;djh u; tlu l@shdj,sh wkq.ukh lsrSu
uZ.ska mjd huz lsis fyhlska ;ukaf.a .`rejrhdg jvd YsIHhd wOHd;ausl mshjrh kaf.ka bosrshg
.shdjQ mqoa.,fhl` jsh yelshs'

tfukau ishZM mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;Ska wjfYdaIKh lr.;af;l` jsh yelshs' we;af;kau
mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;sj, iq/lS mej;sfha mdruzmrsl oekqu ,nd .kakd jsOsl@uh usil oekqu
hkqfjka f,an,a w,jk ,oaodjQ ixZ{djka fmdoshla fkdfjz' tfia kuz mdruzmrsl oekqu hkqfjka
yZ|=kajkq ,enqfjz nqoaOsfhys wjidk l~G m@dma;s wjia:dj olajd udkisl Yla;sh mqnq|= lrjkakdjQ
l@ufjzoh yd tlS l@ufjzoh l@udkQl~, wdldrhlska Ndjs;d lrkqfha flfiao hkakhs'

tfiakuz isoaOdrA: ;dmi;`ud uq,ska fulS mdruzmrsl l@ufjzoh ms<snZo oekqu w;am;a lrf.k isgs
kuq;a th ksjeros yd l@udkQl~, whqrska l@shdjg kZ.kafka flfiao hk lreK wjfndaOfhka m@;Hlr
.ekSu iZoyd |=Ialrl@shdj kdufhka wrA:olajk ,o w;sYhskau mSvdldrS W;aiyhka .kq ,ensKs' uq,ska
uq,ska Wkajykafiag fndfyda fldg jeroSuz is|=jqj;a wjidkfhys Wkajykafia jsiska w;sidrA:l
wdldrfhka ta ishZM mdruzmrsl l@ufjzohka tla rd;@shla mqrdu fkdksod l@shdjg kZ.d tlS
mqrdK l@ufjzohkaf.a wjidk ksIaGdj lrd idrA:lj <Z.djSug yelshdjla ,ensKs th iuzud
iuznqoaOFjhg m;ajSu hkqfjka idudkHfhka jHjydrfha fhfohs'

mqrdKfhys wkdrAh iuzm@odh i;`jQ ksoyia pska;kh wdrAh iuzm@odh i;`jQ pska;k wOsldrfhka
meyeos,sju lemS fmfka' tfia kuz ksiel jYfhkau wkdrAh iuzm@odh i;`jQ fulS mqrdK l@ufjzoh

1
u' ks' 1 i;smgzGdk iq;a;" wdkdmdk mnznh'
2
Buddhist Monastic Disicipline,Rev.Pro.Jothiya Dirasekara,p.132

603
iliaj mej;sfha wkdrAh iuzm@odhgu WreujQ fulS ksoyia pska;kh ,nd .ekSu wruqKq
lrf.k nejz ie,lsh yelsh' ksoyia pska;khg ndOdldrS jkafka ;udf.a ps;a; wNHka;rfhkau
keZ. u;`j tkakdjQ pska;kh lsishuz wdlD;sl.; lsrSuzj,g fmd<UjkakdjQ is;sjs,s fyj;a
;ukaf.ais;sjs,s lsishuz fohla wdOdr lrf.k tau; rZodmj;ajd ;nd .ekSuhs'

ta ;;ajhkaf.ka je<lSu wruqKq lrf.k jsmiaikd pska;kh f.dvkeZ.S ;sfnz jsmiaikd pska;kh
uZ.ska is|= lrkqfha is;g lsishuz ksYaps; wdlD;shla kshu fkdfldg ksrka;r wjOsu;a njlska yd
isysh fmrgq lr.;a wLKav ksrSCIK l@shj,shl ksr;jSu ;`,ska ishZM iSud udhsuz j,ska pska;kh
ksoyia lr.ekSuhs' fuz ksid jsmiaikdj oDIaGs Wmojk fohla fkdfjz isZhM oDIaGSka isf;ka neyer
lrjkakdjQ udkisl mrsfYdaOk l@shdj,shls' fuhg mrsndysrj iu: pska;kh .;fyd;a ta ;`,ska
is|=lrkafka is; l,ska ;SrKh lr.kakd ,o ksYaps; wlD;s.; lsrSulg ,lafldg ta;`,ska
pska;kfhys iduH;djhla yd ;djld,sl ikaisZ|=kq njla we;slsrSuhs'

