ZIPPER
2
A Brief History of the Zipper
1851
—
Elias Howe received a
patent for an "Automatic,
Continuous Clothing
Closure". He did not try
seriously to market it.
Howe's device was more
like an elaborate draw-
string than a true slide
fastener.
1893
—
Whitcomb L.
Judson receives a
patent for a
"Clasp Locker."
The device served
as a hook-and-
eye shoe
fastener. The
clasp locker had
its public debut
at the 1893
Chicago World's
Fair but met with
little commercial
success. Judson
launched the
Universal
1934
—
YKK is founded as San-
es Shokai by Tadao
Yoshida in Tokyo;
production and
marketing of fastening
products begins.
1955
—
YKK Kurobe Plant
commences operations
in Kurobe City, Toyama
Prefecture.
1959
—
YKK’s first
overseas plants
established in
India and New
Zealand.
1961
—
YKK begins production
and marketing of
aluminum-building
products.
1950
—
Tadao Yoshida
imports four
zipper chain
making machines.
1960
—
YKK (U.S.A.) Inc.
established in Long
Island City, New York
1917
—
Gideon Sundback, a
Swedish-American electrical
engineer, was hired to work
for Universal in 1906.
Sundback devoted himself
to improving the fastener,
and by December 1913 he
had designed the modern
zipper. The patent for the
"Separable Fastener" was
What is YKK?
ZIPPER 101
4
What Does YKK Mean?
Yoshida (Last name of YKK founder)
Kogyo (Industry in Japanese language)
Kabushikikaisha (Corporation in Japanese)
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• Founded in 1934 in Tokyo, Japan by Tadao Yoshida
• Present in 72 countries/regions across 108 companies
• 44,527 employees (as of March 2023)
• We provide fastening solutions and
fastening products
• Diverse portfolio of customers in the apparel,
automotive, medical, government and safety
industries
• YKK also manufactures other fasteners, textiles,
snaps & buttons, plastic hardware, and
industrial machinery
• USA Factories - Macon, GA, Anaheim, CA, Lawrenceburg, KY (Snaps
& Buttons), Oxford, AL (TapeCraft® webbing)
About YKK Group
What is a Zipper?
ZIPPER 101
7
The process of opening and closing a zipper is in essence a
gearing mechanism. The zipper's teeth are the cogs of the
gear. The slider aligns the teeth in a fashion to close the
zipper, allowing each tooth to mesh with the next tooth.
When opening a zipper, the interior of the slider has a
diamond shape, which is what is forced between the teeth,
causing the “gear” to open.
Zipper Mechanism
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Closed-End Zipper Open-End (Separating) Zipper
Structure of a Zipper
Closed-end zippers include a bottom stop that prevents the two halves from coming apart. On the other hand,
an open-end zipper is designed to completely separate when fully unzipped.
Slider
TOP STOP
SLIDER
ELEMENTS
BOTTOM STOP
TAPE
BOX PIN
INSERT PIN
RETAINING BOX
CROWN
BODY
PULLER
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Function of a Zipper
Determine the function in closing a zipper
Closed-End (C)
Open-End
[Separator] (O)
Open-End Zipper with Two
Sliders (M)
Closed-End Zipper with
Double Sliders (C)
Closed-End Zipper with
Double Sliders (CX)
Arranged in head-to-head
relation
Arranged in bottom-to-bottom
relation
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Opening Direction of a Zipper (Pin Insert)
The hand that the pin is held in when wearing the garment
determines whether the insert is left or right. In clothing designed for the US market, the pin is
on the left and the slider is on the right. The opposite is true for all other countries.
USA – Standard Left Insert (OL)
Outside of USA - Standard Right
Insert (OR)
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Measuring a Zipper
Classification Dimensions (A) Dimensions of top tape extension (B)
Dimensions of bottom tape
extension(C)
Closed-end
zipper
From the top end of the
slider to the tip of the bottom
stop
From the top stop to the tip of
the notches of the cut end
Zipper with double sliders
(arranged in head-to-head
relation)
From the tip of one bottom
stop to the tip of the other
bottom stop
From the tip of the bottom stop to
the tip of the notches of the cut
end
Zipper with double sliders
(arranged in bottom-to-
bottom relation)
From the top end of one
slider to the top end of the
other slider
Same as the top tape extension
end portion
Open-end
zipper
From the top end of the
slider to the tip of the box
How to Measure a Zipper
From the upper bottom stop to
the tip of the notches of the cut end
From the top stop to the tip of the
notches of the cut end
From the top stop to the tip
of the notches of the cut end
From the top stop to the cut end
A
B C
A
B C
A
B C
A
B
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Measuring a Zipper
How to Measure a Zipper
Classification Dimensions (A) Dimensions of top tape extension (B)
Dimensions of bottom tape
extension (C)
Two-way separator from the
top
From the top end of the
slider to the bottom end of
the supplementary tape
Top open zipper
From the top stop to the tip
of the box
Reversible slider
Rather than from the top
end, measurement should
be made from the shoulder
inlet portion of the slider
When the top stop does not
enter the slider
Measurement should be
made from the top stop
From the top stop to
the cut end
From the top stop to the cut end
From the top stop to the cut end
From the top stop to the tip of
notches of the cut end
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B C
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Zippers are measured by the width of the elements when
the zipper is closed. Measurement is taken in
millimeters. Most zippers start at size 3 (3 mm element
width) and go up to size 10 (10 mm element width).
What Size is My Zipper?
Zippers
ZIPPER 101
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Types of Zipper Chain
Metal Zipper Coil Zipper VISLON® Zipper
(Injection molded)
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1. Regular Metal Zipper
Element Colors
SIZE 3M, 4M, 5R, 7M, 8M, 10M
Aluminum
Matl: Aluminum
[A*]
Metal Zipper Chain
Golden Brass
Matl: Brass
[G*]
Antique Brass
Matl: Brass
[GKB*]
Antique Silver
Matl: Brass
[GTH*]
Black Oxidized
Matl: Brass
[GK*]
Silver
Matl: Nickel
[MN*]
2. Jeans Y-Type Zipper SIZE 3Y (45Y), 4Y, 5Y
Golden Brass
Matl: Brass
[G*]
Antique Gold
Matl: Brass
[GKB*]
Antique Silver
Matl: Brass
[GTH*]
Black
Matl: Brass
[GK*]
Dull Silver
Matl: Brass
[GRDS*]
*Only for #3 (#45)
Nickel Silver
Matl: Nickel
[N*]
Metal zippers are the oldest type of zipper and are suitable for applications with thick fabric such as leather
jackets and bags.
