Social Farming: Dealing with Communities Rebuilding Local Economy
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
How can the Productive Safety Net Programme (PNSP) improve the nutrition stat...Sahel and West Africa Club
Presentation by Stefan Scholz, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs, Austrian Development Cooperation
32nd RPCA annual meeting/32e réunion annuelle du RPCA
12-14 December 2016, Abuja, Nigeria
How can the Productive Safety Net Programme (PNSP) improve the nutrition stat...Sahel and West Africa Club
Presentation by Stefan Scholz, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs, Austrian Development Cooperation
32nd RPCA annual meeting/32e réunion annuelle du RPCA
12-14 December 2016, Abuja, Nigeria
In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity. Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality. Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts on the urban poor FAO estimates that, mainly as a result of high food prices, the number of chronically hungry people in the world rose by at least 100 million in the past years to currently reach over 1 billion people, with the urban poor, women and children being particularly vulnerable. Moreover, the financial and economic crisis is expected to continue affecting the urban poor in the near future, following projected declines in export growth and capital inflows.
Changes in climate, coupled to humanitarian crisis, add to challenges faced by cities and the urban poor. Agricultural production and urban food supply are increasingly affected by droughts and floods. More and more refugees and internally displaced persons are seeking refuge in urban neighbourhoods as opposed to camps, and demands for urban food are increasing.
In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural
population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the
world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process
goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity.
Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in
slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure
could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and
financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among
the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases
and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing
power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality.
Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and
diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts
Socio-Ecological Approaches to Integrated Landscape Management for Conservati...IBRADKolkata
Socio-Ecological Approaches facilitated changes in social order for a well-crafted agronomic intervention
of integrated landscape management and adoption of farming system by the particularly vulnerable tribal groups
PVTGs like Birhore, Kamars, and Lodhas who belonged to the pre-agrarian society. The malnutrition, lack of
opportunity for livelihood, degradation of natural resources, the impact of climate change necessitated launching of
the project for Participatory Action Research to sensitize the tribes, build capacity and involve them as a partner for
the development of social action and appropriate social institutions that helped in the successful organic farming. The
success of such a conservation-based sustainable livelihood program tried initially in three landscapes was adopted
in nine landscapes in three states of India as the “Replicable Model’’.
Agricultural participation, farm typologies and sustainable rural livelihood ...ExternalEvents
Expert consultation on methodology for an information system on rural livelihoods and Sustainable Development Goals indicators on smallholder productivity and income
7 - 8 December, FAO headquarters
Growing Food Where it is Needed
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Participatory Action Research for Sustainable Tribal Livelihood: An Eco Chain...IBRADKolkata
ABSTRACT: The indigenous tribal community and forest have a symbiotic
relationship. Arresting the forest's degradation and development of livelihood option have
been tried with the Santhal in Purulia District of West Bengal as a partner through Participatory
Action Research (PAR). The Eco Chain Approach for creating awareness and SAPTASWAR,
a method to develop appropriate social institution for the conservation of natural resources
and adoption of technology developed by IBRAD, is illustrated with a case study herewith.
It is being carried out as an outcome-oriented intervention and finally generating a new
body of knowledge for replication in the similar context of sustainable livelihood of the
community.
In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity. Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality. Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts on the urban poor FAO estimates that, mainly as a result of high food prices, the number of chronically hungry people in the world rose by at least 100 million in the past years to currently reach over 1 billion people, with the urban poor, women and children being particularly vulnerable. Moreover, the financial and economic crisis is expected to continue affecting the urban poor in the near future, following projected declines in export growth and capital inflows.
Changes in climate, coupled to humanitarian crisis, add to challenges faced by cities and the urban poor. Agricultural production and urban food supply are increasingly affected by droughts and floods. More and more refugees and internally displaced persons are seeking refuge in urban neighbourhoods as opposed to camps, and demands for urban food are increasing.
In 2008, the world’s urban population outnumbered its rural
population for the first time in history. By 2030, 60 percent of the
world’s population is expected to live in cities. This urbanization process
goes together closely with growing urban poverty and food insecurity.
Currently, approximately one-third of the world’s population is living in
slums and informal settlements. If prevailing trends continue, this figure
could reach 2 billion by 2030.