tfiakuz jsmiaikdjg wlD;shla ke;so$;sfnz tkuz wdlD;shla fkdue;snfjz wdlD;shhs' tfia
mjikafka wehs$fuz f,dj ;sfnkakdjQ iEu fohlau lsishuz thgu wkHkH jqkq wdlD;slu ,CIK
.enzj mj;skakdjQ foa fj;s' lsishuz jia;`jla fyda fohla .;fyd;a thg lsishuz jrAKhla
yev;,hla iqjZola rila Ynzohla wdoS bF|@Sh f.dapr jkakdjQ ;@sudk yev;,hkaf.ka hqla;fjz hhs
wms Wml,amkh lruq' fufia Wml,amkh lsrSu iuZ.u wmg fkdoekSu wm msjsfikafka wm jsiskau
udkisl wdlD;sl.; lr.kakd,oaodjQ f,dalhlgh fuz wdlD;sl.; f,dalh wmg lsisfjl` jsiska
we;slrfok ,oaola fkdj wmu jrojd Wml,amkh lr.ekSuz ksid wm jsiska wmf.au ukiska ujd
.kakd ,oaodjQ uk%l,ams; f,dalhls' th tla;rd |=rlg wdlD;s.;jqkq f,dalh lehs lsj yelsh ta;`,
is;k iEu is;sjs,a,lau lsishuz wdlD;sl.; jqkq iajNdjhla jsoHudk nejska wOsldruh pska;kfhys
jrolreo wmuh'1

n@dyauK uQ<sl wd.usl iuzm@odhka Y@uK
fol

fuf,dj jsoHudk jkakdjQ iEu fohlu thgu wdfjzKsl hehs wmf.a bJ|@Sh moaO;shg wruqKq
jkakdjQ ,CIKj,g jHjydr lrkqfha tu jia;`fjys iuzuq;s ,CIK hkqfjks fuuidudkH
,CIKj,gu f,#lsl ,CIK hkqfjkao jHjydrfjz fuz fmd|= ,CIhkays jsfYaI;djh kuz tajd
yqfola nsysjkqfha wms ta ta jia;~ka ms<snZo wmf.a bJ|@Sh ixcdkkh weiqfrka Wml,amkh lr.kakd ,o
ixZ{djka wdY@s;j jSuhs fuz ksid fuzjd pska;k wOsldrh uZ.ska nsysjkakdjQ foa f,io wrA: oelajsh
2
yelsh

1
w' ks' 1 ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq'c' uq' 337-343 msgq' ta: ;ùzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud
mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;lflak ud osgzGs
kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd.rE;s hod ;ùzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhd: bfuz
Ouzud jsZ[aZ|+mamiF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd y;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;ùzfya ld,dud
WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd:
2
w' ks' 1 ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq'c' uq' 337-343 msgq' w,xysfjda ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x
jspslspzPs;`x lxLkSfha p mk fjda Gdfka jspslspzPd Wmamkakd….ta: lùzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud
mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs
kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkd.rE;s….hod;ùzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz

604
1 ;dmi 2 ;sF:sh
Y@uKiuzm@odhg wh;a uQ<sl fldgia 5 2 wdcSjl 3 ks.KaG
5 mrsnzndcl

f,dalfhys iSudjg uki fldgqfldg ;nkakdjQ wOsldruh pska;kfhka neyerg h;a h;au is;g
wruqKq jkafka ishZM foaj, mj;skakdjQ mrudrA:uh ,CIKhs fuz mrudrA:uh ,CIK jkdyS ta ta
|@jHh wkqj jkia jkakdjQ foa fkdfjz ishZM wdlD;sluh pska;kfhka mrsndysrjQ udkisl ixcdkkhhs
huz flfkla ishZMu wOsldruh pska;kh fya;`fjka w;am;a lr.kakd ,oaodjQ udkisl ixcdkk j,ska
neyerg h;au Tyqf.a ukig wmd;.; jkfha ishZ,af,ys mrudrA:uh ,CIK ms<snZoj jQ ixcdkhhs
fyj;a lsisjla fkdjSu ms<snZoj jQ ixcdkk hhs funZ|= ,CIK ;`kla ms<snZoj we; tkuz wks;H
fyj;a fjkia jkakdjQ iajNdjh |=laLHh fyj;a w;Dma;slr iajNdjh wk;a; fyj;a iFj cSj
1
m@Z{ma;sh rZod mj;skafka fya;` m@;H l@shj,sh flaJ|@ lrf.kh hk lreKq ;`khs