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All made of Brass
YKK’s highest quality metal zipper.
Elements are polished and plated and
then put on the tape. This
beautiful, shiny zipper gives clothes and
baggage a luxurious appearance.
Metal Zipper Chain - EXCELLA®
3. EXCELLA® SIZE 2SG, 3SGY, 3SGW, 5SGY, 5SGW, 8SG, 8SGW
Element Colors
Single type [Y*]:
Only 1 slider can be used
on the chain.
Double type [W*]:
2 sliders can be used like
in the two-way open zipper.
Black Nickel
[V3*]
Antique Copper
[X*]
Golden Brass
[OG*]
Luxury Gold
[Q*]
Nickel
[P*]
Matte White Bronze
[C9*]
Antique Brass
[I*]
Silver
[C5*]
Antique Silver
[H3*]
Shiny Black
[X7*]
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EXCELLA® Light zipper elements are made from aluminum. The zipper is lightweight
while maintaining strength.
Metal Zipper Chain – EXCELLA® Light
4. EXCELLA® Light
Element Colors
Aluminum
Red
[EL-RED2*]
Antique Silver
[EL-SIL2*]
Orange
[EL-ORE3*]
Black Nickel
[EL-BLK3*]
Purple
[EL-VIO3*]
Antique Brass
[EL-GOL4*]
Green
[EL-GRN3*]
Antique Copper
[EL-COP3*]
Blue
[EL-BLU6*]
Golden Brass
[EL-GOL8*]
MIX
[EL-COM2*]
SIZE 3SAW, 5SAW, 8SAW
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5. EVERBRIGHT® SIZE 3MGP, 4MGP, 5RGP, 7MGP, 8MGP, 10MGP
Metal Zipper Chain - EVERBRIGHT®
Gloss-polished zippers that are smooth to the touch, glossy, and highly corrosion-resistant. Perfect for
garments and luggage.
Nickel Silver
[N*]
Anti-Nickel Silver
Golden Brass
[G*]
Element Colors
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Coil Zipper Chain
1. Coil Zipper Front-Side Use 2. Coil Zipper Reverse Use
3. CONCEAL® (Invisible Zipper) 4. Racquet Coil Zipper for Luggage
SIZE 2CF, 3CF, 45CF, 5CIF, 8CF, 10CF SIZE 3CF, 5CIF/5CNF
SIZE 2CH, 3CH, 5CH SIZE 5RC, 8RC, 10RC, REVERSE ALSO AVAILABLE
A coil zipper is made of spiral plastic elements, including polyester and nylon. It is versatile and can be used in
anything from apparel to luggage to sporting goods and even automobiles.
21
Elements are hidden and only the slider tab is visible to the user.
The section of element
Standard Coil Zippers vs CONCEAL® Zippers
Standard Coil CONCEAL®
The section of element
The elements are fully visible.
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The Racquet Coil zipper features a unique oval shape that ensures durability. YKK takes this advanced design to the next level by
strategically placing the sewing thread (which attaches the zipper to the tape) in an indentation on the oval, thus protecting it from exposure
and from being easily torn.
Countries where the patent is valid: (as of Sept. 2012)
Japan, USA, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, Korea, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia
Standard Coil Zippers vs Racquet Coil Zippers
Standard Coil Zipper Racquet Coil Zipper
Available size: #5, 8, 10
Conventional coil
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Standard Coil Zipper
Standard Coil Zippers vs Color Combination
Making Chain
Dyeing Chain
Regular coil chain is dyed in chain with
tape and elements sewn together.
Elements
Colored elements
Transparent, Natural
color,
Black, White
Tape
Dyeing Tape
Making Chain
Sewing the colored tape and colored
elements together to make the chain.
Color Combination of Coil Zipper
Pattern 1
Element
Chain Dyeing
Separating tape and
elements from color dyed
chain to get the element
Tape
Dyeing Tape
Making Chain
Sewing the colored tape and colored
elements together to make the chain.
Pattern 2
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VISLON® Zipper Chain
Plastic elements are injected onto the tape.
Sizes
3VS 4VS 5VS 8VS 10VF 15VF
Metallic Colors
[VSMB*]
Antique Gold
#G765
[VSMG*]
Gold
#701
[VSMJ*]
Matt Black
#G770
[VSMP*]
Golden Brass
#G702
[VSMR*]
Antique Silver
#G744
[VSMV*]
Silver
#703
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VISLON® Variations
SIZE 3VZ, 5VZ
1. VISLON® Flat
Square-shaped VISLON® zippers.
SIZE 5VY, 8VY
2. Metaluxe®
Elements that look like a metal zipper but are made of plastic.
SIZE 3VSNT, 4VSNT, 5VSNT, 8VSNT
3. VISLON® with Clear Elements
Transparent elements
SIZE 3VSK, 5VSK
4. Lumifine®
Glow in the dark elements.
SIZE 45VSF, 75VSF, 95VSF
5. Fin Guard®
Elements in the shape of a fin.
Sliders
ZIPPER 101
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Slider Categories
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Types of Sliders
[DFNT*]
Non-lock
Non-lock. You can attach your
own puller by closing the crown.
[ZF*]
Non-lock
Non-lock. You can clip on your
own puller.
[DU*]
Reversible Automatic
Auto lock. For reversible use.
[ZA*]
Automatic lock
Auto lock. For reversible use.
[DFW*]
Non-lock
No locking mechanism.
For pockets, bags, etc.
[GS6*]
Semi-Automatic lock
Semi-auto for jeans.
Made of brass.
[CF*]
Non-lock
No locking mechanism.
For pockets, bags, etc.
[DA8*]
Automatic lock
Won’t open unless
you pull the puller.
[DS*]
Semi-Automatic lock
Unlocks when the zipper
pull is raised 90
degrees.
[CA8*]
Automatic lock
Won’t open unless
you pull the zipper pull.
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[E*]
Enamel Painted
[EF*]
Matte Enamel
[EM V*] (#703)
Metallic Enamel
[EM R*] (#744)
Metallic Enamel
[EM J*] (#770)
Metallic Enamel
[EM B*] (#765)
Metallic Enamel
[EM G*] (#701)
Metallic Enamel
Slider Finishes
Standard finishes that can be made in more than 2 of our global factories.