As cities expand, so do the food needs of urban families. While impacts of the food and
financial crisis affect both rural and urban populations, the urban poor have been among
the hardest hit. Urban consumers are almost exclusively dependent on food purchases
and variations in food prices and income directly translate into diminished purchasing
power and rising rates of food insecurity, thus compromising dietary quantity and quality.
Changes in lifestyles have further contributed to increased urban malnutrition and
diet-related chronic diseases.
Impacts
Socio-Ecological Approaches to Integrated Landscape Management for Conservati...IBRADKolkata
Socio-Ecological Approaches facilitated changes in social order for a well-crafted agronomic intervention
of integrated landscape management and adoption of farming system by the particularly vulnerable tribal groups
PVTGs like Birhore, Kamars, and Lodhas who belonged to the pre-agrarian society. The malnutrition, lack of
opportunity for livelihood, degradation of natural resources, the impact of climate change necessitated launching of
the project for Participatory Action Research to sensitize the tribes, build capacity and involve them as a partner for
the development of social action and appropriate social institutions that helped in the successful organic farming. The
success of such a conservation-based sustainable livelihood program tried initially in three landscapes was adopted
in nine landscapes in three states of India as the “Replicable Model’’.
Agricultural participation, farm typologies and sustainable rural livelihood ...ExternalEvents
Expert consultation on methodology for an information system on rural livelihoods and Sustainable Development Goals indicators on smallholder productivity and income
7 - 8 December, FAO headquarters
Growing Food Where it is Needed
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Participatory Action Research for Sustainable Tribal Livelihood: An Eco Chain...IBRADKolkata
ABSTRACT: The indigenous tribal community and forest have a symbiotic
relationship. Arresting the forest's degradation and development of livelihood option have
been tried with the Santhal in Purulia District of West Bengal as a partner through Participatory
Action Research (PAR). The Eco Chain Approach for creating awareness and SAPTASWAR,
a method to develop appropriate social institution for the conservation of natural resources
and adoption of technology developed by IBRAD, is illustrated with a case study herewith.
It is being carried out as an outcome-oriented intervention and finally generating a new
body of knowledge for replication in the similar context of sustainable livelihood of the
community.
The Sims 2 Apocalypse Challenge. I've made it to week 15. An Adult start... Generation 3 is going to have generation 4. Babies, toddlers, and twists of fate. by Rflong7
Check out other Sims 2/3 stories at http://boolprop.prophpbb.com/
Social Farming (SF) in Italy: An Opportunity for Local Development
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Supporting Policies for Social Farming in Europe: Progressing Multifunctionality in Responsive Rural Areas
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Policy Frames Regarding Social Farming and Green Care in Flanders
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This is the introduction chapter extracted from the Manual “The Teacher´s Guide-Design for Sustainability” by Gaia Education. This is a practical manual for sustainability teachers, ecovillage and community design educators and facilitators who are conducting courses on the broad sustainability agenda.
A new vision of Economics will not emerge from the economic powers and mainstream capitalist systems alone. It is not a vision to be realized only by economists or business interests. This new vision will emerge instead from the bottom up in country after country and village after village around the world as people learn to build and take control of their own economic futures, find new ways to measure their own sense of well-being, learn to manage how the Earth’s limited natural resources are to be protected and nurtured for future generations -- after all these are our and their commons -- establish new ways to distribute wealth and secure basic living standards and dignity for all, protect the health of labour, and develop a sense of unique cultural and regional identity not dictated by global trends and political strong arms.
Multiplicity of Rural Development Projects, Farmers’ Organizations and Impact...AI Publications
This study focuses on the multiplicity of rural development projects, Farmers' Organizations and their impact on local development. Its objective is to analyse the effects of the multiplicity of rural development projects on the behaviour of FO members and on local development. Thus, it is a question of analysing the motivation, perception, activity management and adaptation strategies of FOs in the face of this multiplicity of projects and evaluating their impact on local development. To achieve this, the theory of motivation and perception, and then that of forum shopping, were used in this study. The methodology consisted of a literature review, data collection in three boroughs and the use of questionnaires to conduct surveys. In the end, it appears that, despite the 24 existing rural development projects supporting FOs, 98.2% of people are motivated to join more than one project, 96.4% have a good perception of the multiplicity of projects, 94.6% managed their activities well, and 92.7% develop livelihood strategies to better adapt to this multiplicity of projects. After receiving support from the FOs, local development was observed in the Division, i.e. 81.6% in terms of health, socio-economic, cultural, political or administrative aspects in the locality. Local development is therefore significant in the Division of Menoua although it is influenced by the behaviour of FO members who face a multiplicity of rural development projects.