fulS udkisl Ndjs;djka ksjerosj ;ukag ;ksju lsisjl`f.a Wmldrhla rys;ju .@yKh
lr.;.; yelsuq;a fkdyelshdjg jvd ;ukaf.a repslFjh ksid tlS l@ufjzoh ;j;a whg jsia;r
lrfokakg repslFjhla fkdolajkakdjQ mqoa.,hka mfianq|=jre kuz fjz idudkH jHjydrh wkqjo
fndfyda foa okakd kuq;a ;uka okakd foa ;j flfkl`g lshd fkdfok fyda tnZ|= lshd oSfuys iu;a
lula fkdue;a;djQ fndfyd foko yZ|=kajkq ,nkqfhao mfianq|=jre kdufhks ,xldfjz jHjydrjkakdjQ
jeos .S;j, fndfyda fldgu oelafjkqfha mfianq|+jreka iuznJOfldg Wkajykafia,dg iaf;daia;@
jYfhka .ehqkq ,oud,dh fuhgo huzlsis jsfYaI fya;`jla ;sfnzoehs jsuikq jgS

iEu rglu mdfya funZ|= wkdrAhh iNH;ajhlska fynshdjQ tfukau ;ukaf.a uq,a iuzm@odhhka yd
ixialD;sh fjkia jkakg fkdoS wLKavj wdrCIdlrf.k th mduzmrslj /lf.k meusKshdjQ
wdosjdiS ck lKavdhuz fj;s fndfyda fldgu mdruzmrsl ixialD;sl oekqu yqjudre jkqfha fulS
wdosjdiS ckfldgia yrydh isoaOdrA: fndai;`kag oel.ekSug ,enqKq tfiau Wkajykafiag wIaG
mrsIaldr ms<s.ekajQ wdosjdishd (jeoaod) jkdyS fuz /f.k wdfjz tfia fufia flfkl`g wh;aj ;snQ
msrslrla fkdj ud;dx. kuska fuz l,amfhys wjidkhgu nq|=jQ nq|=r|=ka Wmoskjsg;a cSjudkj jevisgS
tfukau nq|=yq Wmka m@jD;a;sh fojshka fj;ska Y@jKhlr tfukau ;ukaf.a wdhqYla;sh wjika jS
we;snj oekf.k todu msrsksjka mE mfianq|=jrhdf.ah'

uq,ska oelajQjd fiau fulS ud;dx. kue;s mfia nq|=jrhd ;j;a mfia nq|=jre lKavdhula iuZ.
jevisgS kuq|= l@ul@ufhka wdhqI f.jS hdfuka fiiq mfianq|=jre ishZM fokd jykafiau fuz wjia:dj
jkjsg msrsksjka md ;snsKs' tnejska wjidkhg b;srsj isgsfhao fuu ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrhd
muKs' fuu ud;dx. keue;s mfia nq|=jrhka jykafia iuZ. ;j;a nq|=jre mkaish(500) kula bis.s,s

Ouzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh
ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;`uzfya ld,dud mcfyhahd:
1
wNsOu!pJ|@sldj" ud;r Y@S Ou!jxY ysus" ld,agka uq|@Kd,h" ud;r" 1956" wgjeks mdoh" mgspzp iuqmamdoh"
1-93 msgq'

605
mrAj;fhys jevisgs nj nq|=r|=ka ucACOsu ksldfhys bis.s,s iQ;@fhys olajd ;sfnz tu mfianq|=jre
kuz jYfhka meyeos,sju tu iQ;@fhys olajd ;sfnz'1

fuu mrAj;hg tu kduh jHjydr jkqfhao fuz mfianq|=jre ksidu nj by; jsia;r lrk ,oS'
mfianq|=jre mkaiSh ku w;`frka wdkkao kkao Wmkkao hk mfianq|=jre ;`kakuf.au kuz iys; mfia
nq|=jre i;r ku ne.ska mfia nq|=jre fodf<dia kulau jevisgS nj tlS iQ;@fhys nq|=rcdKka jykafia
jsiska mjid ;sfnz' fuys jsia;r jk wfkla kuz .;fyd;a tlS tla tla kuska yeZoskafjkakdjQ mfia
nq|=jre mia yhkulaj;a jevisg we;snj fuhska meyeos,s fjz' thg fya;`j fuz iQ;@fhys mfia nq|=jre
ishhlf.a(100) kuz iZoykajk ksid;a tla kulska nq|=jre .Kkdjla jevisg we;snj olajd we;s
ksid;a iuzmQrAKfhkau jevisgs nq|=jre m@udKh mkaiShla hehs iQ;@fhys uq,ska iZoykjk nejskq;a
mkaiSh iuzmQrAK jSu iZoyd wju ;ruska tlu kduh jHjydr lrk mfianq|=jre miakulaj;a
isgsnjg Wml,amkh l<yelsh'