[IM*]
Super Light
Antique Brass
[V7*]
Matte Black Silver
[H3*]
Antique Silver
[FQ*]
Matte Rose Gold
[X6*]
Black Oxides
[H1*]
Dark Antique
Silver
[KQ*]
Rose Gold
[RL*]
Bright Copper
[HC5*]
Dark Silver
[GS*]
Matte Yellow Gold
[X*]
Antique Copper
[C6*]
Matte Silver
[O*]
Gold
[I*]
Antique Brass
[C5*]
Silver
[OJ*]
Jeans Gold
[IF*]
Light Antique
Brass
[V3*]
Black Silver
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Special features
KENSIN: Means that the zipper passes needle detection. NC-A.
N-ANTI: Means that the zipper meets the requirement for 94/27/EC for nickel.
P-TOP: Plastic top stop.
Chain type
C* = coil
M*/R* = metal
V* = VISLON® chain
Zipper
gauge
Slider finish
Zipper Nomenclature
A standard description is usually provided to customers:
Size 3 standard coil, painted automatic lock slider, closed-end zipper
Zipper function
C = closed-end
OL = open-end left insert
OR = open-end right insert
ML= two-way left insert
MR = two-way right insert
Slider code
CFC-36 DA E P12 KENSIN N-ANTI P-TOP
• Please provide the above information to YKK.
• No need to memorize all YKK codes.
When necessary, please ask a YKK representative to generate the code for you.
Tape
31
For More Help: YKK Trim Creator
YKK's Trim Creator allows you to customize zippers to your needs and generates a valid code
you can give to your YKK Sales Rep. Just remember to also specify the tape color, length, and
quantity along with the code! Visit ykkdigitalshowroom.com to explore the tool.
How to Choose a Zipper
ZIPPER 101
33
Normally, an open-end or two-way
open-end zipper with an auto or semi-
auto lock slider is used, so that the
zipper won’t open up on its own.
Normally, a closed-end zipper with a
non-lock slider is used so that you can
open it easily.
How to Choose a Zipper
1. Please decide which zipper function and slider you need.
2. Please decide the size.
Center Front
Pockets/sleeves
A closed-end zipper for fly. The slider
should be an auto or semi-auto lock.
The recommended zipper differs by the
thickness of the fabric and the type of
pants. The YZiP® zipper is recommended
for jeans that have been washed harshly.
Bottoms
The available size differs by item, so please consult a YKK representative. Remember that size refers to the width of the chain in
millimeters.
3. Please decide the detail.
Color, element finish, special features…etc., and the length of the zipper.
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 From zippers to buttons, YKK provides a variety of jeans wear trims.
 Our popular YZiP® zippers are designed specifically for denim
apparel. Since jeans will go through tough washing, YZiP® zippers are
designed to be strong enough to resist corrosion when compared to
standard metal zippers.
 YZiP® zippers are available in different sizes and various finishes with
standard and customized logo pulls.
Bottoms
Jeans
Pants, shorts
Regular Coil
Size 3CF, 5CN
Available in reverse
FLATKNIT®
Size 25FK
3YG 4YG 5YG
YZiP®
Size
35
Casual / Ready-to-Wear
CONCEAL® EXCELLA®
“Clean” look
Neon element METALLION®
Metallic plated element
Transparent element
with colored thread
Color combination
Color combination
Herringbone Melange Stripe
Tape variation
Neon color Print
36
The AquaGuard® zipper is laminated with polyurethane
film to surface of the tape, and the zipper is treated to
provide water repellent.
Three types of tape are available:
Shiny, matte (colored film), and matte (transparent film).
There are two types of zipper chain for this product:coil
and VISLON® zippers.
Sports / Outdoor
[T8*] Shiny
Transparent film
AquaGuard® NATULON®
Size 3 & 5. Recycled polyester tape zipper
PFC-free water repellent finish
This item has been upgraded to improve sliding, operability, and environmental friendliness.
[T9*] Matte
Colored film
[T10*] Matte
Transparent film
[T8*]
Shiny Transparent film
VISLON® AquaGuard®
Size 3, 5, 8. VISLON® zipper version.
[T9*]
Matte Colored film
[T10*]
Matte Transparent film
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Backpacks
For backpack applications, YKK has products that accommodate various functions.
We offer lightweight, water repellent and abrasion resistant items. The durability of
these products makes them excellent for outdoor use. YKK has a wide range of
color variations for each product to ensure that you can enjoy your favorite original
combination.
Stronger against abrasion compared to regular coil.
Racquet Coil Zipper
[5RC*] [8RC*] [10RC*]
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Marine
AQUASEAL® PROSEAL®
Waterproof VISLON® zippers for applications
such as wader, wet suit, etc.
Water-tight air-tight for applications
such as immersion suits and dry suits.
Double Seal
Single Seal (closed end)
Single Seal (open end)
[4TZ*] [8TZ*]
[12TZ*]
SIZE 5,10 SIZE 4,8,12
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Visit ykkamericas.com for a list of our certifications.
Our Certifications
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Quality
YKK maintains a quality lab within each plant dedicated to the technology and product line within
that plant.
Crosswise Strength
Top Stop Pull-off
Bottom Stop Pull-off
Open Parts Strength Slider Lock Strength 90° Slider Pull-off Strength
Sustainable Zippers
ZIPPER 101
42
YKK offers sustainable zippers across several different categories:
• Recycled
• Natural Fiber
• Water-saving
• Bio-based
• bluesign® Approved
• Circularity
"bluesign" is a trademark of Bluesign Technologies AG.
YKK® Sustainable Zipper Options
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NATULON® recycled zippers are made of recycled materials,
such as PET bottles, ocean-bound plastic, chemically
recycled polyester, and more.
Example Products:
• NATULON® Mechanically Recycled zipper
• NATULON Plus® zipper
• NATULON® Ocean Sourced™ zipper (on the right)
• NATULON® Chemically Recycled zipper
• NATULON® Material Recycled Zipper
• METALUXE® NATULON® Zipper
Recycled
44
Mechanical Recycling
45
• YKK® zippers with natural fiber woven tapes help to
eliminate CO2 emissions associated with the
production of synthetic textiles.
• These plant-based materials are renewable and can
be grown regeneratively, helping to reduce resource
depletion.
