youssef Shawky SHERIEF "Flash flood mitigation and water harvesting in wadi al khoud, sultanate of oman" Flash flood mitigation and water harvesting in Wadi Al-Khoud, Sultanate of Oman"
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youssef Shawky SHERIEF "Flash flood mitigation and water harvesting in wadi al khoud, sultanate of oman" Flash flood mitigation and water harvesting in Wadi Al-Khoud, Sultanate of Oman"
1. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Flash flood mitigation and water harvesting in
Wadi Al-Khoud, Sultanate of Oman
UNCCD 2nd Scientific Conference
9-12 April 2013 - Bonn, Germany
Dr. Youssef Shawky Youssef Sherief
Physical Geography & Remote Sensing
sherief@squ.edu.om
2. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Water harvesting…..why?
For supplying more water in arid and semi arid areas
For increasing the groundwater level
An active method to improve the quality of groundwater
An active method to mitigate the aridity
To mitigate flash flood hazards
to decrease of Soil degradation
One of few methods characterized by low-cost and realizable.
An economic way to reduce value of water bills
3. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Arid and semiarid regions are increasingly suffering from
water resource shortage as a result of population
Sultanate of Oman is located in an arid zone that is subjected
to flash flooding Records show that major flash floods
occurred in Oman in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, and 2013. Wadi
Oday, Wadi Al-Kabir, and Wadi Al-Khoud.
Nevertheless Oman's water resources are under increasing
pressure. This could soon lead to a several problems for the
development.
So, water harvesting could be one of the best methods in
solving decreasing water in the area.
7. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department The study area
57°50'0"E 58°0'0"E 58°10'0"E 58°20'0"E
Wadi network of Wadi Al-Khoud from DEM
Stream orders
52°0'0"E 54°0'0"E 56°0'0"E 58°0'0"E
± 60°0'0"E
Wadi Al-Khoud is one of the
1 ±
26°0'0"N
2
Oman sea important drainage basins
24°0'0"N
El-
3 Ba Sohar
W
tin
.H
ah
ag
pla
ar
in Muscat
E.
M
H
ou
ag
n ta
ar
Ebri
in
M
s
ou
4
nt
Nizwa Sur
occupying the eastern side of
ain
s
22°0'0"N
Sh
Rabaa Khaly arq
5
iah
sand san
d
s
p lain
el
av
20°0'0"N
Gr
6
nd
sa
ie
Al Hager Mountain in Oman
ad
W
Main channel Arab sea
7
18°0'0"N
Difar Mountains
Salalah
with a total surface area of
0 50 100 200
16°0'0"N
Km
Wadi Mansah
Wadi Fanga about 1740 km2
Wadi Al Rak
Wadi Samael
Wadi El Aaq
Wadi bany Rawaha
0 5 10 20
Km
8. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Data and Methods
Outcrop lithology and structure
Climate conditions (temperature, evaporation, and rainfall)
Hydrological settings
Spatial analysis using GIS and remote sensing to extract contour lines with
interval 50m.
extract the catchment area, and wadi networks.
Determination the suitable places to construct some Dams
57°50'0"E 58°0'0"E 58°10'0"E 58°20'0"E 57°50'0"E 58°0'0"E 58°10'0"E 58°20'0"E 57°50'0"E 58°0'0"E 58°10'0"E 58°20'0"E
57°50'0"E 58°0'0"E 58°10'0"E 58°20'0"E
Geology of Wadi Al-Khoud
Outcrop lithology
23°40'0"N
Alluvial deposits
23°40'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°40'0"N
Aeolian deposits
Khabra deposits
Piedmont facies
Shelf facies
Shelf, slope and basin facies
Basin facies
Shelf facies
Basin, slope and shelf facies
Shelf facies
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
Alluvial and shelf facies
Upper extrusives
Intrusives - Peridotite, gabbro
Sheeted dyke complex
Cumulate and High level gabbro
Dunite
Tectonized harzburgite
metasedimentary rocks
Volcanic rocks
23°20'0"N
23°20'0"N
23°20'0"N
23°20'0"N
Main Faults
23°10'0"N
23°10'0"N
23°10'0"N
23°10'0"N
Km
0 5 10 20
9. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
57°50'0"E 58°0'0"E 58°10'0"E 58°20'0"E
Outcrop lithology
Geology of Wadi Al-Khoud Outcrop lithology has been
Alluvial deposits
Aeolian deposits
played an important role to
Khabra deposits
Piedmont facies harvest rainfall through kind of
Shelf facies
Shelf, slope and basin facies
Basin facies
rocks.