fuu iQ;@fhys iZoyka jkakdjQ mfianq|=jreka jykafia,d mkaish kuu isoaOdrA: lùdrhdf.a
W;am;a;sh is|=jk wjia:fjz cSjudkj jev fkdisgsnj by; ud;dx. mfia nq|=ka jykafia ms<snZo jQ
mqj;ska fmfka' Wkajykafia,d tla tla ku ;u ;ukaf.a wdhq Yla;sh wjika jSu ksid thg l,ska
msrsksjka mdkakg we;' fuys ;sfnk jeo.;au lreK kuz isoaOdrA: lùdfrd;am;a;shg fmr ld,h
idudkHfhka wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hlah jsmiaikd Z{dKh ms<snZoj ta jk f;la lsisfjl` w;ska lsis|=
.fjzYKhla is|+jS fkdue;sh hk ldrKh idjoH jQjla nj fmfka' th yqfola iuzud iuznqoaOFjfhys
we;s fYa@IaGFjh yqjd oelajSu iZoyd fndfyda fihskau fn#oaO idys;HOrhka jsiska m@;sksrAudKh
lrk ,o u;jdohla f,i fmfka'

fuz iQ;@fhys iZoykajj mfianq|=jrhka jykafia,d mkaish kuu fndfyda ld,hla mqrd bis.s,s
mrAj;h flaJ|@fldg f.k jev isgskakg we;' tanj nq|=r|=kao fuu iQ;@fhys olajd ;sfnz' kuq;a
idudkH usksiqka uqka jykafia,d i<ld l@shdfldg we;af;a idudkH ;jqia fldgzGdYhla jQ iDIsjreka
f,i muKls' bia.s,s iQ;@fhys olakg ,enk ;j;a jsfYaIFjhla jkqfha nq|=r|=ka fuz mfia nq|=jrekaj
iDIs Ynzofhkq;a uqks Ynzofhkq;a nqoaO Ynzofhkq;a yZ|=kajd ;snSuhs' ta wkqj Y@uK iuzm@odfhys uq<sl
mrsKdu ,CIK tkuz m@d:usl wjia:dfjz isg wkql@ufhka jQ jrAOk wjia:d ms<sfj,ska ;dmi iDIs
uqks nqoaO(mpzfpzl yd iuzud iuznqoaO) hk wjOs ;`,ska oel.; yelsh' bis.s,s iQ;@fhys oelafjk mrsos
tlS mfianq|=jre ishfokd jykafiaf.a kuz fuz wdldrfhka oelajsh yelsh'2 fuys ud;dx. kue;s
mfianq|=jrhdf.a kduho oelafjz'3
bis.s,s mrAj;fhys jdih l< mfianq|=jre

1
u' ks' 111" bis.s,s iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 116 msgqj' wdpslLsiaidus NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ls;a;hsiaidus
NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ;x iqkd: idOqlx ukislfrda: NdisiaiduS;s tajx Nkaf;;s fLd f; NlaLq
N.jf; mpzpiafidiqx N.jd t;ofjdp wrsgzfGd kdu NslaLfj mpzfpl iuznqoafOd …WmrsgzfGda fGda
..;.risLs..iqoiaifkd..mshoiaiS….FOdfrda…msKafvdaf,d.. WmdifNd… kSf:da..;f:da.. iq;jd..Ndjs;;a;..
iquzfNd.. iqfNda. fu:qf,da.. fuzf>da… wksf>d… iqodfGda.. ysx.`.. ysxf.d. oafjcd,sfkd wgzGfld.
fldif,da…fm..lKafydap nqoafOd iqjsuq;a; ps;af;da
2
u' ks' 111" bis.s,s iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 116 msgqj' N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[apmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx
bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaika;d osiaika;s ukqiaid osiajd k osiaika;s
;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tajudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu bis.s,s;S;s biss.s,s bis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdos
bi
3
tu fla;ùzNrdf.d p ud;xf.d wrsfhda w:pzpqf;da wpzpq;.dunHdufld….