Running head CHAPTER 151CHAPTER 154Chapter 15.docxtodd271
Running head: CHAPTER 15 1
CHAPTER 15 4
Chapter 15
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Chapter 15
Gentrification, Revitalization, and Feral Communities
Gentrification is an upward shift in income, education, occupational levels, and house values. Gentrification has a general effect on the increase in inequality by widening the gap between the poor and the rich in the society (Lees, 2015). On the other hand, revitalization is restoring something to an active condition by investing in the community mainly on the resident parts (Xian & Chen, 2015). Additionally, a feral community is a metropolis with a population of more than one million individuals in the state. In feral communities, the structures continue to grow, and the majority of the occupants do not voluntarily leave. ]
Therefore, there are several negative and positive effects posed by gentrification, revitalization, and feral communities. For example, The positive effects that are associated with the gentrification shortly are that there will be an increase in the tax revenue in the community as gentrification seeks to bring more people to the community area with a wide range of interest in developing the community and funding various businesses.
Additionally, there will be a boost in the local economy in the future as there is the introduction of the wealthy groups into the community seeking to improve the economy of the particular community. Also, revitalisation seeks to improve the physical and social environments in the community which have been deposited hence improving the community standards,
The negative effects caused is that there is an increasing number of crime in the community areas as several youths are found to be unemployed; hence they resort to crime and violence in the community. Additionally, there is the issue of inequality where several individuals are discriminated in various aspects and hence are not able to receive the various services like education hence there are the disparity issues. Moreover, there is also the issue of the inefficient healthcare system as there has been an increased aging population without the proper healthcare condition that they deserve. Additionally, gentrification has also seen the collapse of various business in the black community areas while in the white sectors, businesses continue as usual. This has the effect of segregation and inequality arises.
Reference
Lees, L. (2015). Gentrification. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74013-X
Xian, S., & Chen, H. (2015). Revitalisation of industrial buildings in Hong Kong: New measures, new constraints? Habitat International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.02.004
Chapter 15
Organizing Communities for Public Health Practice-2050: A Futuristic Perspective
Gentrification
Gentrification / An upward shift in income, house values, educa.
Presentation on how research institutions can embed engagement into their cultures.
Developed by National Coordinating Centre for Public Engagement (www.publicengagement.ac.uk) and Cardiff University
**needs updates and improvement
this slides are made with excerpts from other sources like, books,publication, journals, magazines and on-line sources.No plagiarism intended.
intended for the review in the upcoming may 2015 agriculture major admission test of Cavite State University.
for inquiries email me at: darkspot0713@gmail.com
Social Enterprise: A New Model for Poverty Reduction and Employment Generation
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
2012 is the European year for active ageing. Over the next few decades, elderly people will continue to grow in number and continue to age. Our society must succeed in the challenge of healthy ageing. How? By keeping elderly people physically and mentally active for as long as possible thanks, in particular, to a suitable, high quality diet. These are the reasons for which the Louis Bonduelle Foundation develops activities for the elderly through a partnership with the National federation for rural retirement homes (MARPA).
Advances in therapeutic communities. Reflections on British and Italian exper...Raffaele Barone
Advances in therapeutic communities. Reflections on British and Italian experiences
9th May 2015, Anna Freud Centre, London
Abstract for morning session: Barone & Bruschetta
The therapeutic community in the local community: the limits, resources of partnership and democracy
Similar to Social Farming: Dealing with Communities Rebuilding Local Economy (20)
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. RURAL FUTURES: DREAMS, DILEMMAS, DANGERS
more informal relationships. Moreover, informal nets should be able to improve the
capability of the local context to include and increase the opportunities of weaker people.