Example Products:
• TENCEL™ Yarn Tape Zipper
• Organic Cotton Tape Zipper (on the right)
Natural Fiber
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• Processes like ECO-DYE® waterless dyeing
help reduce the amount of water used in the zipper
dyeing process to almost zero.
Example Products:
• Zipper with ECO-DYE® Technology
• Solution Dye Black Zipper
• No Dyestuff Zipper (on the right)
Water-Saving
47
• GreenRise® product lines help reduce CO2 emissions
by using plant-made plastics.
• The production of these bio-based materials emits
less GHGs than materials made from petroleum.
• Indistinguishable from products made of
virgin plastics, the GreenRise® product
lines offer YKK quality and performance with a lower
carbon footprint.
Example Products:
• GreenRise® zipper (on the right)
Bio-Based
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• These products can be reused or remade, keeping
valuable resources in use. The use of YKK® circular
products not only save valuable resources, but also
reduce CO2 emissions and energy use as they
continually get remade or reused.
Example Products:
• Slider with TouchLink® Technology (to the right,
enables digitally connected garments)
• VISLON® Zipper with Nylon - Mono-plastic Material
Circularity
Industry Solutions
ZIPPER 101
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• YKK Americas Group manufactures heat- and fire-
resistant zippers for use in structural firefighter
turnout gear, wildland fire, technical rescue, and
station wear.
• These fasteners are certified by UL to meet the
requirements of NFPA 1971, NFPA 1977, NFPA
1975, & NFPA 1951 for firefighting personal
protection equipment.
• YKK offers varying degrees of water- and air-
resistance zippers that provide solutions in
situations where access is needed and/or an
effective barrier between water, gases, chemicals,
liquids, and/or other substances is important.
Firefighter Gear
51
• Our zippers can be found on backpacks, gear bags,
holster brands, body armor, and more.
• Our durable, all-terrain fasteners keep up with the
demands of law enforcement and military missions,
keeping gear dry, packs closed, and body armor in
place.
• Many of these products meet NAFTA/CAFTA
requirements or are Berry compliant. Please inquire
about specific YKK® products if NAFTA, CAFTA, or
Berry Compliance is required.
• Water-resistant and military color fasteners are
available.
Tactical
52
• YKK Americas Group manufactures airtight and
watertight zippers for dive suits, waterproof shoes,
survival suits and space suits.
• Our PROSEAL® zippers are UL certified for use in
SOLAS suit applications.
• Our zippers used in personal flotation devices
(“PFDs”) are UL certified to meet the US Coast
Guard regulations.
Immersion
53
• YKK Americas Group manufactures airtight and
watertight zippers used in OSHA Level A and NFPA
1991 & 1994 suits for full liquid chemical and
chemical vapor protection.
• Our water-resistant zippers are used in OSHA Level
B and NFPA 1992 suits for splash protection.
• Ask a sales rep about YKK® PROSEAL® zipper,
AQUASEAL® zipper, or AquaGuard® zipper!
Chemical
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• A novel use of zippers is in the manufacturing and
repair of nets for deep ocean trawling, shrimping
and commercial fish farming.
• YKK offers a special plastic VISLON® zipper, which
is suitable for use in an ocean fishing boat and
makes it easier to open the net to remove the catch.
Industrial
55
• Especially strong CONCEAL® and conventional
zippers allow for an operator to bring two pieces of
the trim cover together and close a car seat.
Automotive
56
We recommend the following zippers for sleeping
bags:
• Two-way separating coil zipper Size 8
• Lighter Weight Option: Coil zipper Size 45 with a
DWNT slider (with option to use cord webbing as a
puller)
• Coil zipper Size 5 with an Anti-Snagging Slider
Cover
Sleeping Bags
57
• YKK’s VISLON® UV zippers are a unique line of
VISLON® zippers designed specifically to resist
corrosion and add protection from the sun’s
damaging UV rays.
• They are available in a #8 and #10 size.
• TA single pull and TX double pull automatic
locking plastic sliders that are resistant to salt
water are available.
• To properly maintain zippers for marine boats,
YKK offers the ZIPPY COOL® kit. This cleansing
system comes with a cleaning fluid to remove
harmful dirt, sand, and salt deposits and a wax
lubricating stick.
Marine Boats
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• Our VISLON® injection molded zippers can
accommodate any jacket need.
• YKK® zippers can be found on casual, formal,
and outdoor jackets.
• YKK also manufactures AiryString® tapeless
zippers for jackets that can be sewn directly onto
the fabric, and digitally connected Touchlink®
sliders.
Jackets
59
• YKK offers a variety of high-end luxury fastening
products, namely our EXCELLA® zippers and
EVERBRIGHT® zippers.
• Each one of the EXCELLA® zipper’s elements
(teeth) have been polished to provide an opulent
shine that will add a touch of sophistication and
elegance to your end products.
• The EVERBRIGHT® zipper is highly polished and
smooth, and perfect for luxury handbags. Offered
in gold and silver finish.
Handbags
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• YKK offers high-end footwear brands a variety of
zippers that provide a stylish appeal and quality
assurance.
• A plastic or metal size 4.5 or size 5 zipper with an
automatic or pin lock slider is recommended for
footwear. Use of a plastic or metal zipper will be
influenced by the shoe style.
• Both automatic and locking sliders can be applied
to footwear zippers.
Shoes
61
• YKK developed ratcheting sliders that slip jeans
down under pressure rather than breaking the
zipper.
• YKK® zippers can be used on both casual and
high-end jeans.
Jeans
62
• YKK offers a variety of zippers designed to
accentuate lines, colors, textures, and illusions of
dresses, like CONCEAL® coil zippers and metal
zippers in a variety of styles and colors.
• Special sliders can be made available.
Dress
63
• We provide comfortable, functional and fashionable zippers
with a wide range of color selections for children’s and infant
clothing.
• Although children’s clothing is exempt from the ASTM small
parts test, YKK conducts internal testing employing the ASTM
standards for this product to avoid choking hazard risks. Also,
these products’ lead content falls well within the minimum safe
levels prescribed by the CPSIA.
• With YKK® zippers, larger top stops prevent sliders from
coming off the zipper; and they do not contain Azo-dye,
formaldehyde, or lead.
• We think about fun, too. Our polychromatic, multi-colored
teeth zippers are eye-catching and color-coordinated.
• The structure of YKK’s separating zipper, which increases
the durability of open parts, makes this separating
zipper’s alignment easier. It can be operated with only one
hand and assists not only with infants and young children, but
arthritic and disabled individuals as well.