Shelf facies
Basin, slope and shelf facies
Shelf facies
Alluvial and shelf facies The igneous and volcanic rocks
Upper extrusives
Intrusives - Peridotite, gabbro
Sheeted dyke complex
cover 55%, whereas,
Cumulate and High level gabbro
Dunite
Tectonized harzburgite
metamorphic rocks cover 3%,
metasedimentary rocks
Volcanic rocks
sedimentary rocks 16%, and
Main Faults
recent deposits cover 26%
Structure geology is very
important, whereas it helps to
increase the ground water
storage during rainfall and runoff
0 5 10
Km
20 specially in the main streams of
wadis
10. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Climate and hydrological setting
The climate of Oman is extremely hot and dry most of year.
The mean summer temperature of the study area is 33 C. So, the
evaporation and evapotranspiration are mostly more than rainfall
which reaches of 197mm/y.
Generally, Flash floods within the hot desert are characterized by
high velocity and low duration with sharp peak discharges.
the catastrophic of desert floods is the time of peak discharge which
usually is less than one hour, and often the flood comes as a wall of
water.
The recent dam is not sufficient to protect the building area and the
governorate aims to build another dam to keep the flooding water
and protect the infrastructure.
11. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
There are 22 precipitation stations distributed over Muscat
governorate.
The average annual rainfall in Muscat is around 63mm (Al Khoud
station) to 210mm (Jabal Bani Jabir).
In Samail watershed, there are 8 stations for rainfall records.
Ghazi Ali Al-Rawas, 2006
12. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Flood Protection Dams
Project will consist of a
series of flood retention
dams to be built in the
upper catchment of Wadi
Samael
In the first phase of its
implementation, a huge
flood protection dam is
proposed to be built about
7 km upstream of the
existing Al Khoud
recharge dam, not far from
the Al Khoud Village.
Monday, February 14, 2011/Rabee al Awal 10, 1432 AH
13. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Water harvesting using Al Aflag in Wadi Al Khoud
15. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
There are strong
relationship
between Wadi
network density and
slopes in Wadi
Alkoud.
So, the situation of
dams depend
mostly on the
surface and slopes
16. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
57°50'0"E 58°0'0"E 58°10'0"E 58°20'0"E
Wadi network of Wadi Al-Khoud from DEM
It could be constructing
Stream orders
±
1
some charging dams
2
3 across the main streams
4
5 which had more Faults to
6
Main channel
7
increase and improve
Wadi Mansah
groundwater like: Wadi
Wadi Fanga Al Rak and Wadi Samael
Wadi Al Rak
Wadi Samael
Wadi El Aaq
Wadi bany Rawaha
0 5 10 20
Km
17. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department Results
Suggestion sites of dams
wadi Latitude longitude
Al-Khoud 23°29′4″ 58°6′13″
Fanga 23°23′52″ 58°6′44″
Al Aaq 23°21′32″ 58°6′10″
! Al-Khoud
( Samael 23°18′34″ 57°56′53″
Al Rak 23°19′14″ 58°12′49″
Fanga !
( Manah1 23°23′24″ 58°8′27″
! Manah 1
(
Al Aaq !
( Manah2 23°18′47″ 58°9′55″
Al Rak
Manah 2 !
(
! Samael
( !
(
18. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Some places are suitable to build storage and charging dams in Wadi Al Rak
22. Sultan Qaboos University
College of Arts & Social Sciences
Geography Department
Conclusions
Hydrological and climatic settings of Wadi Al-Khoud
confirmed that the recent dam is not sufficient to protect the
building area behind it and must be constructing series of
dams on the main streams of the Wadi Al Khoud.
The advanced GIS and RS techniques, field work, hydrology,
geologic and structure settings of study area had cleared the
vision to select the best 7 places for construction storage,
charging, and protected dams.
• Finally, the suggestion site of dams could be helping to
mitigate flood hazard and water harvesting which can be used
in sustainable development in the region