The significance of social farming
SF has a wide impact on many aspects of agriculture as well as rural life. From an
economic point of view, SF is related to a specific aspect of multifunctional agriculture. In
that respect, it can be indicated as a positive externality of agriculture on social capital
(building new relationships among different categories of people like farmers, local
communities, users, consumers). From a technical point of view, SF has the possibility to
cope with nature and to use its own powerful resources. For agricultural practice, SF gives
a wider view due to the opportunity to enter in other sectors (like education, health,
social sector). So: It will enlarge the number and typology of stakeholders, both the young
generation and the wider society have the opportunity to change the perception about
farming; farmers have the opportunity to build new nets and circuits that can be helpful to
qualify their offer, especially with respect of ethic consumers; farmers may change their
own entrepreneurial attitude towards the idea of corporate social responsibility. From a
social point of view, SF follows a multidisciplinary approach and may offer new linkages
and bridges among sectors. It has a strong political impact too. People involved in SF are
often strongly motivated and active. They struggle to participate in a bottom up process in
order to build policy networks and to discuss the topic in front of a wider public. SF may
have a wide impact on many aspects of agriculture and on its links with the society, due
to: the benefits for ‘users’1; the opportunity to innovate activities: in agriculture, health
care, education, social sector; the opportunity to strength urban-rural relationships; the
economic impact on farms and rural areas toward diversification, reputation and
responsibility of enterprises; the opportunity to cope with social capital, to improve social
services in rural areas, to promote healthy and alive rural communities.
2. Social farming across Europe
The phenomenon of SF is well present in Europe (Hassink, 2006). At the same time
practices are quite often unknown and not yet recognised. Perhaps the situation is quite
different Country by Country when the number, the typologies and the target addressed
are considered. SF increased its relevance
Tab. 1: Social farming in Europe
everywhere in EU in the ‘70s as the consequence of
a change in social structures (like in Italy where
Country Number % of total farms
institutes for people with mental disabilities were
Netherlands 700 0.7
closed down or in Germany with the establishment
Italy 450 0.01
of sheltered workshops), to the rise of innovative
Germany 170 0.03
movements (like the antroposophic and youths
Flanders 260 0.4
movement in many EU countries), or the
Ireland 90 0.08
organisation of religious communities (Ireland and
Slovenia 20 <0.01
the Netherlands). The process has been grown to a
France >1200 >0.02
recognizable representation of the agricultural
Source:Jan Hassink SoFar project 2007
1 The reported effects of SF regard: Physical effects (skills, physical health, employment, day/night rhythm);
Mental effects (self-esteem, self-value, responsibility, awareness, enthusiasm); social effects (social skills,
social interaction, community integration).
3. DI IACOVO: SOCIAL FARMING: DEALING WITH COMMUNITIES REBUILDING LOCAL ECONOMY
practice in the different countries. The process of development was mainly stimulated
from the communities and individuals nor policy driven. Nowadays in Europe an increasing
number of experiences and projects and a very quick growth is recorded (tab.1).
Similarities and diversities of social farming in Europe
The common elements of SF in the European countries are related to some features like:
the presence of animal production and or horticulture; farms are quite often organic and
labour intensive, able to offer different products; there is an high capability to work on
landscape management, and to preserve biodiversity; farms are normally well open to
public and they are organised for direct selling; due to the specific field of activity people
involved has a large capability to act in local and wide networks as well as there is a strong
commitment and motivation of highly engaged persons involved in the projects. In general,
the target groups are in all countries comparable and consist of a wide range disabled
people (mental, physical, psychiatric), addicts (drugs, alcohol), children, youngsters, re-socializing
prisoners (ex), long run un-employed, terminal patients, burn outs and elders.
Apart from similarities, there is a large diversity between countries in terminology, users
and their position (clients, employees), financing structures, sectors involved and project
holders (tab. 2). In most Countries use of agriculture involve the health sector with public
structures (sheltered
workshops, geriatric
hospitals, hospitals
for people with
mental disorders) or
the third sector (in
the Italian case)
where agriculture
Tab. 2: The organisation of social farming in Europe (source Sofar project)
sector involved
Health Health/
Providers
agriculture
Agri-culture
Labour Justice
Public D,SL,Irl,A, I I
Third sector I Fr, B, I
Private NL I, B, N
represents a tool for rehabilitation and therapy. Private farmers can be directly involved in
organising services. They are normally recognized by the agricultural sector that can
provide compensations for the farmers’ extra work (in Belgium 40€/day) and/or financial
aids for specific investment (with the RDP 2007/13). In the case of the Netherlands farmers
provide services directly for the health sector in agreement with the agricultural sector. In
this case users (normally with mental and psychiatric disabilities, addressed as “clients”)
can decide to use public vouchers (60€/pd) in recognised structures, like accredited social
farms. In many Countries (France, Belgium, Italy) labour sector can fund agricultural
project and social economy in order to promote work inclusion of medium-long term un-employees.