Infant/Children
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• YKK Americas Group’s plastic coil zippers add
both comfort and functionality to our customers’
sofas, mattresses and pillows.
• They are available in a wide range of colors.
Furniture
65
Connect with Us
www.facebook.com/ykkfasteners
YKK Americas Group
@ykkfasteners
www.ykkamericas.com
www.linkedin.com/company/ykk
@ykk_usa

Zipper 101 Presentation

  • 1.
  • 2.
    2 A Brief Historyof the Zipper 1851 — Elias Howe received a patent for an "Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure". He did not try seriously to market it. Howe's device was more like an elaborate draw- string than a true slide fastener. 1893 — Whitcomb L. Judson receives a patent for a "Clasp Locker." The device served as a hook-and- eye shoe fastener. The clasp locker had its public debut at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair but met with little commercial success. Judson launched the Universal 1934 — YKK is founded as San- es Shokai by Tadao Yoshida in Tokyo; production and marketing of fastening products begins. 1955 — YKK Kurobe Plant commences operations in Kurobe City, Toyama Prefecture. 1959 — YKK’s first overseas plants established in India and New Zealand. 1961 — YKK begins production and marketing of aluminum-building products. 1950 — Tadao Yoshida imports four zipper chain making machines. 1960 — YKK (U.S.A.) Inc. established in Long Island City, New York 1917 — Gideon Sundback, a Swedish-American electrical engineer, was hired to work for Universal in 1906. Sundback devoted himself to improving the fastener, and by December 1913 he had designed the modern zipper. The patent for the "Separable Fastener" was
  • 3.
  • 4.
    4 What Does YKKMean? Yoshida (Last name of YKK founder) Kogyo (Industry in Japanese language) Kabushikikaisha (Corporation in Japanese)
  • 5.
    5 • Founded in1934 in Tokyo, Japan by Tadao Yoshida • Present in 72 countries/regions across 108 companies • 44,527 employees (as of March 2023) • We provide fastening solutions and fastening products • Diverse portfolio of customers in the apparel, automotive, medical, government and safety industries • YKK also manufactures other fasteners, textiles, snaps & buttons, plastic hardware, and industrial machinery • USA Factories - Macon, GA, Anaheim, CA, Lawrenceburg, KY (Snaps & Buttons), Oxford, AL (TapeCraft® webbing) About YKK Group
  • 6.
    What is aZipper? ZIPPER 101
  • 7.
    7 The process ofopening and closing a zipper is in essence a gearing mechanism. The zipper's teeth are the cogs of the gear. The slider aligns the teeth in a fashion to close the zipper, allowing each tooth to mesh with the next tooth. When opening a zipper, the interior of the slider has a diamond shape, which is what is forced between the teeth, causing the “gear” to open. Zipper Mechanism
  • 8.
    8 Closed-End Zipper Open-End(Separating) Zipper Structure of a Zipper Closed-end zippers include a bottom stop that prevents the two halves from coming apart. On the other hand, an open-end zipper is designed to completely separate when fully unzipped. Slider TOP STOP SLIDER ELEMENTS BOTTOM STOP TAPE BOX PIN INSERT PIN RETAINING BOX CROWN BODY PULLER
  • 9.
    9 Function of aZipper Determine the function in closing a zipper Closed-End (C) Open-End [Separator] (O) Open-End Zipper with Two Sliders (M) Closed-End Zipper with Double Sliders (C) Closed-End Zipper with Double Sliders (CX) Arranged in head-to-head relation Arranged in bottom-to-bottom relation
  • 10.
    10 Opening Direction ofa Zipper (Pin Insert) The hand that the pin is held in when wearing the garment determines whether the insert is left or right. In clothing designed for the US market, the pin is on the left and the slider is on the right. The opposite is true for all other countries. USA – Standard Left Insert (OL) Outside of USA - Standard Right Insert (OR)
  • 11.
    11 Measuring a Zipper ClassificationDimensions (A) Dimensions of top tape extension (B) Dimensions of bottom tape extension(C) Closed-end zipper From the top end of the slider to the tip of the bottom stop From the top stop to the tip of the notches of the cut end Zipper with double sliders (arranged in head-to-head relation) From the tip of one bottom stop to the tip of the other bottom stop From the tip of the bottom stop to the tip of the notches of the cut end Zipper with double sliders (arranged in bottom-to- bottom relation) From the top end of one slider to the top end of the other slider Same as the top tape extension end portion Open-end zipper From the top end of the slider to the tip of the box How to Measure a Zipper From the upper bottom stop to the tip of the notches of the cut end From the top stop to the tip of the notches of the cut end From the top stop to the tip of the notches of the cut end From the top stop to the cut end A B C A B C A B C A B
  • 12.
    12 Measuring a Zipper Howto Measure a Zipper Classification Dimensions (A) Dimensions of top tape extension (B) Dimensions of bottom tape extension (C) Two-way separator from the top From the top end of the slider to the bottom end of the supplementary tape Top open zipper From the top stop to the tip of the box Reversible slider Rather than from the top end, measurement should be made from the shoulder inlet portion of the slider When the top stop does not enter the slider Measurement should be made from the top stop From the top stop to the cut end From the top stop to the cut end From the top stop to the cut end From the top stop to the tip of notches of the cut end A B A B A B A B C
  • 13.
    13 Zippers are measuredby the width of the elements when the zipper is closed. Measurement is taken in millimeters. Most zippers start at size 3 (3 mm element width) and go up to size 10 (10 mm element width). What Size is My Zipper?
  • 14.
  • 15.
    15 Types of ZipperChain Metal Zipper Coil Zipper VISLON® Zipper (Injection molded)
  • 16.
    16 1. Regular MetalZipper Element Colors SIZE 3M, 4M, 5R, 7M, 8M, 10M Aluminum Matl: Aluminum [A*] Metal Zipper Chain Golden Brass Matl: Brass [G*] Antique Brass Matl: Brass [GKB*] Antique Silver Matl: Brass [GTH*] Black Oxidized Matl: Brass [GK*] Silver Matl: Nickel [MN*] 2. Jeans Y-Type Zipper SIZE 3Y (45Y), 4Y, 5Y Golden Brass Matl: Brass [G*] Antique Gold Matl: Brass [GKB*] Antique Silver Matl: Brass [GTH*] Black Matl: Brass [GK*] Dull Silver Matl: Brass [GRDS*] *Only for #3 (#45) Nickel Silver Matl: Nickel [N*] Metal zippers are the oldest type of zipper and are suitable for applications with thick fabric such as leather jackets and bags.