606
1 wrgzG 26 iqndyq 51 udkpzPSo 76 Ndroajdc
2 WmrsgzG 27 Wmfkusi 52 nJOqud 77 fndaOs
3 ;.r isLS 28 fkusi 53 ;odOsuq;a; 78 uydkdu
4 hiiaiS 29 ika; ps;af;d 54 jsu, 79 W;a;r
5 iqoiaik 30 ipzp 55 fla;ùd 80 flis
6 mshoiaiS 31 ;: 56 fl;ùznrd. 81 iqkaor
7 .kaOdr 32 jsrc 57 ud;x. 82 Ndroajdc
8 msKafvda, 33 mKavs;d 58 wrsh 83 ;siai
9 WmdifNda 34 ld, 59 wpzpq; 84 Wm;siai
10 kS: 35 Wmld, 60 wpzpq;.du 85 WmiSorS
11 ;: 36 jscs; 61 nHdul 86 iSorS
12 iq;jd 37 cs; 62 iqux., 87 ux.,
13 Ndjs;;a; 38 wx. 63 onzzns, 88 WmkS;
14 iquzN 39 mx. 64 iqmam;sgzGs; 89 Wfmdai:
15 iqN 40 .`;scAcs; 65 wihay 90 iqkaor
16 fu:q, 41 jsmiaiS 66 fLudNsr; 91 fcA;
17 fu> 42 wmrdcs; 67 fidr; 92 chka;
18 wkS> 43 iF:d 68 |+rkakh 93 m|=u
19 iqodG 44 mj;a;d 69 ixf>d 94 Wmam,
20 ysx.`, 45 irNx. 70 Wpzph 95 m|=uq;a;r
21 ysx.h 46 f,dauyxi 71 ihay 96 rlaLs;
22 pq,a, cd,S 47 Wpzpx.udh 72 wfkdaukslalu 97 mnzn;
23 uyd cd,S 48 wis; 73 wdkkao 98 udk;a:oaO
24 wGl 49 wkdij 74 kkao 99 jS;rd.
25 fldi, 50 ufkdauh 75 Wmkkao 100 lKay

ud;x. mfianq|=kajykafia msrsksjka mEug u;af;ka lsishuz mrs;Hd.hla fukau isoaOdrA: fndai;`ka
g wkq.@yhla lrkakg l,amkd lr;sfnz' ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=kajykafia Wkajykafiaf.a kE
mrmqfrys wjidkhgu b;srsj isgskakdjQ ;eke;a;shg th ndrlf<a tu wIaG mrsIaldrh uS <Z.g
iuzudiuznqoaOFjhg m;afjkakdjQ isoaOdrA: fndi;`kag fyda iq|=iq tjeks flfkl`yg ndrfok f,i
fmdfrdka|=jla .ksusks' ud;dx. kue;s mfia nq|=kajykafiaf.a b,a,Su mrsos weh l,la wehf.ao
wdhqYla;sh ;sfnk;dla l,a n,disg wjidkfhaoS wehf.a wdhq Yla;sho wjikafjuska mej;s ksid
;udf.a wNdjfhka miqj mfianq|=ka jykafiaf.a leue;a; mrsos isoaOdrA: fndai;`kagu ,efnzjdhs'
wOsIaGdk lr jkfhys relafnkhl ;ekam;a l<dh' tu relafnkh ;snQ .fiys rela fojshdf.ka tu
wIaG mrsIaldrh isoaOdrA: fndai;`ka w;g lùk l@uhlska fyda m;alrknjg fmdfrdka|=jlao ,nd
1
.;a;Sh'

1
YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao fu;@sh ysus" iuhjO!k
m@ldYkh" fld<U" 1986" 34 msgqj'

607
ld,hdf.a wejEfuka fmdfrdka|= jQ mrsos rela fojshdf.a n,mEu ksid ta wi<ska .ukal<
jeoafol` w;g fulS wIaG mrsIaldr tlg neZo ;snQ fros fmdosh m;afjhs' fulS jeoaod jkhg
wNHka;rhg .uka lrkqfha Tyqf.a /lshdj jk if;l` ovhuz lsrSfuz wruqKska jk kuq;a
wjdikdjg fuka jeoaodg tosk lsis|= ovhula lr.ekSug fkd,ensKs' ovhula lr.ekSug fkdyelsjQ
ys;a fjzokdfjka jkh wNHka;rhg msjsfik jeoaodg wgmsrslr ;ekam;alr ;snQ fnkh iys; jDCIh
oel.ekSug ,efnhs fuh foaj;dkqNdjfhka is|=jQjla f,i .@J:d.; f;dr;`re wkqj iZoyka fjz'