In Italy, inside the prisons, the Minister of justice organise farms able to
involve prisoners in agriculture. Aside form the previous cases there are educational farms
(in France mainly) that provide services for different target groups, like youngsters (in
Norway) that has difficulties to follow school programmes.
Regulatory system and process of change
4. RURAL FUTURES: DREAMS, DILEMMAS, DANGERS
The regulatory system is quite different place by place also. It drives SF along different
pathways (tab.3). Each model has
a distinct impact on the balance
Tab. 3: The regulatory system of social farming in Europe
between agriculture and services
(Sofar project)
and the accompanying
competences
(specialisation/multifunctionality)
. Besides that, each system has a
peculiar effect on the evolution
Associations
(I, Ir, Fr)
of practices. Where SF “has an
Social Coop B
economic value”, the role of
(I)
institutions, quality control and
professional training became
important. Here the risk is to lose
some specific value of agricultural activities. In other situations farmer’ attitude is more
on the spot (philanthropy, voluntary based activities with public compensation, Corporate
Social Responsibility) and involve a diverse organisation of local relationships.
A dynamic process is accompanying the organisation of SF across Europe (graph.1), the
organisation of practices as well as the relationships at local, regional, national level.
About four different stages can be distinguished, each differs in development as well as
the awareness of different public sectors (agriculture and care/health sector) and as a
consequence the regulatory systems adopted at local/regional/Country level as indicated.
Pioneering situation: few experiences, voluntary action based on very strong motivation,
public/care recognise public institutes (for their work, not necessary for SF), private farms
act on their own projects, farmers enter in the system from their own commitment, no
awareness from the local society. Multifunctional agriculture: increasing experiences, the
interest come from agriculture, there are local practices (private and public), no
awareness from the care sector that funds public structure, strong commitment from
farmers aided. SF as a recognized system: large interest, social or health public institutes
recognise SF as relevant both from private and public structures. SF as a responsible
model: there is a large number of
Graph. 1: The evolution of social farming in Europe
practices, strongly rooted on the
ground and in the local society. As a
consequence of the different steps in
any Country also SF networks may be
different. In the Netherlands, Norway
and Flanders, there are
national/regional centres already
structured. In Germany, Italy, France
we register mainly local networks. In
other Countries SF is still related to
isolated projects.
Strengths and Challange
During the “SoFar” project
practitioners were asked to debate
Awareness Care/Health public
sector
SF a recognized
system outside
agriculture
SF a reputational/responsible
system
pioneering
Awareness about
multifunctional agriculture
Awareness Agriculture
Public sector
-
+
- +
(Source Sofar project)
Charity
Public
payments
Public
projects
(employment)
Public
compensations
(agriculture)
Products
market (ethic and
direct selling)
Public structures
(D,SL)
Social Coop A (I)
Farms (NL)
Public funds
(care sector)
Farms (B)
Farms (I)
5. DI IACOVO: SOCIAL FARMING: DEALING WITH COMMUNITIES REBUILDING LOCAL ECONOMY
around a SWOT analysis on SF at this stage. As indicated in table 4 potential of SF is mostly
related to the reconnection of professional knowledge with informal nets aided by the use
of nature.
“Products” of SF are health and social services, both for urban and rural population.
However an important topic is related to the lack of scientific evidences about the effects
of the use of agriculture and nature. Moreover, social farming can also be involved in re-designing
the welfare system in rural areas (Di Iacovo, 2003 a, b). Here urgent questions
are emerging after the fiscal crisis of the State about how to provide services to local
Table 4: SWOT analysis for social farming in EU (Source: SoFar National and EU platforms meeting)
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES
• Practices & Relations: high potential; tailored-made
practices; comparatively cheap; small
groups, social dimension, familiar character,
large offer
• Territorial Dimension: Integration at territorial
level among society and economy; Increased
sensitiveness and awareness, new ties, attention
from consumers, effects on landscape;
• Entrepreneurial Dimension: innovation &
diversification”; involving youths in agriculture.
• Care users: strong benefits, support from families
• Local System increasing sensitivity and
demand from society, positive reputation,
newcomers in agriculture
• Policies & Institutions: new juridical
framework; wider recognition and support,
multifunctional agriculture
• Practices: shift from medical to social model
(citizenships instead of patient), community
integration (care by the community)
• Networks: broadening relations and
networks.