  • 17.
    17 All made ofBrass YKK’s highest quality metal zipper. Elements are polished and plated and then put on the tape. This beautiful, shiny zipper gives clothes and baggage a luxurious appearance. Metal Zipper Chain - EXCELLA® 3. EXCELLA® SIZE 2SG, 3SGY, 3SGW, 5SGY, 5SGW, 8SG, 8SGW Element Colors Single type [Y*]: Only 1 slider can be used on the chain. Double type [W*]: 2 sliders can be used like in the two-way open zipper. Black Nickel [V3*] Antique Copper [X*] Golden Brass [OG*] Luxury Gold [Q*] Nickel [P*] Matte White Bronze [C9*] Antique Brass [I*] Silver [C5*] Antique Silver [H3*] Shiny Black [X7*]
  • 18.
    18 EXCELLA® Light zipperelements are made from aluminum. The zipper is lightweight while maintaining strength. Metal Zipper Chain – EXCELLA® Light 4. EXCELLA® Light Element Colors Aluminum Red [EL-RED2*] Antique Silver [EL-SIL2*] Orange [EL-ORE3*] Black Nickel [EL-BLK3*] Purple [EL-VIO3*] Antique Brass [EL-GOL4*] Green [EL-GRN3*] Antique Copper [EL-COP3*] Blue [EL-BLU6*] Golden Brass [EL-GOL8*] MIX [EL-COM2*] SIZE 3SAW, 5SAW, 8SAW
  • 19.
    19 5. EVERBRIGHT® SIZE3MGP, 4MGP, 5RGP, 7MGP, 8MGP, 10MGP Metal Zipper Chain - EVERBRIGHT® Gloss-polished zippers that are smooth to the touch, glossy, and highly corrosion-resistant. Perfect for garments and luggage. Nickel Silver [N*] Anti-Nickel Silver Golden Brass [G*] Element Colors
  • 20.
    20 Coil Zipper Chain 1.Coil Zipper Front-Side Use 2. Coil Zipper Reverse Use 3. CONCEAL® (Invisible Zipper) 4. Racquet Coil Zipper for Luggage SIZE 2CF, 3CF, 45CF, 5CIF, 8CF, 10CF SIZE 3CF, 5CIF/5CNF SIZE 2CH, 3CH, 5CH SIZE 5RC, 8RC, 10RC, REVERSE ALSO AVAILABLE A coil zipper is made of spiral plastic elements, including polyester and nylon. It is versatile and can be used in anything from apparel to luggage to sporting goods and even automobiles.
  • 21.
    21 Elements are hiddenand only the slider tab is visible to the user. The section of element Standard Coil Zippers vs CONCEAL® Zippers Standard Coil CONCEAL® The section of element The elements are fully visible.
  • 22.
    22 The Racquet Coilzipper features a unique oval shape that ensures durability. YKK takes this advanced design to the next level by strategically placing the sewing thread (which attaches the zipper to the tape) in an indentation on the oval, thus protecting it from exposure and from being easily torn. Countries where the patent is valid: (as of Sept. 2012) Japan, USA, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, Korea, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia Standard Coil Zippers vs Racquet Coil Zippers Standard Coil Zipper Racquet Coil Zipper Available size: #5, 8, 10 Conventional coil
  • 23.
    23 Standard Coil Zipper StandardCoil Zippers vs Color Combination Making Chain Dyeing Chain Regular coil chain is dyed in chain with tape and elements sewn together. Elements Colored elements Transparent, Natural color, Black, White Tape Dyeing Tape Making Chain Sewing the colored tape and colored elements together to make the chain. Color Combination of Coil Zipper Pattern 1 Element Chain Dyeing Separating tape and elements from color dyed chain to get the element Tape Dyeing Tape Making Chain Sewing the colored tape and colored elements together to make the chain. Pattern 2
  • 24.
    24 VISLON® Zipper Chain Plasticelements are injected onto the tape. Sizes 3VS 4VS 5VS 8VS 10VF 15VF Metallic Colors [VSMB*] Antique Gold #G765 [VSMG*] Gold #701 [VSMJ*] Matt Black #G770 [VSMP*] Golden Brass #G702 [VSMR*] Antique Silver #G744 [VSMV*] Silver #703
  • 25.
    25 VISLON® Variations SIZE 3VZ,5VZ 1. VISLON® Flat Square-shaped VISLON® zippers. SIZE 5VY, 8VY 2. Metaluxe® Elements that look like a metal zipper but are made of plastic. SIZE 3VSNT, 4VSNT, 5VSNT, 8VSNT 3. VISLON® with Clear Elements Transparent elements SIZE 3VSK, 5VSK 4. Lumifine® Glow in the dark elements. SIZE 45VSF, 75VSF, 95VSF 5. Fin Guard® Elements in the shape of a fin.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
    28 Types of Sliders [DFNT*] Non-lock Non-lock.You can attach your own puller by closing the crown. [ZF*] Non-lock Non-lock. You can clip on your own puller. [DU*] Reversible Automatic Auto lock. For reversible use. [ZA*] Automatic lock Auto lock. For reversible use. [DFW*] Non-lock No locking mechanism. For pockets, bags, etc. [GS6*] Semi-Automatic lock Semi-auto for jeans. Made of brass. [CF*] Non-lock No locking mechanism. For pockets, bags, etc. [DA8*] Automatic lock Won’t open unless you pull the puller. [DS*] Semi-Automatic lock Unlocks when the zipper pull is raised 90 degrees. [CA8*] Automatic lock Won’t open unless you pull the zipper pull.
  • 29.
    29 [E*] Enamel Painted [EF*] Matte Enamel [EMV*] (#703) Metallic Enamel [EM R*] (#744) Metallic Enamel [EM J*] (#770) Metallic Enamel [EM B*] (#765) Metallic Enamel [EM G*] (#701) Metallic Enamel Slider Finishes Standard finishes that can be made in more than 2 of our global factories. [IM*] Super Light Antique Brass [V7*] Matte Black Silver [H3*] Antique Silver [FQ*] Matte Rose Gold [X6*] Black Oxides [H1*] Dark Antique Silver [KQ*] Rose Gold [RL*] Bright Copper [HC5*] Dark Silver [GS*] Matte Yellow Gold [X*] Antique Copper [C6*] Matte Silver [O*] Gold [I*] Antique Brass [C5*] Silver [OJ*] Jeans Gold [IF*] Light Antique Brass [V3*] Black Silver
  • 30.