fulS oejeka; jDCIh olsk jeoaod .fiys jQ jsYd, fnkh oel l,amkd lrkafka ta;`< uShlaj;a
;snqK fyd;a toskg ;ukag th oZvhula fjkqjg iEfyk njhs' ta wkqj .iafnkh mrSCIdlr n,k
jeoaodg yuq jkafka Tyq lsisfia;a wfmaCId fkdl< fohls' tkuz wgmsrslrhs' wgmsrslr ;sfnkqfha fros
fmdoshla f,i tlg .eg.id nejska th l`ulaoehs ne,Sug jeoaod th ,syd n,hs' th ,syd ne,Q l<
lsis|= jgskdhula ta;`< fkdue;s nj;a ta;`< we;af;a ;jqfil`g fyda Y@uKfhl`g wh;a isjqre msrslr
muKla nj;a olsk jeoaod kej;;a ta fros fmdosh ;snQ mrsoafokau tlg .eg.id ysi u; ;nd .kshs'
ta;`< ;snQ md;@h iys; md;@ miquznsh bj;g f.k md;@h miquznsh ;`< nyd th ish tla Wrhl
t,a,d .kshs'1 fufia lrkqfha uZ.oS lsishuz flfkl` b,a,qjfyd;a md;@h fyda ,ndoS ;ukag wjYH
fohla ,nd .ekSfuz n,dfmdfrd;a;` iy.;jhs'

ffofjdam.; mrsoafoka wgmsrslr iys; fmdosh ysiu; ,ndf.k Wrfhys miquznsh iys; md;@h
t,a,df.k .ukal< jeoaodg uq<skau uqK .eiqfka isoaOdrA: fndaOsiFjhka jykafiahs'2 isoaOdrA:
fndOsiFjhka jykafiag jeoaod oel.ekSug ,ensks' jeoaodf.a tla Wrhl ovhuz lsrSu msKsi
Ndjs;djk |=kq yS t,a,d ;snQ uq;a wfklaWru; miquznshl oeuQ md;@hla t,af,kjd |=gq fndai;`ka uZola
jsuis,su;a jsh' tfiau jeoaod kj;ajd Tyqf.a ysiu; ;snQ fmdgzgksfha ;sfnkafka fudkjdoehs jsuiSh'
jeoaod fmdosh ,syd fndai;`kg oelajSh' ;ud fuz msrslr wjYH flfkl` fjf;d;a ,nd oSug iQodkuznj
jeoaod mejiQfhka fndaOsiFjhka jykafia ;udg tajd wjYHnj mejiQfhka ta msrslr fjkqfjka
fndai;`ka ta wjia:dfjys yeZo isgs liSiZ: yqjudre lr.ekSfuz moku u; tlS wgmsrslr fndi;`kagu
,ndoSug jeoaod tlZ. jsh' fmdfrdka|= jQ mrsoafokau ;uka yeZo isgS liS iZM jeoaod w;g m;al<
fndai;`ka ta fjkqjg jeoaod fj;ska wgmsrslr ,ndf.k tajd yeZo fmrj md;@ho Wfrys t,a,df.k
.ukg msg;a jsh' fuu isoaOsoduh ir< f,i fmkS hkuq;a fuz;`< .enzjk mdruzmrsl oekqu
yqjudrej ms<snZo jeo.;a mKsjqvhla bosrsm;a flfrA'

tkuz fuu isoaOsfhaoS jeoaod hkq;a mruzmrsl oekqu wZ.jkakdjQ Wmud rEmlhls' isoaOdrA:
fndi;`kaf.a Y@uK fjzIh;a mdruzmrsl oekqu yZ.jkakdjQ Wmud rEmlhls' fulS Wmud rEml fol
udrA.fhka lshfjkafka tla mrmqrla i;`jQ mdruzmrsl oekqu ;j;a mrmqrla fj; ikaksfjzokh
jSfuys l:dka;rhhs' fuhska miqj i;shl muK jsfjzl iqjfhka tlS mejsos iajrEmfhka fndai;`ka
jkfhys .;lrhs' thskamiqj fndi;`ka jykafia jvskafka YdlHd n@dyauKS kue;s ;miajskshlf.a

1
tu'
2
tu 35 msgqj'

608
wimqjghs'1 fuu ;miajsksh laI;@shh jxYhg wh;a ;eke;a;shls tfukau wkdrAhh iuzm@odhg
wh;a ;dmim@jDcHdfjka mejsosj jkfhys wimqjl cSj;a jkakSh'

;ukaf.a wimqjg jevs isoaOdrA: fndi;`ka uy;a yrirska ms<s.kakd YdlHdn@dyauKS ;miajsksh
Wkajykafia g we;s ;ruz wdydrmdkj,ska Wjegka l<dh wd.ka;`l i;aldr l<dh' wehf.a ;mial@u
ms<snZoj jsuiQ fndai;`ka jkafiag oek.ekSug ,enqfka ir< cSjkl@uhla .;lsrSug fhda.HjkakdjQ
Wmfoial@u lSmhla muKla jskd lsishuz .eUqre oyula ms<snZoj f;dr;`re fkdfjz' tu ;jqia cSjk
l@u ms<snZo jsia;rhla fuys bosrsfhaoS jsia;r flfrA' i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjkays ksr;jSu;a
iS,nzn; mrdudi kuska nq|=iufha neyer lr we;s w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.S cSjk l@u;a fulS ;jqia
ms<sfj;g wvx.` jk nj tu jsia;r wkqj oel.; yel'