• Marketing: enhanced reputation/image
WEAKNESSES THREATS
• Rules and laws: juridical framework; still limited
diffusion and consolidation; gap between demand
and offer, dependence from public support, lack
of recognition and evidences, strong
heterogeneity
• Start-up: Difficulties to start-up; distances
(physical and figurative); not easy inter-cultural/
professional integration; confusion of
roles and competences,
• Local system: Prejudices for disabilities; Lack of
transports,
• Policies & Institutions: bureaucracy;
standardization, loss of original value-systems;
no institutional change, lack of
interest
• Actors: Competition among actors;
development of opportunistic behaviours;
market oriented welfare systems; hospitals
in the countryside
• Practices: incidents
inhabitants (elders, young families, child, immigrant, et.). In that respect family farms can
differentiate their activities and became more involved in the organisation of the local
welfare mix also than in economic activities. In more remote areas SF can improve and
integrate the social net ensuring proximity (in food catering and temporary night
assistance) and diversifying services (like transports, schoolchildren, recreational activities
for elders, et.). Perhaps in rural areas social services are strictly connected to the
organisation of local economy. They act on social capital and on relationships especially
when informal nets are re-established. Both of them are relevant for regenerating in a
contemporary way immaterial resources (like culture, identity, landscape) normally used
by rural knowledge economy.
3. Conclusions
Farmers are everyday asked to redefine their position in front of consumers and local
communities, as far as local communities are facing their own reorganisation under wider
economic and social pressure (Shortall, 2004, Shucksmith, 2004). More problematic seems
to reconnect in a coherent way both individual and collective strategies in order to face
6. RURAL FUTURES: DREAMS, DILEMMAS, DANGERS
emerging tensions in rural areas. In this respect SF can be considered as a converging point
in rethinking the organisation of local life, repositioning multifunctional agriculture to
social resources with the aim to organise innovative services able to satisfy new and old
local needs. SF is strictly connected to the idea of innovative tradition, with the
organisation of new nets among sectors, competences and places (healthy cities
reconnected with countryside). It’s able to link actors inside fragmented communities and
to offer peculiar win-win solution (among private and public, users and enterprises,
producers and consumers), better suitable for rural context. Improvement of SF in rural
areas open methodological issues, stressing the idea of a generative change through
practices, the establishment of policy networks and the organisation of new decisional
arenas able to reshape local habits and to create a performing environment for
citizenship. From a political point of view the question became how to integrate a mix of
instruments (incentives, animation, networking, education, communication, advice, co-management
and co-planning) able to promote a radical change in the vision, planning and
management of social services, to stimulate participation of project holders (Di Iacovo,
2007). SF focuses on a development pathway as pattern of change in livelihood strategies.
In this perspective also research activities should be able to integrate technical and social
fields in order to promote collective learning and to define innovative practices able to
promote social change.
References
Barnes, M. (2007). Care, deliberation and social justice, oral presentation Community of
Practices farming for health, Gent, 7 november.
Di Iacovo, F. (2003). Lo sviluppo sociale nelle aree rurali, Franco Angeli, Milano, 249.
Di Iacovo (2003) New trends in relationships among farmers ad local communities. in
Huylenbroeck G., Durand G. (eds) Multifunctional agriculture, Ashgate, Aldershot
England.101-128.
Di Iacovo F. (2007) Pathways of change in social farming: how to build new policies. In
Gallis C. (ed) Green care in agriculture: health effects, economics and policies. University
study press. Tessaloniki. 55-66.
Hassink, J and van Dick M. (eds) (2006) Farming for Health: green care farming across
Europe and the USA. Springer. Dordrecht. 357.
Shortall, S. (2004). Social or Economic Goals, civic inclusion or exclusion? An analysis of
rural development theory and practice. Sociologia Ruralis, vol 44, n.1 110-123.
Shucksmith, M. (2004). Young people and social exclusion in Rural areas. Sociologia
Ruralis, vol 44 (1), 43-59.
About the Author
Francesco Di Iacovo (francovo@vet.unipi.it) is professor of rural development and Vice
Director of the Interdept. Agro-Environmental Research Centre at the Pisa University
(www.avanzi.unipi.it). He coordinates the SoFar Project (http//:sofar.unipi.it, social
7. DI IACOVO: SOCIAL FARMING: DEALING WITH COMMUNITIES REBUILDING LOCAL ECONOMY
farming in multifunctional agriculture) funded by the EU VI research framework and he is
Italian delegate in the EU-COST Action 866 on Green Care.