    30 Special features KENSIN: Meansthat the zipper passes needle detection. NC-A. N-ANTI: Means that the zipper meets the requirement for 94/27/EC for nickel. P-TOP: Plastic top stop. Chain type C* = coil M*/R* = metal V* = VISLON® chain Zipper gauge Slider finish Zipper Nomenclature A standard description is usually provided to customers: Size 3 standard coil, painted automatic lock slider, closed-end zipper Zipper function C = closed-end OL = open-end left insert OR = open-end right insert ML= two-way left insert MR = two-way right insert Slider code CFC-36 DA E P12 KENSIN N-ANTI P-TOP • Please provide the above information to YKK. • No need to memorize all YKK codes. When necessary, please ask a YKK representative to generate the code for you. Tape
  • 31.
    31 For More Help:YKK Trim Creator YKK's Trim Creator allows you to customize zippers to your needs and generates a valid code you can give to your YKK Sales Rep. Just remember to also specify the tape color, length, and quantity along with the code! Visit ykkdigitalshowroom.com to explore the tool.
  • 32.
    How to Choosea Zipper ZIPPER 101
  • 33.
    33 Normally, an open-endor two-way open-end zipper with an auto or semi- auto lock slider is used, so that the zipper won’t open up on its own. Normally, a closed-end zipper with a non-lock slider is used so that you can open it easily. How to Choose a Zipper 1. Please decide which zipper function and slider you need. 2. Please decide the size. Center Front Pockets/sleeves A closed-end zipper for fly. The slider should be an auto or semi-auto lock. The recommended zipper differs by the thickness of the fabric and the type of pants. The YZiP® zipper is recommended for jeans that have been washed harshly. Bottoms The available size differs by item, so please consult a YKK representative. Remember that size refers to the width of the chain in millimeters. 3. Please decide the detail. Color, element finish, special features…etc., and the length of the zipper.
  • 34.
    34  From zippersto buttons, YKK provides a variety of jeans wear trims.  Our popular YZiP® zippers are designed specifically for denim apparel. Since jeans will go through tough washing, YZiP® zippers are designed to be strong enough to resist corrosion when compared to standard metal zippers.  YZiP® zippers are available in different sizes and various finishes with standard and customized logo pulls. Bottoms Jeans Pants, shorts Regular Coil Size 3CF, 5CN Available in reverse FLATKNIT® Size 25FK 3YG 4YG 5YG YZiP® Size
  • 35.
    35 Casual / Ready-to-Wear CONCEAL®EXCELLA® “Clean” look Neon element METALLION® Metallic plated element Transparent element with colored thread Color combination Color combination Herringbone Melange Stripe Tape variation Neon color Print
  • 36.
    36 The AquaGuard® zipperis laminated with polyurethane film to surface of the tape, and the zipper is treated to provide water repellent. Three types of tape are available: Shiny, matte (colored film), and matte (transparent film). There are two types of zipper chain for this product:coil and VISLON® zippers. Sports / Outdoor [T8*] Shiny Transparent film AquaGuard® NATULON® Size 3 & 5. Recycled polyester tape zipper PFC-free water repellent finish This item has been upgraded to improve sliding, operability, and environmental friendliness. [T9*] Matte Colored film [T10*] Matte Transparent film [T8*] Shiny Transparent film VISLON® AquaGuard® Size 3, 5, 8. VISLON® zipper version. [T9*] Matte Colored film [T10*] Matte Transparent film
  • 37.
    37 Backpacks For backpack applications,YKK has products that accommodate various functions. We offer lightweight, water repellent and abrasion resistant items. The durability of these products makes them excellent for outdoor use. YKK has a wide range of color variations for each product to ensure that you can enjoy your favorite original combination. Stronger against abrasion compared to regular coil. Racquet Coil Zipper [5RC*] [8RC*] [10RC*]
  • 38.
    38 Marine AQUASEAL® PROSEAL® Waterproof VISLON®zippers for applications such as wader, wet suit, etc. Water-tight air-tight for applications such as immersion suits and dry suits. Double Seal Single Seal (closed end) Single Seal (open end) [4TZ*] [8TZ*] [12TZ*] SIZE 5,10 SIZE 4,8,12
  • 39.
    39 Visit ykkamericas.com fora list of our certifications. Our Certifications
  • 40.
    40 Quality YKK maintains aquality lab within each plant dedicated to the technology and product line within that plant. Crosswise Strength Top Stop Pull-off Bottom Stop Pull-off Open Parts Strength Slider Lock Strength 90° Slider Pull-off Strength
  • 41.
  • 42.
    42 YKK offers sustainablezippers across several different categories: • Recycled • Natural Fiber • Water-saving • Bio-based • bluesign® Approved • Circularity "bluesign" is a trademark of Bluesign Technologies AG. YKK® Sustainable Zipper Options
  • 43.
    43 NATULON® recycled zippersare made of recycled materials, such as PET bottles, ocean-bound plastic, chemically recycled polyester, and more. Example Products: • NATULON® Mechanically Recycled zipper • NATULON Plus® zipper • NATULON® Ocean Sourced™ zipper (on the right) • NATULON® Chemically Recycled zipper • NATULON® Material Recycled Zipper • METALUXE® NATULON® Zipper Recycled
  • 44.
  • 45.
    45 • YKK® zipperswith natural fiber woven tapes help to eliminate CO2 emissions associated with the production of synthetic textiles. • These plant-based materials are renewable and can be grown regeneratively, helping to reduce resource depletion. Example Products: • TENCEL™ Yarn Tape Zipper • Organic Cotton Tape Zipper (on the right) Natural Fiber
  • 46.
    46 • Processes likeECO-DYE® waterless dyeing help reduce the amount of water used in the zipper dyeing process to almost zero. Example Products: • Zipper with ECO-DYE® Technology • Solution Dye Black Zipper • No Dyestuff Zipper (on the right) Water-Saving
  • 47.