;uka fidhkakdjQ mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;sh ms<snZo kshu f;dr;`re wehf.ka ,nd.;
fkdyelsnj oek .kakd fndai;`ka t;ekska kslausks' bka kslafuk fndai;`ka jykafia thg kq|=frka jQ
;j;a ;jqia wimqjla olshs' th moaud kuz ;miajskshf.a wimqjhs'2 fndai;`ka thg jevulrhs weho
uy;a wdorfhka fndai;`ka jykafiaj ms<s.kshs bkamiq wdka;`l i;aldr wem Wmia:dko lrkakSh'
wehf.a ;mial@u ms<snZoj jsuik fndai;`ka jykafiag wehf.a ;jqial@uhkayso .eUqrla we;s hula
fkdue;snj jegfyhs taksid t;ekskao kslauS hhs'

fuz w;r thg fkd|=rej frAj; kuzjQ iDIs kdufhka yeZoskafjk Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a jQfjl`f.a
wimqjg hhs' ta iDISjrhdf.kao by; oelajqkq mrsoafoka uy;a wd.ka;`l ie,ls,s i;aldr ,nk
fndai;`ka jykafia ta iDIsjrhd ms<smoskakdjQ Ou!h jsuihs tysoS ta iDIsjrhd ;uka ms<smoskakdjQ foh
3
mjik w;r fndai;`ka tys lsis|= .eUqrla fkdolshs taksid bkao kslauS hhs'

fufia .uka lrkakdjQ fndai;`ka jykafia rc.y kqjr iuSmhg iuzm@dma; fjhs' tlS rc.y kqjr
iuSmfys jQ wimqjl fkdfhlq;` j@; iudokaj isgskakdjQ Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a ;jqika msrsila
fndai;`kag oel.ekSug ,efnhs' tu wimqfjys bkakd ;jqikaf.a m@Odkshd kuz Nd.!j ;jqidhs ta ksid
tlS wimqj Nd.!jdrduh hk kdufhka yeZoskafjhs' fuu Nd.!j ;jqido fndai;`kaj uy;a wdorfhka
ms<sf.k ishZMu wd.ka;`l i;aldr iuzudk wdosfhka mqokq ,nhs' wjikoS fndai;`ka jykafia tu
;jqidf.ka Tyq ms<smeo jikdjQ Ou!h ms<snZoj jsuihs' tysoS fndai;`kag oek.ekSug ,efnkqfha tu
;jqia iuQyhd jsiska tlaj iajrA. iuzm;a;sh m;d hd.fydau lrkjdg jvd w;sfrAl hula Tjqka
flfrys olskakg fkdue;s njhs tanj oekf.k t;ekska kslauS hdug ierfik fndai;`kaf.a wNs,dIh
oek.kakd tys j@; mqruska bkakdjQ tla;rd jevsuyZM ;jqfila OHdk Ndjkdl@u W.kajkakdjQ
wd<drld<du kuz wdpdrAhjrhd bkakdjQ wimqj ms<snZoj fndai;`ka oekqj;a lrhs'

fndai;`ka rc.y kqjrska kslauS uZ.f.jd f.k jsid,d uykqjrn,d .uka .kshs' jsid,d uykqjrg
hEug rc.ykqjrg f.dia .x.d kosfhka tf.dvjsh hq;`h' fu whqrska .ukal< fndai;`ka wjidkfh

1
2
tu 35 msgqj'
3
tu

609
ys jsid,d uy kqjr jskaOHdfldaIaG kuz ;dmi wimqjg meusfKkafka tys jdih lrkakdjQ wd<dr
kuzjQ iDIsjrhd uqK.eiSu iZoydhs' fuu wd<dr kue;s iDIsjrhdo laI;@Shh jxYhg wh;a flfkls'
Tyq wh;q jkafka ld,du keue;s laI;@Sh mrmqrhs nq|=r|=ka ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lrkafkao fulS
ld,du kue;s laI;@Shh mrmqrg wh;a laI;@Sh msrsilghs' wd<dr kue;s iDIsjrhd ld,du kue;s
laI;@Sh mrmqrg wh;ajQfjl` nejska mqrdK jHjydr isrs; wkqj flfkl`f.a ku w.g ta ;eke;a;d
wh;ajkakdjQ f.da;@ kduh fyda fm<m;a kduh fhdod Ndjs;d lsrSu wkqj wd<dr ;jqia f;u wd<dr
ld,du kuska yeZoskajsks'1