    47 • GreenRise® productlines help reduce CO2 emissions by using plant-made plastics. • The production of these bio-based materials emits less GHGs than materials made from petroleum. • Indistinguishable from products made of virgin plastics, the GreenRise® product lines offer YKK quality and performance with a lower carbon footprint. Example Products: • GreenRise® zipper (on the right) Bio-Based
  • 48.
    48 • These productscan be reused or remade, keeping valuable resources in use. The use of YKK® circular products not only save valuable resources, but also reduce CO2 emissions and energy use as they continually get remade or reused. Example Products: • Slider with TouchLink® Technology (to the right, enables digitally connected garments) • VISLON® Zipper with Nylon - Mono-plastic Material Circularity
  • 49.
  • 50.
    50 • YKK AmericasGroup manufactures heat- and fire- resistant zippers for use in structural firefighter turnout gear, wildland fire, technical rescue, and station wear. • These fasteners are certified by UL to meet the requirements of NFPA 1971, NFPA 1977, NFPA 1975, & NFPA 1951 for firefighting personal protection equipment. • YKK offers varying degrees of water- and air- resistance zippers that provide solutions in situations where access is needed and/or an effective barrier between water, gases, chemicals, liquids, and/or other substances is important. Firefighter Gear
  • 51.
    51 • Our zipperscan be found on backpacks, gear bags, holster brands, body armor, and more. • Our durable, all-terrain fasteners keep up with the demands of law enforcement and military missions, keeping gear dry, packs closed, and body armor in place. • Many of these products meet NAFTA/CAFTA requirements or are Berry compliant. Please inquire about specific YKK® products if NAFTA, CAFTA, or Berry Compliance is required. • Water-resistant and military color fasteners are available. Tactical
  • 52.
    52 • YKK AmericasGroup manufactures airtight and watertight zippers for dive suits, waterproof shoes, survival suits and space suits. • Our PROSEAL® zippers are UL certified for use in SOLAS suit applications. • Our zippers used in personal flotation devices (“PFDs”) are UL certified to meet the US Coast Guard regulations. Immersion
  • 53.
    53 • YKK AmericasGroup manufactures airtight and watertight zippers used in OSHA Level A and NFPA 1991 & 1994 suits for full liquid chemical and chemical vapor protection. • Our water-resistant zippers are used in OSHA Level B and NFPA 1992 suits for splash protection. • Ask a sales rep about YKK® PROSEAL® zipper, AQUASEAL® zipper, or AquaGuard® zipper! Chemical
  • 54.
    54 • A noveluse of zippers is in the manufacturing and repair of nets for deep ocean trawling, shrimping and commercial fish farming. • YKK offers a special plastic VISLON® zipper, which is suitable for use in an ocean fishing boat and makes it easier to open the net to remove the catch. Industrial
  • 55.
    55 • Especially strongCONCEAL® and conventional zippers allow for an operator to bring two pieces of the trim cover together and close a car seat. Automotive
  • 56.
    56 We recommend thefollowing zippers for sleeping bags: • Two-way separating coil zipper Size 8 • Lighter Weight Option: Coil zipper Size 45 with a DWNT slider (with option to use cord webbing as a puller) • Coil zipper Size 5 with an Anti-Snagging Slider Cover Sleeping Bags
  • 57.
    57 • YKK’s VISLON®UV zippers are a unique line of VISLON® zippers designed specifically to resist corrosion and add protection from the sun’s damaging UV rays. • They are available in a #8 and #10 size. • TA single pull and TX double pull automatic locking plastic sliders that are resistant to salt water are available. • To properly maintain zippers for marine boats, YKK offers the ZIPPY COOL® kit. This cleansing system comes with a cleaning fluid to remove harmful dirt, sand, and salt deposits and a wax lubricating stick. Marine Boats
  • 58.
    58 • Our VISLON®injection molded zippers can accommodate any jacket need. • YKK® zippers can be found on casual, formal, and outdoor jackets. • YKK also manufactures AiryString® tapeless zippers for jackets that can be sewn directly onto the fabric, and digitally connected Touchlink® sliders. Jackets
  • 59.
    59 • YKK offersa variety of high-end luxury fastening products, namely our EXCELLA® zippers and EVERBRIGHT® zippers. • Each one of the EXCELLA® zipper’s elements (teeth) have been polished to provide an opulent shine that will add a touch of sophistication and elegance to your end products. • The EVERBRIGHT® zipper is highly polished and smooth, and perfect for luxury handbags. Offered in gold and silver finish. Handbags
  • 60.
    60 • YKK offershigh-end footwear brands a variety of zippers that provide a stylish appeal and quality assurance. • A plastic or metal size 4.5 or size 5 zipper with an automatic or pin lock slider is recommended for footwear. Use of a plastic or metal zipper will be influenced by the shoe style. • Both automatic and locking sliders can be applied to footwear zippers. Shoes
  • 61.
    61 • YKK developedratcheting sliders that slip jeans down under pressure rather than breaking the zipper. • YKK® zippers can be used on both casual and high-end jeans. Jeans
  • 62.
    62 • YKK offersa variety of zippers designed to accentuate lines, colors, textures, and illusions of dresses, like CONCEAL® coil zippers and metal zippers in a variety of styles and colors. • Special sliders can be made available. Dress
  • 63.
    63 • We providecomfortable, functional and fashionable zippers with a wide range of color selections for children’s and infant clothing. • Although children’s clothing is exempt from the ASTM small parts test, YKK conducts internal testing employing the ASTM standards for this product to avoid choking hazard risks. Also, these products’ lead content falls well within the minimum safe levels prescribed by the CPSIA. • With YKK® zippers, larger top stops prevent sliders from coming off the zipper; and they do not contain Azo-dye, formaldehyde, or lead. • We think about fun, too. Our polychromatic, multi-colored teeth zippers are eye-catching and color-coordinated. • The structure of YKK’s separating zipper, which increases the durability of open parts, makes this separating zipper’s alignment easier. It can be operated with only one hand and assists not only with infants and young children, but arthritic and disabled individuals as well. Infant/Children
  • 64.
    64 • YKK AmericasGroup’s plastic coil zippers add both comfort and functionality to our customers’ sofas, mattresses and pillows. • They are available in a wide range of colors. Furniture
  • 65.
    65 Connect with Us www.facebook.com/ykkfasteners YKKAmericas Group @ykkfasteners www.ykkamericas.com www.linkedin.com/company/ykk @ykk_usa

Editor's Notes

  • #23 Need to check patent validation every once a while