nq|=rcdKka jykafia miq ld,hl ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSu iZoyd jevs flaimq;a;fhys jQ
jeishkao wh;a jkqfha fuu laI;@Sh mrmqrguh' fudjqkao ld,du kuz jQ laI;@Sh jxYhg wh;a msrsils'
ta ksid Tjqyq ld,du fhda kuska m@isoaOshg meusKshy' fuz ld,du iQ;@hg wkqj ld,du jeisfhda tl,
mej;s Ndr;Sh wkdrAh iuzm@odfhys iodpdrhg wkqj Wiiaf,i f.#rjdpdr oelajSug Wkka|=jQ
msrsila nejz meyeos,s fjz' fuhska fmfkkafka fuz fudjqka idudkH .eushka fkdj iEfyk ;ruz Wiia
iNHFjhla we;sj isgs kd.rsl oshqKq fm@#v YsIaGdpdr hlg ysusluz lshkakdjQ msrsila njhs'2

tnejska nq|=r|=ka ienjskau ld,du jeishka fidhd meusKsfha Tjqkag jrA;udkfha wm ld,du iQ;@h
kuska jHjydr lrkakdjQ tu iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSfuz Wjukdfjkauh hk lreK flfkl`g fuysoS
yeZ.Shk woyils' idudkHfhka nq|=rcdKka jykafia ld,dujreka wrUhd fuu iQ;@h foaYkd lrk
,oafoa Tjqf.a b,a,Sug m@;spdrhla jYfhkanj uQ,sl jYfhka wm oksu'q tfiakuq;a wikakdjQ
mqoa.,hdf.a oekquz ugzgu yd Tjqkaf.a fmr lrk,o l`Y,dl`Y, lu!Yla;sh u; mokuzj we;s
Wm;a;s.;j tkakdjQ wjfndaOhg we;s jdikd Yla;sh jeks wfkla fndfyda lreKq;a nq|=r|=ka jsiska
i<ld nef,knj yd tfia i<ld ishfoaYkd mj;ajknj ;@smsglfhys iZoykajk lreKq weiqrska
ks.ukhlg meusKsh yelsh'

idudkHfhka nq|=rcdKka jykafia Ou!m@pdrh hdka;@Kh uqZMukskau ke;sjqk;a jevsfldgila
mokuz jS mej;sfha Wkajykafiau ish md.ukska f.dia mj;ajkakdjQ oyuz foiSfuz l@fudamdhhka
f,his' nq|=r|=ka ;ukaf.a Y@djlhkag mjd Wmfoia ,nd oS ;snqfka fuz whqrska fkdlvjd usksiqkag Ou!h
foaYkd lrkf,ihs' oyuz foiSu msKsi nq|=r|=kaf.a jevu lrjSuo isjz jeoEreuz l@uhlg is|=jS ;snqKs
tu p;`rAjsO jQ l@uh ;`rs; pdrsld w;`rs; pdrsld ksnoaO pdrsld yd wksnoaO pdrsld hkqfjka iliajS
;snqks fuhska w;`rs; pdrsldj yd ksnoaO pdrsldj uZ.ska wruqKq lrk ,oafoa nq|=r|=ka jsiskau oyuz
wjYH;djh we;s ta iZoyd Wps; mqoa.,hka uqK .eiSu msKsi Tjqkaj fidhdf.k jvskakdjQ l@u
fjzohls'

nq|=r|=ka jsiska iq|=iqld,h yd iq|=iq mqoa.,hka fidhd jevshdjQ fuu pdrsld tlS mqoa.,hkag osiajQfha
wyuznhla f,isks' wfkla w;g f,daldrA: prAhdj is|= lrkakdjQ nq|=r|=kaf.a wfmaCIdj jQfhao yels;dla
tnZ|= mqoa.,hkaf.a udkisl iykYSFjh msKsi lghq;` i<id,Su msKsi ;uka jykafiaf.a fiajh
ms<snZo Tjqka fj;ska wkjYH m@pdrKhla n,dfmdfrd;a;`jSu fkdfjz' fuz ksid fndfyda wjia:dj,oS

1
2
tu 40 msgqj'

ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Budhist values 5.chapter

ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Budhist values 5.chapter

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ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Budhist values 5.chapter